Alfred McCoy. South Vietnam: Narcotics in the Nation's ServiceLưu trữ 2014-01-12 tại Wayback Machine. Trích dẫn: "The French had little enthusiasm for this emerging nation and its premier, and so the French had to go. Pressured by American military aid cutbacks and prodded by the Diem regime, the French stepped up their troop withdrawals. By April 1956 the once mighty French Expeditionary Corps had been reduced to less than 5,000 men, and American officers had taken over their jobs as advisers to the Vietnamese army. The Americans criticized the french as hopelessly "colonialist" in their attitudes, and French officials retorted that the Americans were naive During this difficult transition period one French official denounced "the meddling Americans who, in their incorrigible guilelessness, believed that once the French Army leaves, Vietnamese independence will burst forth for all to see." Although this French official was doubtlessly biased, he was also correct. There was a certain naiveness, a certain innocent freshness, surrounding many of the American officials who poured into Saigon in the mid 1950s.""
The Pentagon Papers Gravel Edition Volume 1, Chapter 5, "Origins of the Insurgency in South Vietnam, 1954-1960" (Boston: Beacon Press, 1971)Lưu trữ 2017-06-23 tại Wayback Machine Trích: "France, as the third party in Vietnam, then became pivotal to any political settlement, its executor for the West. But France had agreed to full independence for the GVN on ngày 4 tháng 6 năm 1954, nearly six weeks before the end of the Geneva Conference. By the terms of that June agreement, the GVN assumed responsibility for international contracts previously made on its behalf by France; but, there having been no reference to subsequent contracts, it was technically free of the Geneva Agreements. It has been argued to the contrary that the GVN was bound by Geneva because it possessed at the time few of the attributes of full sovereignty, and especially because it was dependent on France for defense."
The Pentagon Papers, Chapter 2, "U.S. Involvement in the Franco-Viet Minh War, 1950-1954", MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT - Harry S. Truman PresidentLưu trữ 2011-08-06 tại Wayback Machine, trích "Recognition by the United States of the three legally constituted governments of Vietnam, Laos' and Cambodia appears desirable and in accordance with United States foreign policy for several reasons. Among them are: encouragement to national aspirations under non-Communist leadership for peoples of colonial areas in Southeast Asia; the establishment of stable non-Communist governments in areas adjacent to Communist China; support to a friendly country which is also a signatory to the North Atlantic Treaty; and as a demonstration of displeasure with Communist tactics which are obviously aimed at eventual domination of Asia, working under the guise of indigenous nationalism."
The Pentagon Papers, Chapter 2, "U.S. Involvement in the Franco-Viet Minh War, 1950-1954"Lưu trữ 2011-08-06 tại Wayback Machine, Trích "The U.S.-French ties in Europe (NATO, Marshall Plan, Mutual Defense Assistance Program) only marginally strengthened U.S. urgings that France make concessions to Vietnamese nationalism. Any leverage from these sources was severely limited by the broader considerations of U.S. policy for the containment of communism in Europe and Asia. NATO and the Marshall Plan were of themselves judged to be essential to our European interests. To threaten France with economic and military sanctions in Europe in order to have it alter its policy in Indochina was, therefore, not plausible. Similarly, to reduce the level of military assistance to the French effort in Indochina would have been counter-productive, since it would have led to a further deterioration in the French military position there. In other words, there was a basic incompatibility in the two strands of U.S. policy: (1) Washington wanted France to fight the anti-communist war and win, preferably with U.S. guidance and advice; and (2) Washington expected the French, when battlefield victory was assured, to magnanimously withdraw from Indochina."
The Pentagon Papers Gravel Edition Volume 1, Chapter 5, "Origins of the Insurgency in South Vietnam, 1954-1960" (Boston: Beacon Press, 1971)Lưu trữ 2017-06-23 tại Wayback Machine Trích: "France, as the third party in Vietnam, then became pivotal to any political settlement, its executor for the West. But France had agreed to full independence for the GVN on ngày 4 tháng 6 năm 1954, nearly six weeks before the end of the Geneva Conference. By the terms of that June agreement, the GVN assumed responsibility for international contracts previously made on its behalf by France; but, there having been no reference to subsequent contracts, it was technically free of the Geneva Agreements. It has been argued to the contrary that the GVN was bound by Geneva because it possessed at the time few of the attributes of full sovereignty, and especially because it was dependent on France for defense. But such debates turn on tenuous points of international law regarding the prerogatives of newly independent or partitioned states. France speedily divested itself of responsibilities for "civil administration" in South Vietnam"
LỜI HIỆU TRIỆU CỦA BAN THƯỜNG TRỰC QUỐC HỘI NGÀY 19-12-1951 NHÂN KỶ NIỆM NGÀY TOÀN QUỐC KHÁNG CHIẾNLưu trữ 2013-12-12 tại Wayback Machine, trích "Không đủ sức chống kháng chiến, đế quốc Mỹ và thực dân Pháp lợi dụng bọn bù nhìn vong bản thi hành chính sách "lấy chiến tranh nuôi chiến tranh, dùng người Việt đánh người Việt", dùng độc lập giả hiệu để mê muội, đốt làng cướp của làm cho dân ta bần cùng trụy lạc để dễ áp bức lừa phỉnh, bắt thanh niên đi lính ngụy để đánh lại đồng bào."
