Lịch sử hóa học (Vietnamese Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Lịch sử hóa học" in Vietnamese language version.

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azer.com

breckschool.org

realscience.breckschool.org

chemheritage.org

  • “Joseph Priestley”. Chemical Achievers: The Human Face of Chemical Sciences. Chemical Heritage Foundation. 2005. Truy cập ngày 22 tháng 2 năm 2007.
  • “John Dalton”. Chemical Achievers: The Human Face of Chemical Sciences. Chemical Heritage Foundation. 2005. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 20 tháng 2 năm 2007. Truy cập ngày 22 tháng 2 năm 2007.

creighton.edu

mattson.creighton.edu

  • “Carl Wilhelm Scheele”. History of Gas Chemistry. Center for Microscale Gas Chemistry, Creighton University. ngày 11 tháng 9 năm 2005. Truy cập ngày 23 tháng 2 năm 2007.

euchems.org

fact-archive.com

gla.ac.uk

chem.gla.ac.uk

  • Cooper, Alan (1999). “Joseph Black”. History of Glasgow University Chemistry Department. University of Glasgow Department of Chemistry. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 10 tháng 4 năm 2006. Truy cập ngày 23 tháng 2 năm 2006.

history-science-technology.com

  • Kraus, Paul, Jâbir ibn Hayyân, Contribution à l'histoire des idées scientifiques dans l'Islam. I. Le corpus des écrits jâbiriens. II. Jâbir et la science grecque,. Cairo (1942-1943). Repr. By Fuat Sezgin, (Natural Sciences in Islam. 67-68), Frankfurt. 2002:

    "To form an idea of the historical place of Jabir’s alchemy and to tackle the problem of its sources, it is advisable to compare it with what remains to us of the alchemical literature in the Greek language. One knows in which miserable state this literature reached us. Collected by Byzantine scientists from the tenth century, the corpus of the Greek alchemists is a cluster of incoherent fragments, going back to all the times since the third century until the end of the Middle Ages."

    "The efforts of Berthelot and Ruelle to put a little order in this mass of literature led only to poor results, and the later researchers, among them in particular Mrs. Hammer-Jensen, Tannery, Lagercrantz, von Lippmann, Reitzenstein, Ruska, Bidez, Festugiere and others, could make clear only few points of detail…

    The study of the Greek alchemists is not very encouraging. An even surface examination of the Greek texts shows that a very small part only was organized according to true experiments of laboratory: even the supposedly technical writings, in the state where we find them today, are unintelligible nonsense which refuses any interpretation.

    It is different with Jabir’s alchemy. The relatively clear description of the processes and the alchemical apparatuses, the methodical classification of the substances, mark an experimental spirit which is extremely far away from the weird and odd esotericism of the Greek texts. The theory on which Jabir supports his operations is one of clearness and of an impressive unity. More than with the other Arab authors, one notes with him a balance between theoretical teaching and practical teaching, between the `ilm and the `amal. In vain one would seek in the Greek texts a work as systematic as that which is presented for example in the Book of Seventy."

    (cf. Ahmad Y Hassan. “A Critical Reassessment of the Geber Problem: Part Three”. Truy cập ngày 9 tháng 8 năm 2008.)

ideafinder.com

independent.co.uk

news.independent.co.uk

lemoyne.edu

web.lemoyne.edu

mit.edu

classics.mit.edu

newscientist.com

ucc.ie

understandingscience.ucc.ie

unhas.ac.id

up.edu

faculty.up.edu

  • Asarnow, Herman (ngày 8 tháng 8 năm 2005). “Sir Francis Bacon: Empiricism”. An Image-Oriented Introduction to Backgrounds for English Renaissance Literature. University of Portland. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 1 tháng 2 năm 2007. Truy cập ngày 22 tháng 2 năm 2007.

utm.edu

iep.utm.edu

  • Simpson, David (29 June 2005). “Lucretius (c. 99 - c. 55 BCE)”. The Internet History of Philosophy. Truy cập ngày 9 tháng 1 năm 2007. Kiểm tra giá trị ngày tháng trong: |date= (trợ giúp)

web.archive.org

wolfram.com

scienceworld.wolfram.com