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Danh sách trạng thái oxy hóa của các nguyên tố (Vietnamese Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Danh sách trạng thái oxy hóa của các nguyên tố" in Vietnamese language version.

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  • All the lanthanides (La–Lu) in the +2 oxidation state have been observed (except La, Gd, Lu) in dilute, solid solutions of dihalides of these elements in alkaline earth dihalides (see Bản mẫu:Holleman&Wiberg) and (except Pm) in organometallic molecular complexes, see Lanthanides Topple Assumptions and Meyer, G. (2014). "All the Lanthanides Do It and Even Uranium Does Oxidation State +2". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. Quyển 53 số 14. tr. 3550–51. doi:10.1002/anie.201311325. PMID 24616202.. Additionally, all the lanthanides (La–Lu) form dihydrides (LnH2), dicarbides (LnC2), monosulfides (LnS), monoselenides (LnSe), and monotellurides (LnTe), but for most elements these compounds have Ln3+ ions with electrons delocalized into conduction bands, e. g. Ln3+(H−)2(e−).

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  • Am(VII) has been observed in AmO5−
    6    ; see Americium, Das Periodensystem der Elemente für den Schulgebrauch (The periodic table of elements for schools) chemie-master.de (in German), Retrieved ngày 28 tháng 11 năm 2010 and Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997), Chemistry of the Elements (bằng tiếng Anh) (ấn bản thứ 2), Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, tr. 1265, ISBN 0-7506-3365-4