ttu.edu
vietnam.ttu.edu
The Reunification of Vietnam, PRESIDENT NGO DINH DIEM'S BROADCAST DECLARATION ON THE GENEVA AGREEMENTS AND FREE ELECTIONS (ngày 16 tháng 7 năm 1955), page 24, Vietnam bulletin - a weekly publication of the Embassy of Vietnam in United States, Special issue No.16, Available onlineLưu trữ 2017-05-01 tại Wayback Machine Trích: "Our policy is a policy for peace. But nothing will lead us astray of our goal, the unity of our country, a unity in freedom and not in slavery. Serving the cause of our nation, more than ever we will struggle for the reunification of our homeland. We do not reject the principle of free elections as peaceful and democratic means to achieve that unity. However, if elections constitute one of the bases of true democracy, they will be meaningful only on the condition that they be absolutely free. Now, faced with a regime of oppression as practiced by the Viet Minh, we remain skeptical concerning the possibility of fulfilling the conditions of free elections in the North." dịch là "Chính sách của chúng tôi là chính sách hoà bình. Nhưng không có gì có thể khiến chúng tôi đi chệch khỏi mục tiêu của chúng tôi là sự thống nhất đất nước, thống nhất trong tự do chứ không phải trong nô lệ. Vì dân tộc, chúng tôi sẽ đấu tranh hết sức mình cho sự thống nhất đất nước. Chúng tôi không từ chối nguyên tắc tuyển cử tự do để thống nhất đất nước một cách hoà bình và dân chủ. Tuy nhiên nếu những cuộc bầu cử tạo thành một trong những nền tảng cơ bản của nền dân chủ thật sự thì chúng chỉ có ý nghĩa với điều kiện chúng hoàn toàn tự do. Hiện nay, thực tế phải đối mặt với chế độ áp bức của Việt Minh, chúng tôi nghi ngờ về việc có thể bảo đảm những điều kiện của cuộc bầu cử tự do ở miền Bắc."
The Pentagon Papers Gravel Edition Volume 1, Chapter 5, "Origins of the Insurgency in South Vietnam, 1954-1960" (Boston: Beacon Press, 1971)Lưu trữ 2017-06-23 tại Wayback Machine Trích: "France, as the third party in Vietnam, then became pivotal to any political settlement, its executor for the West. But France had agreed to full independence for the GVN on ngày 4 tháng 6 năm 1954, nearly six weeks before the end of the Geneva Conference. By the terms of that June agreement, the GVN assumed responsibility for international contracts previously made on its behalf by France; but, there having been no reference to subsequent contracts, it was technically free of the Geneva Agreements. It has been argued to the contrary that the GVN was bound by Geneva because it possessed at the time few of the attributes of full sovereignty, and especially because it was dependent on France for defense."
The Pentagon Papers, Chapter 2, "U.S. Involvement in the Franco-Viet Minh War, 1950-1954", MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT - Harry S. Truman PresidentLưu trữ 2011-08-06 tại Wayback Machine, trích "Recognition by the United States of the three legally constituted governments of Vietnam, Laos' and Cambodia appears desirable and in accordance with United States foreign policy for several reasons. Among them are: encouragement to national aspirations under non-Communist leadership for peoples of colonial areas in Southeast Asia; the establishment of stable non-Communist governments in areas adjacent to Communist China; support to a friendly country which is also a signatory to the North Atlantic Treaty; and as a demonstration of displeasure with Communist tactics which are obviously aimed at eventual domination of Asia, working under the guise of indigenous nationalism."
The Pentagon Papers, Chapter 2, "U.S. Involvement in the Franco-Viet Minh War, 1950-1954"Lưu trữ 2011-08-06 tại Wayback Machine, Trích "The U.S.-French ties in Europe (NATO, Marshall Plan, Mutual Defense Assistance Program) only marginally strengthened U.S. urgings that France make concessions to Vietnamese nationalism. Any leverage from these sources was severely limited by the broader considerations of U.S. policy for the containment of communism in Europe and Asia. NATO and the Marshall Plan were of themselves judged to be essential to our European interests. To threaten France with economic and military sanctions in Europe in order to have it alter its policy in Indochina was, therefore, not plausible. Similarly, to reduce the level of military assistance to the French effort in Indochina would have been counter-productive, since it would have led to a further deterioration in the French military position there. In other words, there was a basic incompatibility in the two strands of U.S. policy: (1) Washington wanted France to fight the anti-communist war and win, preferably with U.S. guidance and advice; and (2) Washington expected the French, when battlefield victory was assured, to magnanimously withdraw from Indochina."
