Alan Fisher, referring to various data, has estimated the annual losses of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the sixteenth through the eighteenth century and of the Russian Empire in the eighteenth century at 20.000 people. See his «Muscovy and the Black Sea Slave Trade» Canadian-American Slavic Studies 6.4 (1972): 582, 593.
Polish historian Bohdan Baranowski assumed that the annual losses of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth amounted to 20.000 captives as well, with the total figure for the years 1474—1694 reaching one million. See Chlop polski w walce z Tatarami (Warszawa [Warsaw]; Ludowa Spoldzielnia Wydawnicza, 1952), 49.
Halil Inalcik has calculated, on the basis of Ottoman fiscal documents, that the dues collected by the Ottoman customs in Kefe (Kaffa, Caffa), which was the main if not the only center for the Ottoman slave trade in the Black Sea, reached up to 17,500 slaves annually.
This figure does not include slaves transported through other ports, such as Özü (now Ochakiv in Ukraine) and Ak-Kerman (presently Bilhorod-Dniprovsky [Bilhorod-Dnistrovsky] in Ukraine). Nor does it take into consideration the number of slaves left behind by the raiders in the Crimea. Still, on the aggregate, this would make more than two million slaves for the period of 150 years alone.
See Halil Inalcik, «The Servile Labor in the Ottoman Empire.» The Mutual Effects of the Islamic and Judeo-i Christian Worlds: The East-European Pattern, ed. Abraham Ascher et al. (New York: Brookline College Press, 1979). 25-52.
Later Inalcik suggested reducing this number down to 10,000, but offered no explanation for the change. See Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300—1914, eds. Halil Inalcik and Donald Quataert (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1994). 285.
See remark 5 on the page 111 in Chapter 5. How a Turkish Empress Became a Champion of Ukraine. Oleksander Halenko of the book
Galina I. Yermolenko, ed. Roxolana in European Literature, History and Culture. Franham, Surrey, England and Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2010. xi, 318 pp. Illustrations. Appendices. Bibliography. Index. Cloth. ISBN 978-1409403746
ewjus.com
Alan Fisher, referring to various data, has estimated the annual losses of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the sixteenth through the eighteenth century and of the Russian Empire in the eighteenth century at 20.000 people. See his «Muscovy and the Black Sea Slave Trade» Canadian-American Slavic Studies 6.4 (1972): 582, 593.
Polish historian Bohdan Baranowski assumed that the annual losses of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth amounted to 20.000 captives as well, with the total figure for the years 1474—1694 reaching one million. See Chlop polski w walce z Tatarami (Warszawa [Warsaw]; Ludowa Spoldzielnia Wydawnicza, 1952), 49.
Halil Inalcik has calculated, on the basis of Ottoman fiscal documents, that the dues collected by the Ottoman customs in Kefe (Kaffa, Caffa), which was the main if not the only center for the Ottoman slave trade in the Black Sea, reached up to 17,500 slaves annually.
This figure does not include slaves transported through other ports, such as Özü (now Ochakiv in Ukraine) and Ak-Kerman (presently Bilhorod-Dniprovsky [Bilhorod-Dnistrovsky] in Ukraine). Nor does it take into consideration the number of slaves left behind by the raiders in the Crimea. Still, on the aggregate, this would make more than two million slaves for the period of 150 years alone.
See Halil Inalcik, «The Servile Labor in the Ottoman Empire.» The Mutual Effects of the Islamic and Judeo-i Christian Worlds: The East-European Pattern, ed. Abraham Ascher et al. (New York: Brookline College Press, 1979). 25-52.
Later Inalcik suggested reducing this number down to 10,000, but offered no explanation for the change. See Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300—1914, eds. Halil Inalcik and Donald Quataert (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1994). 285.
See remark 5 on the page 111 in Chapter 5. How a Turkish Empress Became a Champion of Ukraine. Oleksander Halenko of the book
Galina I. Yermolenko, ed. Roxolana in European Literature, History and Culture. Franham, Surrey, England and Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2010. xi, 318 pp. Illustrations. Appendices. Bibliography. Index. Cloth. ISBN 978-1409403746
google.com.ua
books.google.com.ua
Alan Fisher, referring to various data, has estimated the annual losses of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the sixteenth through the eighteenth century and of the Russian Empire in the eighteenth century at 20.000 people. See his «Muscovy and the Black Sea Slave Trade» Canadian-American Slavic Studies 6.4 (1972): 582, 593.
Polish historian Bohdan Baranowski assumed that the annual losses of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth amounted to 20.000 captives as well, with the total figure for the years 1474—1694 reaching one million. See Chlop polski w walce z Tatarami (Warszawa [Warsaw]; Ludowa Spoldzielnia Wydawnicza, 1952), 49.
Halil Inalcik has calculated, on the basis of Ottoman fiscal documents, that the dues collected by the Ottoman customs in Kefe (Kaffa, Caffa), which was the main if not the only center for the Ottoman slave trade in the Black Sea, reached up to 17,500 slaves annually.
This figure does not include slaves transported through other ports, such as Özü (now Ochakiv in Ukraine) and Ak-Kerman (presently Bilhorod-Dniprovsky [Bilhorod-Dnistrovsky] in Ukraine). Nor does it take into consideration the number of slaves left behind by the raiders in the Crimea. Still, on the aggregate, this would make more than two million slaves for the period of 150 years alone.
See Halil Inalcik, «The Servile Labor in the Ottoman Empire.» The Mutual Effects of the Islamic and Judeo-i Christian Worlds: The East-European Pattern, ed. Abraham Ascher et al. (New York: Brookline College Press, 1979). 25-52.
Later Inalcik suggested reducing this number down to 10,000, but offered no explanation for the change. See Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300—1914, eds. Halil Inalcik and Donald Quataert (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1994). 285.
See remark 5 on the page 111 in Chapter 5. How a Turkish Empress Became a Champion of Ukraine. Oleksander Halenko of the book
Galina I. Yermolenko, ed. Roxolana in European Literature, History and Culture. Franham, Surrey, England and Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2010. xi, 318 pp. Illustrations. Appendices. Bibliography. Index. Cloth. ISBN 978-1409403746