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  • Be(I) has been observed in beryllium monohydride (BeH); see Shayesteh, A.; Tereszchuk, K.; Bernath, P. F.; Colin, R. (2003). "Infrared Emission Spectra of BeH and BeD" (PDF). J. Chem. Phys. Quyển 118 số 3. bernath.uwaterloo.ca. tr. 1158. doi:10.1063/1.1528606. Bản gốc (PDF) lưu trữ ngày 2 tháng 12 năm 2007. Truy cập ngày 10 tháng 12 năm 2007. {{Chú thích tạp chí}}: Đã định rõ hơn một tham số trong |archivedate= và |archive-date= (trợ giúp); Đã định rõ hơn một tham số trong |archiveurl= và |archive-url= (trợ giúp)
  • Low valent magnesium compounds with Mg(I) have been obtained using bulky ligands; see Green, S. P.; Jones C.; Stasch A. (tháng 12 năm 2007). "Stable Magnesium(I) Compounds with Mg-Mg Bonds". Science. Quyển 318 số 5857. tr. 1754–1757. Bibcode:2007Sci...318.1754G. doi:10.1126/science.1150856. PMID 17991827.
  • Al(II) has been observed in aluminium(II) oxit (AlO); see D. C. Tyte (1964). "Red (B2Π–A2σ) Band System of Aluminium Monoxide". Nature. Quyển 202 số 4930. tr. 383–384. Bibcode:1964Natur.202..383T. doi:10.1038/202383a0., and in dialanes (R2Al—AlR2); see Uhl, Werner "Organoelement Compounds Possessing Al—Al, Ga—Ga, In—In, and Tl—Tl Single Bonds" Advances in Organometallic Chemistry Volume 51, 2004, Pages 53–108. doi:10.1016/S0065-3055(03)51002-4
  • Al(−2) has been observed in Sr14[Al4]2[Ge]3, see Wemdorff, Marco; Röhr, Caroline (2007). "Sr14[Al4]2[Ge]3: Eine Zintl-Phase mit isolierten [Ge]4–- und [Al4]8–-Anionen / Sr14[Al4]2[Ge]3: A Zintl Phase with Isolated [Ge]4–- and [Al4]8– Anions". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B (bằng tiếng Đức). Quyển 62 số 10. tr. 1227. doi:10.1515/znb-2007-1001.
  • The equilibrium Cl2O6⇌2ClO3 is mentioned by Greenwood and Earnshaw, but it has been refuted, see Lopez, Maria; Juan E. Sicre (1990). "Physicochemical properties of chlorine oxides. 1. Composition, ultraviolet spectrum, and kinetics of the thermolysis of gaseous dichlorine hexoxide". J. Phys. Chem. Quyển 94 số 9. tr. 3860–3863. doi:10.1021/j100372a094., and Cl2O6 is actually chlorine(V,VII) oxide. However, ClO3 has been observed, see Grothe, Hinrich; Willner, Helge (1994). "Chlorine Trioxide: Spectroscopic Properties, Molecular Structure, and Photochemical Behavior". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Quyển 33 số 14. tr. 1482–1484. doi:10.1002/anie.199414821.
  • Ca(I) has been observed; see Krieck, Sven; Görls, Helmar; Westerhausen, Matthias (2010). "Mechanistic Elucidation of the Formation of the Inverse Ca(I) Sandwich Complex [(thf)3Ca(μ-C6H3-1,3,5-Ph3)Ca(thf)3] and Stability of Aryl-Substituted Phenylcalcium Complexes". Journal of the American Chemical Society. Quyển 132 số 35. tr. 12492–501. doi:10.1021/ja105534w. PMID 20718434.
  • Sc(I) has been observed; see Polly L. Arnold; F. Geoffrey; N. Cloke; Peter B. Hitchcock & John F. Nixon (1996). "The First Example of a Formal Scandium(I) Complex:  Synthesis and Molecular Structure of a 22-Electron Scandium Triple Decker Incorporating the Novel 1,3,5-Triphosphabenzene Ring". J. Am. Chem. Soc. Quyển 118 số 32. tr. 7630–7631. doi:10.1021/ja961253o.
  • Sc(II) has been observed; see Woen, David H.; Chen, Guo P.; Ziller, Joseph W.; Boyle, Timothy J.; Furche, Filipp; Evans, William J. (tháng 1 năm 2017). "Solution Synthesis, Structure, and CO Reduction Reactivity of a Scandium(II) Complex". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. Quyển 56. tr. 2050–2053. doi:10.1002/anie.201611758.
  • Ti(I) has been observed in [Ti(η6-1,3,5-C6H3iPr3)2][BAr4] (Ar = C6H5, p-C6H4F, 3,5-C6H3(CF3)2); see "Synthesis of [Ti(η6-1,3,5-C6H3iPr3)2][BAr4] (Ar = C6H5, p-C6H4F, 3,5-C6H3(CF3)2), the First Titanium(I) Derivatives". Organometallics. Quyển 16 số 14. 1997. tr. 3100–3101. doi:10.1021/om970155o. {{Chú thích tạp chí}}: Đã bỏ qua tham số không rõ |authors= (trợ giúp)
  • Ti(−1) has been reported in [Ti(bipy)3]−, but was later shown to be Ti(+3); see Bowman, A. C.; England, J.; Sprouls, S.; Weihemüller, T.; Wieghardt, K. (2013). "Electronic structures of homoleptic [tris(2,2'-bipyridine)M]n complexes of the early transition metals (M = Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta; n = 1+, 0, 1-, 2-, 3-): an experimental and density functional theoretical study". Inorganic Chemistry. Quyển 52 số 4. tr. 2242–56. doi:10.1021/ic302799s. PMID 23387926. However, Ti(−1) occurs in [Ti(η-C6H6]− and [Ti(η-C6H5CH3)]−, see Bandy, J. A.; Berry, A.; Green, M. L. H.; Perutz, R. N.; Prout, K.; Verpeautz, J.-N. (1984). "Synthesis of anionic sandwich compounds: [Ti(η-C6H5R)2]– and the crystal structure of [K(18-crown-6)(µ-H)Mo(η-C5H5)2]". Inorganic Chemistry. Quyển 52 số 4. tr. 729–731. doi:10.1039/C39840000729.
  • Fe(VII) has been observed in [FeO4]−; see Lu, Jun-Bo; Jian, Jiwen; Huang, Wei; Lin, Hailu; Zhou, Mingfei (2016). "Experimental and theoretical identification of the Fe(VII) oxidation state in FeO4−". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. Quyển 18. tr. 31125–31131. doi:10.1039/C6CP06753K.
  • Fe(VIII) has been reported; see Yurii D. Perfiliev; Virender K. Sharma (2008). "Higher Oxidation States of Iron in Solid State: Synthesis and Their Mössbauer Characterization – Ferrates – ACS Symposium Series (ACS Publications)". Platinum Metals Review. Quyển 48 số 4. tr. 157–158. doi:10.1595/147106704X10801. However, its existence has been disputed.
