The definition "without being explicitly programmed" is often attributed to Arthur Samuel, who coined the term "machine learning" in 1959, but the phrase is not found verbatim in this publication, and may be a paraphrase that appeared later. Confer "Paraphrasing Arthur Samuel (1959), the question is: How can computers learn to solve problems without being explicitly programmed?" in Koza, John R.; Bennett, Forrest H.; Andre, David; Keane, Martin A. (1996). "Automated Design of Both the Topology and Sizing of Analog Electrical Circuits Using Genetic Programming". Artificial Intelligence in Design '96. Artificial Intelligence in Design '96 (İngilizce). Springer, Dordrecht. ss. 151-170. doi:10.1007/978-94-009-0279-4_9. ISBN978-94-010-6610-5.
Hu, Junyan; Niu, Hanlin; Carrasco, Joaquin; Lennox, Barry; Arvin, Farshad (2020). "Voronoi-Based Multi-Robot Autonomous Exploration in Unknown Environments via Deep Reinforcement Learning". IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. 69 (12): 14413-14423. doi:10.1109/tvt.2020.3034800. ISSN0018-9545.
Gareth James; Daniela Witten; Trevor Hastie; Robert Tibshirani (2013). An Introduction to Statistical Learning. Springer. s. vii. 23 Haziran 2019 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 25 Ekim 2014.
Gareth James; Daniela Witten; Trevor Hastie; Robert Tibshirani (2013). An Introduction to Statistical Learning. Springer. s. vii. 23 Haziran 2019 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 25 Ekim 2014.
worldcat.org
Hu, Junyan; Niu, Hanlin; Carrasco, Joaquin; Lennox, Barry; Arvin, Farshad (2020). "Voronoi-Based Multi-Robot Autonomous Exploration in Unknown Environments via Deep Reinforcement Learning". IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. 69 (12): 14413-14423. doi:10.1109/tvt.2020.3034800. ISSN0018-9545.
Stuart Russel; Peter Norvig (2003) [1995]. Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (2. bas.). Prentice Hall. ISBN978-0137903955. OCLC359890490.