Goldstein, Melvyn C. (tháng 4 năm 1995), Tibet, China and the United States(PDF), The Atlantic Council, tr. 3 – qua Case Western Reserve University: "During that time the Qing Dynasty sent armies into Tibet on four occasions, reorganized the administration of Tibet and established a loose protectorate."
Goldstein, Melvyn C. (tháng 4 năm 1995), Tibet, China and the United States(PDF), The Atlantic Council, tr. 3 – qua Case Western Reserve University
Di Cosmo, Nicola (2009), “The Qing and Inner Asia: 1636–1800”, trong Nicola Di Cosmo; Allen J. Frank; Peter B. Golden (biên tập), The Cambridge History of Inner Asia: The Chinggisid Age, Cambridge University Press – qua ResearchGate
thoughtco.com
Szczepanski, Kallie (ngày 31 tháng 5 năm 2018). “Was Tibet Always Part of China?”. ThoughtCo.: "The actual relationship between China and Tibet had been unclear since the early days of the Qing Dynasty, and China's losses at home made the status of Tibet even more uncertain."
Szczepanski, Kallie (ngày 31 tháng 5 năm 2018). “Was Tibet Always Part of China?”. ThoughtCo.: "According to Tibet, the "priest/patron" relationship established at this time [1653] between the Dalai Lama and Qing China continued throughout the Qing Era, but it had no bearing on Tibet's status as an independent nation."