  • Fe(−4), Ru(−4), and Os(−4) have been observed in metal-rich compounds containing octahedral complexes [MIn6−xSnx]; Pt(−3) (as a dimeric anion [Pt–Pt]6−), Cu(−2), Zn(−2), Ag(−2), Cd(−2), Au(−2), and Hg(−2) have been observed (as dimeric and monomeric anions; dimeric ions were initially reported to be [T–T]2− for Zn, Cd, Hg, but later shown to be [T–T]4− for all these elements) in La2Pt2In, La2Cu2In, Ca5Au3, Ca5Ag3, Ca5Hg3, Sr5Cd3, Ca5Zn3(structure (AE2+)5(T–T)4−T2−⋅4e−), Yb3Ag2, Ca5Au4, and Ca3Hg2; Au(–3) has been observed in ScAuSn and in other 18-electron half-Heusler compounds. See Changhoon Lee; Myung-Hwan Whangbo (2008). "Late transition metal anions acting as p-metal elements". Frontiers in Solid State Chemistry. Quyển 10 số 4. tr. 444–449. doi:10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2007.12.001. and Changhoon Lee; Myung-Hwan Whangbo; Jürgen Köhler (2010). "Analysis of Electronic Structures and Chemical Bonding of Metal-rich Compounds. 2. Presence of Dimer (T–T)4– and Isolated T2– Anions in the Polar Intermetallic Cr5B3-Type Compounds AE5T3 (AE = Ca, Sr; T = Au, Ag, Hg, Cd, Zn)". ZAAC. Quyển 636 số 1. tr. 36–40. doi:10.1002/zaac.200900421.
  • Ni(−2) has been observed in Li2[Ni(1,5-COD)2], see Jonas, Klaus (1975). "Dilithium-Nickel-Olefin Complexes. Novel Bimetal Complexes Containing a Transition Metal and a Main Group Metal". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Quyển 14 số 11. tr. 752–753. doi:10.1002/anie.197507521. and Ellis, John E. (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry. Quyển 45 số 8. tr. 3167–86. doi:10.1021/ic052110i.
  • Zn(I) has been observed in decamethyldizincocene (Zn2(η5–C5Me5)2); see Resa, I.; Carmona, E.; Gutierrez-Puebla, E.; Monge, A. (2004). "Decamethyldizincocene, a Stable Compound of Zn(I) with a Zn-Zn Bond". Science. Quyển 305 số 5687. tr. 1136–8. doi:10.1126/science.1101356. PMID 15326350.
  • As(I) has been observed in arsenic(I) iodide (AsI); see Ellis, Bobby D.; MacDonald, Charles L. B. (2004). "Stabilized Arsenic(I) Iodide: A Ready Source of Arsenic Iodide Fragments and a Useful Reagent for the Generation of Clusters". Inorganic Chemistry. Quyển 43 số 19. tr. 5981–6. doi:10.1021/ic049281s. PMID 15360247.
  • As(IV) has been observed in arsenic(IV) hydroxide (As(OH)4) and HAsO−
    3    ; see Kläning, Ulrik K.; Bielski, Benon H. J.; Sehested, K. (1989). "Arsenic(IV). A pulse-radiolysis study". Inorganic Chemistry. Quyển 28 số 14. tr. 2717–24. doi:10.1021/ic00313a007.
  • Se(III) has been observed in Se2NBr3; see Lau, Carsten; Neumüller, Bernhard; Vyboishchikov, Sergei F.; Frenking, Gernot; Dehnicke, Kurt; Hiller, Wolfgang; Herker, Martin (1996). "Se2NBr3, Se2NCl5, Se2NCl−6: New Nitride Halides of Selenium(III) and Selenium(IV)". Chemistry: A European Journal. Quyển 2. tr. 1393–1396. doi:10.1002/chem.19960021108.
  • Se(V) has been observed in SeO2−
    3     and HSeO2−
    4    ; see Kläning, Ulrik K.; Sehested, K. (1986). "Selenium(V). A pulse radiolysis study". Inorganic Chemistry. Quyển 90 số 21. tr. 5460–4. doi:10.1021/j100412a112.
  • Sr(I) has been observed in stronti monofluoride (SrF); see P. Colarusso; Guo, B.; Zhang, K.-Q.; Bernath, P.F.; và đồng nghiệp (1996). "High-Resolution Infrared Emission Spectrum of Strontium Monofluoride" (PDF). J. Molecular Spectroscopy. Quyển 175. tr. 158–171. Bibcode:1996JMoSp.175..158C. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1996.0019. Bản gốc (PDF) lưu trữ ngày 8 tháng 3 năm 2012. Truy cập ngày 3 tháng 9 năm 2017. {{Chú thích tạp chí}}: Đã định rõ hơn một tham số trong |archivedate= và |archive-date= (trợ giúp); Đã định rõ hơn một tham số trong |archiveurl= và |archive-url= (trợ giúp)
  • Y(II) has been observed in [(18-crown-6)K][(C5H4SiMe3)3Y]; see MacDonald, M. R.; Ziller, J. W.; Evans, W. J. (2011). "Synthesis of a Crystalline Molecular Complex of Y2+, [(18-crown-6)K][(C5H4SiMe3)3Y]". J. Am. Chem. Soc. Quyển 133 số 40. tr. 15914–17. doi:10.1021/ja207151y.
  • Zr(−1) has been reported in [Zr(bipy)3]− (see Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997), Chemistry of the Elements (bằng tiếng Anh) (ấn bản thứ 2), Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, tr. 960, ISBN 0-7506-3365-4 and Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1995). "Zirconium". Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (bằng tiếng Đức) (ấn bản thứ 101). Walter de Gruyter. tr. 1413. ISBN 3-11-012641-9.), but was later shown to be Zr(+4); see Bowman, A. C.; England, J.; Sprouls, S.; Weihemüller, T.; Wieghardt, K. (2013). "Electronic structures of homoleptic [tris(2,2'-bipyridine)M]n complexes of the early transition metals (M = Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta; n = 1+, 0, 1-, 2-, 3-): an experimental and density functional theoretical study". Inorganic Chemistry. Quyển 52 số 4. tr. 2242–56. doi:10.1021/ic302799s. PMID 23387926.
  • Pd(I) has been observed; see Crabtree, R. H. (2002). "CHEMISTRY: A New Oxidation State for Pd?". Science. Quyển 295 số 5553. tr. 288–289. doi:10.1126/science.1067921.
