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Edwin Oldfather Reischauer, John King Fairbank, Albert M. Craig (1960) A history of East Asian civilization, Volume 1. East Asia: The Great Tradition, George Allen & Unwin Ltd., quoted in C. Simon Fan (2016) Culture, Institution, and Development in China: The Economics of National Character, Routledge, p. 97ISBN978-1-138-18571-5
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web.archive.org
Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires"(PDF). Journal of world-systems research. 12 (2): 219–29. ISSN1076-156X. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิม(PDF)เมื่อ 22 February 2007. สืบค้นเมื่อ 12 August 2010.
worldcat.org
Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires"(PDF). Journal of world-systems research. 12 (2): 219–29. ISSN1076-156X. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิม(PDF)เมื่อ 22 February 2007. สืบค้นเมื่อ 12 August 2010.