Alfred McCoy. South Vietnam: Narcotics in the Nation's ServiceLưu trữ 2014-01-12 tại Wayback Machine. Trích dẫn: "The French had little enthusiasm for this emerging nation and its premier, and so the French had to go. Pressured by American military aid cutbacks and prodded by the Diem regime, the French stepped up their troop withdrawals. By April 1956 the once mighty French Expeditionary Corps had been reduced to less than 5,000 men, and American officers had taken over their jobs as advisers to the Vietnamese army. The Americans criticized the french as hopelessly "colonialist" in their attitudes, and French officials retorted that the Americans were naive During this difficult transition period one French official denounced "the meddling Americans who, in their incorrigible guilelessness, believed that once the French Army leaves, Vietnamese independence will burst forth for all to see." Although this French official was doubtlessly biased, he was also correct. There was a certain naiveness, a certain innocent freshness, surrounding many of the American officials who poured into Saigon in the mid 1950s.""
The Pentagon Papers Gravel Edition Volume 1, Chapter 5, "Origins of the Insurgency in South Vietnam, 1954-1960" (Boston: Beacon Press, 1971)Lưu trữ 2017-06-23 tại Wayback Machine Trích: "France, as the third party in Vietnam, then became pivotal to any political settlement, its executor for the West. But France had agreed to full independence for the GVN on ngày 4 tháng 6 năm 1954, nearly six weeks before the end of the Geneva Conference. By the terms of that June agreement, the GVN assumed responsibility for international contracts previously made on its behalf by France; but, there having been no reference to subsequent contracts, it was technically free of the Geneva Agreements. It has been argued to the contrary that the GVN was bound by Geneva because it possessed at the time few of the attributes of full sovereignty, and especially because it was dependent on France for defense. But such debates turn on tenuous points of international law regarding the prerogatives of newly independent or partitioned states. France speedily divested itself of responsibilities for "civil administration" in South Vietnam"
The Reunification of Vietnam, PRESIDENT NGO DINH DIEM'S BROADCAST DECLARATION ON THE GENEVA AGREEMENTS AND FREE ELECTIONS (ngày 16 tháng 7 năm 1955), page 24, Vietnam bulletin - a weekly publication of the Embassy of Vietnam in United States, Special issue No.16, Available onlineLưu trữ 2017-05-01 tại Wayback Machine Trích: "Our policy is a policy for peace. But nothing will lead us astray of our goal, the unity of our country, a unity in freedom and not in slavery. Serving the cause of our nation, more than ever we will struggle for the reunification of our homeland. We do not reject the principle of free elections as peaceful and democratic means to achieve that unity. However, if elections constitute one of the bases of true democracy, they will be meaningful only on the condition that they be absolutely free. Now, faced with a regime of oppression as practiced by the Viet Minh, we remain skeptical concerning the possibility of fulfilling the conditions of free elections in the North." dịch là "Chính sách của chúng tôi là chính sách hoà bình. Nhưng không có gì có thể khiến chúng tôi đi chệch khỏi mục tiêu của chúng tôi là sự thống nhất đất nước, thống nhất trong tự do chứ không phải trong nô lệ. Vì dân tộc, chúng tôi sẽ đấu tranh hết sức mình cho sự thống nhất đất nước. Chúng tôi không từ chối nguyên tắc tuyển cử tự do để thống nhất đất nước một cách hoà bình và dân chủ. Tuy nhiên nếu những cuộc bầu cử tạo thành một trong những nền tảng cơ bản của nền dân chủ thật sự thì chúng chỉ có ý nghĩa với điều kiện chúng hoàn toàn tự do. Hiện nay, thực tế phải đối mặt với chế độ áp bức của Việt Minh, chúng tôi nghi ngờ về việc có thể bảo đảm những điều kiện của cuộc bầu cử tự do ở miền Bắc."
LỜI HIỆU TRIỆU CỦA BAN THƯỜNG TRỰC QUỐC HỘI NGÀY 19-12-1951 NHÂN KỶ NIỆM NGÀY TOÀN QUỐC KHÁNG CHIẾNLưu trữ 2013-12-12 tại Wayback Machine, trích "Không đủ sức chống kháng chiến, đế quốc Mỹ và thực dân Pháp lợi dụng bọn bù nhìn vong bản thi hành chính sách "lấy chiến tranh nuôi chiến tranh, dùng người Việt đánh người Việt", dùng độc lập giả hiệu để mê muội, đốt làng cướp của làm cho dân ta bần cùng trụy lạc để dễ áp bức lừa phỉnh, bắt thanh niên đi lính ngụy để đánh lại đồng bào."