  • Pd(III) has been observed; see Powers, D. C.; Ritter, T. (2011). "Palladium(III) in Synthesis and Catalysis" (PDF). Top. Organomet. Chem. Topics in Organometallic Chemistry. Quyển 35. tr. 129–156. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-17429-2_6. ISBN 978-3-642-17428-5. Bản gốc (PDF) lưu trữ ngày 12 tháng 6 năm 2013. Truy cập ngày 3 tháng 9 năm 2017. {{Chú thích tạp chí}}: Đã định rõ hơn một tham số trong |archivedate= và |archive-date= (trợ giúp); Đã định rõ hơn một tham số trong |archiveurl= và |archive-url= (trợ giúp)
  • The Ag− ion has been observed in metal ammonia solutions: see Tran, N. E.; Lagowski, J. J. (2001). "Metal Ammonia Solutions: Solutions Containing Argentide Ions". Inorganic Chemistry. Quyển 40 số 5. tr. 1067–68. doi:10.1021/ic000333x.
  • In(–5) has been observed in La3InGe, see Guloy, A. M.; Corbett, J. D. (1996). "Synthesis, Structure, and Bonding of Two Lanthanum Indium Germanides with Novel Structures and Properties". Inorganic Chemistry. Quyển 35 số 9. tr. 2616–22. doi:10.1021/ic951378e.
  • Sn(−3) has been observed in [Sn2]6−, e.g. in (Ba2)4+(Mg4)8+Sn4−(Sn2)6−Sn2− (with square (Sn2−)n sheets), see Papoian, Garegin A.; Hoffmann, Roald (2000). "Hypervalent Bonding in One, Two, and Three Dimensions: Extending the Zintl–Klemm Concept to Nonclassical Electron-Rich Networks" (PDF). Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Quyển 2000 số 39. tr. 2408–2448. doi:10.1002/1521-3773(20000717)39:14<2408::aid-anie2408>3.0.co;2-u. Truy cập ngày 23 tháng 2 năm 2015.
  • Sb(−2) has been observed in [Sb2]4−, e.g. in RbBa4[Sb2][Sb][O], see Boss, Michael; Petri, Denis; Pickhard, Frank; Zönnchen, Peter; Röhr, Caroline (2005). "Neue Barium-Antimonid-Oxide mit den Zintl-Ionen [Sb]3−, [Sb2]4− und 1∞[Sbn]n− / New Barium Antimonide Oxides containing Zintl Ions [Sb]3−, [Sb2]4− and 1∞[Sbn]n−". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie (bằng tiếng Đức). Quyển 631 số 6–7. tr. 1181–1190. doi:10.1002/zaac.200400546. Truy cập ngày 23 tháng 2 năm 2015.
  • Sb(I) and Sb(II) have been observed in organoantimony compounds; for Sb(I), see Šimon, Petr; de Proft, Frank; Jambor, Roman; Růžička, Aleš; Dostál, Libor (2010). "Monomeric Organoantimony(I) and Organobismuth(I) Compounds Stabilized by an NCN Chelating Ligand: Syntheses and Structures". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. Quyển 49 số 32. tr. 5468–5471. doi:10.1002/anie.201002209. PMID 20602393. Truy cập ngày 23 tháng 2 năm 2015.
  • Sb(IV) has been observed in [SbCl
    6    ]2−
    , see Nobuyoshi Shinohara; Masaaki Ohsima (2000). "Production of Sb(IV) Chloro Complex by Flash Photolysis of the Corresponding Sb(III) and Sb(V) Complexes in CH3CN and CHCl3". Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan. Quyển 73 số 7. tr. 1599–1604. doi:10.1246/bcsj.73.1599.
  • Te(III) has been observed in [Te(N(SiMe3)2)2]+, see Heinze, Thorsten; Roesky, Herbert W.; Pauer, Frank; Stalke, Dietmar; Sheldrick, George M. (1991). "Synthesis and Structure of the First Tellurium(III) Radical Cation". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. Quyển 30 số 12. tr. 1678. doi:10.1002/anie.199116771. Truy cập ngày 23 tháng 2 năm 2015..
  • Te(V) is mentioned by Greenwood and Earnshaw, but they do not give any example of a Te(V) compound. What was long thought to be ditellurium decafluoride (Te2F10) is actually bis(pentafluorotelluryl) oxide, F5TeOTeF5: see Watkins, P. M. (1974). "Ditellurium decafluoride - A Continuing Myth". Journal of Chemical Education. 51 (9): 520–521. doi:10.1021/ed051p520. However, Te(V) has been observed in H
    2    TeO−
    4    , TeO−
    3    , HTeO2−
    4    , and TeO3−
    4    ; see Kläning, Ulrik K.; Sehested, K. (2001). "Tellurium(V). A Pulse Radiolysis Study". The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. Quyển 105 số 27. tr. 6637–45. doi:10.1021/jp010577i.
  • I(VI) has been observed in IO3, IO42−, H5IO6−, H2IO52−, H4IO62−, and HIO53−; see Kläning, Ulrik K.; Sehested, Knud; Wolff, Thomas (1981). "Laser flash photolysis and pulse radiolysis of iodate and periodate in aqueous solution. Properties of iodine(VI)". J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1. Quyển 77. tr. 1707–18. doi:10.1039/F19817701707.
  • Ba(I) has been observed in bari monofluoride (BaF); see P. Colarusso; Guo, B.; Zhang, K.-Q.; Bernath, P.F.; và đồng nghiệp (1995). "High-Resolution Fourier Transform Infrared Emission Spectrum of Barium Monofluoride" (PDF). J. Molecular Spectroscopy. Quyển 170. tr. 59. Bibcode:1996JMoSp.175..158C. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1996.0019. Bản gốc (PDF) lưu trữ ngày 10 tháng 3 năm 2005. Truy cập ngày 3 tháng 9 năm 2017. {{Chú thích tạp chí}}: Đã định rõ hơn một tham số trong |archivedate= và |archive-date= (trợ giúp); Đã định rõ hơn một tham số trong |archiveurl= và |archive-url= (trợ giúp)
  • La(I) has been observed in lanthanum monohydride (LaH); see Ram, R. S.; Bernath, P. F. (1996). "Fourier Transform Emission Spectroscopy of New Infrared Systems of LaH and LaD" (PDF). J. Molecular Spectroscopy. Quyển 104. tr. 6444. doi:10.1063/1.471365. Bản gốc (PDF) lưu trữ ngày 10 tháng 3 năm 2005. Truy cập ngày 3 tháng 9 năm 2017. {{Chú thích tạp chí}}: Đã định rõ hơn một tham số trong |archivedate= và |archive-date= (trợ giúp); Đã định rõ hơn một tham số trong |archiveurl= và |archive-url= (trợ giúp)
  • Pr(V) has been observed in [PrO2]+; see Zhang, Qingnan; Hu, Shu-Xian; Qu, Hui; Su, Jing; Wang, Guanjun; Lu, Jun-Bo; Chen, Mohua; Zhou, Mingfei; Li, Jun (ngày 6 tháng 6 năm 2016). "Pentavalent Lanthanide Compounds: Formation and Characterization of Praseodymium(V) Oxides". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. Quyển 55 số 24. tr. 6896–6900. doi:10.1002/anie.201602196. ISSN 1521-3773. PMID 27100273.
  • All the lanthanides (La–Lu) in the +2 oxidation state have been observed (except La, Gd, Lu) in dilute, solid solutions of dihalides of these elements in alkaline earth dihalides (see Bản mẫu:Holleman&Wiberg) and (except Pm) in organometallic molecular complexes, see Lanthanides Topple Assumptions and Meyer, G. (2014). "All the Lanthanides Do It and Even Uranium Does Oxidation State +2". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. Quyển 53 số 14. tr. 3550–51. doi:10.1002/anie.201311325. PMID 24616202.. Additionally, all the lanthanides (La–Lu) form dihydrides (LnH2), dicarbides (LnC2), monosulfides (LnS), monoselenides (LnSe), and monotellurides (LnTe), but for most elements these compounds have Ln3+ ions with electrons delocalized into conduction bands, e. g. Ln3+(H−)2(e−).
  • Os(−1) has been observed in Na
    2    [Os
    4    (CO)
    13    ]    ; see Krause, J.; Siriwardane, Upali; Salupo, Terese A.; Wermer, Joseph R.; Knoeppel, David W.; Shore, Sheldon G. (1993). "Preparation of [Os3(CO)11]2− and its reactions with Os3(CO)12; structures of [Et4N] [HOs3(CO)11] and H2OsS4(CO)". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. Quyển 454. tr. 263–271. doi:10.1016/0022-328X(93)83250-Y. and Carter, Willie J.; Kelland, John W.; Okrasinski, Stanley J.; Warner, Keith E.; Norton, Jack R. (1982). "Mononuclear hydrido alkyl carbonyl complexes of osmium and their polynuclear derivatives". Inorganic Chemistry. Quyển 21 số 11. tr. 3955–3960. doi:10.1021/ic00141a019.
  • Ir(VIII) has been observed in iridium tetroxit (IrO4); see Gong, Yu; Zhou, Mingfei; Kaupp, Martin; Riedel, Sebastian (2009). "Formation and Characterization of the Iridium Tetroxide Molecule with Iridium in the Oxidation State +VIII". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. Quyển 48 số 42. tr. 7879–7883. doi:10.1002/anie.200902733.
  • Ir(IX) has been observed in IrO+
    4    ; see Wang, Guanjun; Zhou, Mingfei; Goettel, James T.; Schrobilgen, Gary G.; Su, Jing; Li, Jun; Schlöder, Tobias; Riedel, Sebastian (ngày 21 tháng 8 năm 2014). "Identification of an iridium-containing compound with a formal oxidation state of IX". Nature. Quyển 514. tr. 475–477. doi:10.1038/nature13795. PMID 25341786.
  • Pt(−1) and Pt(−2) have been observed in the bari platinides Ba2Pt and BaPt, respectively: see Karpov, Andrey; Konuma, Mitsuharu; Jansen, Martin (2006). "An experimental proof for negative oxidation states of platinum: ESCA-measurements on barium platinides". Chemical Communications. Số 8. tr. 838–840. doi:10.1039/b514631c. PMID 16479284.
  • Pt(I) and Pt(III) have been observed in bimetallic and polymetallic species; see Kauffman, George B.; Thurner, Joseph J.; Zatko, David A. (1967). "Ammonium Hexachloroplatinate(IV)". Inorganic Syntheses. Inorganic Syntheses. Quyển 9. tr. 182–185. doi:10.1002/9780470132401.ch51. ISBN 978-0-470-13240-1.
  • Hg(IV) has been reported in mercury(IV) fluoride (HgF4); see Xuefang Wang; Lester Andrews; Sebastian Riedel; Martin Kaupp (2007). "Mercury Is a Transition Metal: The First Experimental Evidence for HgF4". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Quyển 46 số 44. tr. 8371–8375. doi:10.1002/anie.200703710. PMID 17899620. However, it could not be confirmed by later experiments; see Is mercury a transition metal? Lưu trữ ngày 12 tháng 10 năm 2016 tại Wayback Machine
  • Tl(−5) has been observed in Na23K9Tl15.3, see Dong, Z.-C.; Corbett, J. D. (1996). "Na23K9Tl15.3:  An Unusual Zintl Compound Containing Apparent Tl57−, Tl48−, Tl37−, and Tl5− Anions". Inorganic Chemistry. Quyển 35 số 11. tr. 3107–12. doi:10.1021/ic960014z.
  • Tl(+2) has been observed in tetrakis(hypersilyl)dithallium ([(Me3Si)Si]2Tl—Tl[Si(SiMe3)]2), see Sonja Henkel; Dr. Karl Wilhelm Klinkhammer; Dr. Wolfgang Schwarz (1994). "Tetrakis(hypersilyl)dithallium(Tl—Tl): A Divalent Thallium Compound". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Quyển 33 số 6. tr. 681–683. doi:10.1002/anie.199406811..
  • Pb(−2) has been observed in BaPb, see Ferro, Riccardo (2008). Nicholas C. Norman (biên tập). Intermetallic Chemistry. Elsevier. tr. 505. ISBN 978-0-08-044099-6. and Todorov, Iliya; Sevov, Slavi C. (2004). "Heavy-Metal Aromatic Rings: Cyclopentadienyl Anion Analogues Sn56− and Pb56− in the Zintl Phases Na8BaPb6, Na8BaSn6, and Na8EuSn6". Inorganic Chemistry. Quyển 43 số 20. tr. 6490–94. doi:10.1021/ic000333x.
  • Pb(+1) and Pb(+3) have been observed in organolead compounds, e.g. hexamethyldiplumbane Pb2(CH3)6; for Pb(I), see Siew-Peng Chia; Hong-Wei Xi; Yongxin Li; Kok Hwa Lim; Cheuk-Wai So (2013). "A Base-Stabilized Lead(I) Dimer and an Aromatic Plumbylidenide Anion". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Quyển 52 số 24. tr. 6298–6301. doi:10.1002/anie.201301954..
  • Bi(+2) has been observed in dibismuthines (R2Bi—BiR2), see Arthur J. Ashe III (1990). "Thermochromic Distibines and Dibismuthines". Advances in Organometallic Chemistry. Quyển 30. tr. 77–97. doi:10.1016/S0065-3055(08)60499-2.
  • Bi(IV) has been observed; see A. I. Aleksandrov, I. E. Makarov (1987). "Formation of Bi(II) and Bi(IV) in aqueous hydrochloric solutions of Bi(III)". Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Division of chemical science. Quyển 36 số 2. tr. 217–220. doi:10.1007/BF00959349.
  • Po(V) has been observed in dioxidopolonium(1+) (PoO+
    2    ); see Thayer, John S. (2010). Relativistic Effects and the Chemistry of the Heavier Main Group Elements. tr. 78. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9975-5_2.
  • Rn(II) has been observed in radon difluoride (RnF2); see Stein, L. (1970). "Ionic Radon Solution". Science. Quyển 168 số 3929. tr. 362–4. Bibcode:1970Sci...168..362S. doi:10.1126/science.168.3929.362. PMID 17809133. and Kenneth S. Pitzer (1975). "Fluorides of radon and element 118". J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. Số 18. tr. 760b – 761. doi:10.1039/C3975000760b.
  • Th(I) is known in thorium(I) bromide (ThBr); see Wickleder, Mathias S.; Fourest, Blandine; Dorhout, Peter K. (2006). "Thorium". Trong Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (biên tập). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (PDF). Quyển 3 (ấn bản thứ 3). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer. tr. 52–160. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_3. Bản gốc (PDF) lưu trữ ngày 7 tháng 3 năm 2016. Truy cập ngày 3 tháng 9 năm 2017. {{Chú thích sách}}: Đã định rõ hơn một tham số trong |archivedate= và |archive-date= (trợ giúp); Đã định rõ hơn một tham số trong |archiveurl= và |archive-url= (trợ giúp)
  • Th(II) and Th(III) are observed in [ThII{η5-C5H3(SiMe3)2}3]− and [ThIII{η5-C5H3(SiMe3)2}3], see Langeslay, Ryan R.; Fieser, Megan E.; Ziller, Joseph W.; Furche, Philip; Evans, William J. (2015). "Synthesis, structure, and reactivity of crystalline molecular complexes of the {[C5H3(SiMe3)2]3Th}1− anion containing thorium in the formal +2 oxidation state". Chem. Sci. Quyển 6. tr. 517–521. doi:10.1039/C4SC03033H. Truy cập ngày 16 tháng 7 năm 2016.
  • U(II) has been observed in [K(2.2.2-Cryptand)][(C5H4SiMe3)3U], see MacDonald, Matthew R.; Fieser, Megan E.; Bates, Jefferson E.; Ziller, Joseph W.; Furche, Filipp; Evans, William J. (2013). "Identification of the +2 Oxidation State for Uranium in a Crystalline Molecular Complex, [K(2.2.2-Cryptand)][(C5H4SiMe3)3U]". J. Am. Chem. Soc. Quyển 135 số 36. tr. 13310–13313. doi:10.1021/ja406791t. {{Chú thích tạp chí}}: |ngày truy cập= cần |url= (trợ giúp)
  • Np(II) has been observed, see Dutkiewicz, Michał S.; Apostolidis, Christos; Walter, Olaf; Arnold, Polly L (2017). "Reduction chemistry of neptunium cyclopentadienide complexes: from structure to understanding". Chem. Sci. Quyển 8. tr. 2553–2561. doi:10.1039/C7SC00034K. {{Chú thích tạp chí}}: |ngày truy cập= cần |url= (trợ giúp)
  • Pu(II) has been observed in {Pu[C5H3(SiMe3)2]3}−; see Windorff, Cory J.; Chen, Guo P; Cross, Justin N; Evans, William J.; Furche, Filipp; Gaunt, Andrew J.; Janicke, Michael T.; Kozimor, Stosh A.; Scott, Brian L. (2017). "Identification of the Formal +2 Oxidation State of Plutonium: Synthesis and Characterization of {PuII[C5H3(SiMe3)2]3}−". J. Am. Chem. Soc. Quyển 139 số 11. tr. 3970–3973. doi:10.1021/jacs.7b00706.
  • Cm(VI) has been observed in curium trioxit (CmO3) and dioxidocurium(2+) (CmO2+
    2    ); see Domanov, V. P.; Lobanov, Yu. V. (tháng 10 năm 2011). "Formation of volatile curium(VI) trioxide CmO3". Radiochemistry. Quyển 53 số 5. SP MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica. tr. 453–6. doi:10.1134/S1066362211050018.
  • Cm(VIII) has been reported to possibly occur in curium tetroxit (CmO4); see Domanov, V. P. (tháng 1 năm 2013). "Possibility of generation of octavalent curium in the gas phase in the form of volatile tetraoxide CmO4". Radiochemistry. Quyển 55 số 1. SP MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica. tr. 46–51. doi:10.1134/S1066362213010098. However, new experiments seem to indicate its nonexistence: Zaitsevskii, Andréi; Schwarz, W H Eugen (tháng 4 năm 2014). "Structures and stability of AnO4 isomers, An = Pu, Am, and Cm: a relativistic density functional study". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. Quyển 2014 số 16. tr. 8997–9001. doi:10.1039/c4cp00235k.
  • Es(IV) is known in einsteinium(IV) fluoride (EsF4); see Kleinschmidt, P (1994). "Thermochemistry of the actinides". Journal of Alloys and Compounds. Quyển 213–214. tr. 169–172. doi:10.1016/0925-8388(94)90898-2.
  • Sg(VI) has been observed in seaborgium oxide hydroxide (SgO2(OH)2); see Huebener; Taut, S.; Vahle, A.; Dressler, R.; Eichler, B.; Gäggeler, H. W.; Jost, D.T.; Piguet, D.; và đồng nghiệp (2001). "Physico-chemical characterization of seaborgium as oxide hydroxide" (PDF). Radiochim. Acta. Quyển 89 số 11–12_2001. tr. 737–741. doi:10.1524/ract.2001.89.11-12.737. Bản gốc (PDF) lưu trữ ngày 25 tháng 10 năm 2014. Truy cập ngày 3 tháng 9 năm 2017. {{Chú thích tạp chí}}: Đã định rõ hơn một tham số trong |archivedate= và |archive-date= (trợ giúp); Đã định rõ hơn một tham số trong |archiveurl= và |archive-url= (trợ giúp)
  • Langmuir, Irving (1919). "The arrangement of electrons in atoms and molecules". J. Am. Chem. Soc. Quyển 41 số 6. tr. 868–934. doi:10.1021/ja02227a002.

dx.doi.org

google.ru (Global: 3,314th place; Vietnamese: low place)

books.google.ru

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gsi.de

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harvard.edu (Global: 18th place; Vietnamese: 24th place)

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chem.harvard.edu

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inis.iaea.org

nevada.edu (Global: low place; Vietnamese: low place)

radchem.nevada.edu

  • Th(I) is known in thorium(I) bromide (ThBr); see Wickleder, Mathias S.; Fourest, Blandine; Dorhout, Peter K. (2006). "Thorium". Trong Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (biên tập). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (PDF). Quyển 3 (ấn bản thứ 3). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer. tr. 52–160. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_3. Bản gốc (PDF) lưu trữ ngày 7 tháng 3 năm 2016. Truy cập ngày 3 tháng 9 năm 2017. {{Chú thích sách}}: Đã định rõ hơn một tham số trong |archivedate= và |archive-date= (trợ giúp); Đã định rõ hơn một tham số trong |archiveurl= và |archive-url= (trợ giúp)

nih.gov (Global: 4th place; Vietnamese: 7th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

  • Low valent magnesium compounds with Mg(I) have been obtained using bulky ligands; see Green, S. P.; Jones C.; Stasch A. (tháng 12 năm 2007). "Stable Magnesium(I) Compounds with Mg-Mg Bonds". Science. Quyển 318 số 5857. tr. 1754–1757. Bibcode:2007Sci...318.1754G. doi:10.1126/science.1150856. PMID 17991827.
  • Ca(I) has been observed; see Krieck, Sven; Görls, Helmar; Westerhausen, Matthias (2010). "Mechanistic Elucidation of the Formation of the Inverse Ca(I) Sandwich Complex [(thf)3Ca(μ-C6H3-1,3,5-Ph3)Ca(thf)3] and Stability of Aryl-Substituted Phenylcalcium Complexes". Journal of the American Chemical Society. Quyển 132 số 35. tr. 12492–501. doi:10.1021/ja105534w. PMID 20718434.
  • Ti(−1) has been reported in [Ti(bipy)3]−, but was later shown to be Ti(+3); see Bowman, A. C.; England, J.; Sprouls, S.; Weihemüller, T.; Wieghardt, K. (2013). "Electronic structures of homoleptic [tris(2,2'-bipyridine)M]n complexes of the early transition metals (M = Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta; n = 1+, 0, 1-, 2-, 3-): an experimental and density functional theoretical study". Inorganic Chemistry. Quyển 52 số 4. tr. 2242–56. doi:10.1021/ic302799s. PMID 23387926. However, Ti(−1) occurs in [Ti(η-C6H6]− and [Ti(η-C6H5CH3)]−, see Bandy, J. A.; Berry, A.; Green, M. L. H.; Perutz, R. N.; Prout, K.; Verpeautz, J.-N. (1984). "Synthesis of anionic sandwich compounds: [Ti(η-C6H5R)2]– and the crystal structure of [K(18-crown-6)(µ-H)Mo(η-C5H5)2]". Inorganic Chemistry. Quyển 52 số 4. tr. 729–731. doi:10.1039/C39840000729.
  • Zn(I) has been observed in decamethyldizincocene (Zn2(η5–C5Me5)2); see Resa, I.; Carmona, E.; Gutierrez-Puebla, E.; Monge, A. (2004). "Decamethyldizincocene, a Stable Compound of Zn(I) with a Zn-Zn Bond". Science. Quyển 305 số 5687. tr. 1136–8. doi:10.1126/science.1101356. PMID 15326350.
  • As(I) has been observed in arsenic(I) iodide (AsI); see Ellis, Bobby D.; MacDonald, Charles L. B. (2004). "Stabilized Arsenic(I) Iodide: A Ready Source of Arsenic Iodide Fragments and a Useful Reagent for the Generation of Clusters". Inorganic Chemistry. Quyển 43 số 19. tr. 5981–6. doi:10.1021/ic049281s. PMID 15360247.
  • Zr(−1) has been reported in [Zr(bipy)3]− (see Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997), Chemistry of the Elements (bằng tiếng Anh) (ấn bản thứ 2), Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, tr. 960, ISBN 0-7506-3365-4 and Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1995). "Zirconium". Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (bằng tiếng Đức) (ấn bản thứ 101). Walter de Gruyter. tr. 1413. ISBN 3-11-012641-9.), but was later shown to be Zr(+4); see Bowman, A. C.; England, J.; Sprouls, S.; Weihemüller, T.; Wieghardt, K. (2013). "Electronic structures of homoleptic [tris(2,2'-bipyridine)M]n complexes of the early transition metals (M = Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta; n = 1+, 0, 1-, 2-, 3-): an experimental and density functional theoretical study". Inorganic Chemistry. Quyển 52 số 4. tr. 2242–56. doi:10.1021/ic302799s. PMID 23387926.
  • Sb(I) and Sb(II) have been observed in organoantimony compounds; for Sb(I), see Šimon, Petr; de Proft, Frank; Jambor, Roman; Růžička, Aleš; Dostál, Libor (2010). "Monomeric Organoantimony(I) and Organobismuth(I) Compounds Stabilized by an NCN Chelating Ligand: Syntheses and Structures". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. Quyển 49 số 32. tr. 5468–5471. doi:10.1002/anie.201002209. PMID 20602393. Truy cập ngày 23 tháng 2 năm 2015.
  • Pr(V) has been observed in [PrO2]+; see Zhang, Qingnan; Hu, Shu-Xian; Qu, Hui; Su, Jing; Wang, Guanjun; Lu, Jun-Bo; Chen, Mohua; Zhou, Mingfei; Li, Jun (ngày 6 tháng 6 năm 2016). "Pentavalent Lanthanide Compounds: Formation and Characterization of Praseodymium(V) Oxides". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. Quyển 55 số 24. tr. 6896–6900. doi:10.1002/anie.201602196. ISSN 1521-3773. PMID 27100273.
  • All the lanthanides (La–Lu) in the +2 oxidation state have been observed (except La, Gd, Lu) in dilute, solid solutions of dihalides of these elements in alkaline earth dihalides (see Bản mẫu:Holleman&Wiberg) and (except Pm) in organometallic molecular complexes, see Lanthanides Topple Assumptions and Meyer, G. (2014). "All the Lanthanides Do It and Even Uranium Does Oxidation State +2". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. Quyển 53 số 14. tr. 3550–51. doi:10.1002/anie.201311325. PMID 24616202.. Additionally, all the lanthanides (La–Lu) form dihydrides (LnH2), dicarbides (LnC2), monosulfides (LnS), monoselenides (LnSe), and monotellurides (LnTe), but for most elements these compounds have Ln3+ ions with electrons delocalized into conduction bands, e. g. Ln3+(H−)2(e−).
  • Ir(IX) has been observed in IrO+
    4    ; see Wang, Guanjun; Zhou, Mingfei; Goettel, James T.; Schrobilgen, Gary G.; Su, Jing; Li, Jun; Schlöder, Tobias; Riedel, Sebastian (ngày 21 tháng 8 năm 2014). "Identification of an iridium-containing compound with a formal oxidation state of IX". Nature. Quyển 514. tr. 475–477. doi:10.1038/nature13795. PMID 25341786.
  • Pt(−1) and Pt(−2) have been observed in the bari platinides Ba2Pt and BaPt, respectively: see Karpov, Andrey; Konuma, Mitsuharu; Jansen, Martin (2006). "An experimental proof for negative oxidation states of platinum: ESCA-measurements on barium platinides". Chemical Communications. Số 8. tr. 838–840. doi:10.1039/b514631c. PMID 16479284.
  • Hg(IV) has been reported in mercury(IV) fluoride (HgF4); see Xuefang Wang; Lester Andrews; Sebastian Riedel; Martin Kaupp (2007). "Mercury Is a Transition Metal: The First Experimental Evidence for HgF4". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Quyển 46 số 44. tr. 8371–8375. doi:10.1002/anie.200703710. PMID 17899620. However, it could not be confirmed by later experiments; see Is mercury a transition metal? Lưu trữ ngày 12 tháng 10 năm 2016 tại Wayback Machine
  • Rn(II) has been observed in radon difluoride (RnF2); see Stein, L. (1970). "Ionic Radon Solution". Science. Quyển 168 số 3929. tr. 362–4. Bibcode:1970Sci...168..362S. doi:10.1126/science.168.3929.362. PMID 17809133. and Kenneth S. Pitzer (1975). "Fluorides of radon and element 118". J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. Số 18. tr. 760b – 761. doi:10.1039/C3975000760b.

openmopac.net (Global: low place; Vietnamese: low place)

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sciencedirect.com (Global: 149th place; Vietnamese: 167th place)

  • Fe(−4), Ru(−4), and Os(−4) have been observed in metal-rich compounds containing octahedral complexes [MIn6−xSnx]; Pt(−3) (as a dimeric anion [Pt–Pt]6−), Cu(−2), Zn(−2), Ag(−2), Cd(−2), Au(−2), and Hg(−2) have been observed (as dimeric and monomeric anions; dimeric ions were initially reported to be [T–T]2− for Zn, Cd, Hg, but later shown to be [T–T]4− for all these elements) in La2Pt2In, La2Cu2In, Ca5Au3, Ca5Ag3, Ca5Hg3, Sr5Cd3, Ca5Zn3(structure (AE2+)5(T–T)4−T2−⋅4e−), Yb3Ag2, Ca5Au4, and Ca3Hg2; Au(–3) has been observed in ScAuSn and in other 18-electron half-Heusler compounds. See Changhoon Lee; Myung-Hwan Whangbo (2008). "Late transition metal anions acting as p-metal elements". Frontiers in Solid State Chemistry. Quyển 10 số 4. tr. 444–449. doi:10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2007.12.001. and Changhoon Lee; Myung-Hwan Whangbo; Jürgen Köhler (2010). "Analysis of Electronic Structures and Chemical Bonding of Metal-rich Compounds. 2. Presence of Dimer (T–T)4– and Isolated T2– Anions in the Polar Intermetallic Cr5B3-Type Compounds AE5T3 (AE = Ca, Sr; T = Au, Ag, Hg, Cd, Zn)". ZAAC. Quyển 636 số 1. tr. 36–40. doi:10.1002/zaac.200900421.

uni-freiburg.de (Global: 5,792nd place; Vietnamese: 8,313th place)

ruby.chemie.uni-freiburg.de

  • Negative oxidation states of p-block metals (Al, Ga, In, Sn, Tl, Pb, Bi, Po) and metalloids (Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, At) may occur in Zintl phases, see: [1], p. 259 and [2] (both in German).

uni-kassel.de (Global: low place; Vietnamese: low place)

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