Karl, David M. (1999). “A Sea of Change: Biogeochemical Variability in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre”. Ecosystems. Springer. 2 (3): 181–214. doi:10.1007/s100219900068. JSTOR3658829. S2CID46309501.
Karl, D. M.; Bidigare, R. R.; Letelier, R. M. (2002). “Sustained and Aperiodic Variability in Organic Matter Production and Phototrophic Microbial Community Structure in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre”. Phytoplankton Productivity. tr. 222. doi:10.1002/9780470995204.ch9. ISBN9780470995204.
Hasunuma, K.; Yoshida, K. (1978). “Splitting of the subtropical gyre in the western North Pacific”. Journal of Oceanography. 34 (4): 160–172. doi:10.1007/bf02108654. S2CID128611587.
Karl, D.M.; Church, M.J. (2017). “Ecosystem Structure and Dynamics in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre: New Views of an Old Ocean”. Ecosystems. 20: 433–457. doi:10.1007/s10021-017-0117-0.
Dore, J. E.; Letelier, R. M.; Church, M. J.; Lukas, R.; Karl, D. M. (2008). “Summer phytoplankton blooms in the oligotrophic North Pacific Subtropical Gyre: Historical perspective and recent observations”. Progress in Oceanography. 76: 2–38. doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2007.10.002.
Hannides, C. C. S.; Landry, M. R.; Benitez-Nelson, C. R.; Styles, R. E. M.; Montoya, J. P.; Karl, D. M. (2009). “Export stoichiometry and migrant-mediated flux of phosphorus in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre”. Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers. 56 (1): 73–88. Bibcode:2009DSRI...56...73H. doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2008.08.003.
Smith, K. L.; Baldwin, R. J.; Karl, D. M.; Boetius, A. (2002). “Benthic community responses to pulses in pelagic food supply: North Pacific Subtropical Gyre”. Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers. 49 (6): 971. doi:10.1016/S0967-0637(02)00006-7.
Hannides, C. C. S.; Landry, M. R.; Benitez-Nelson, C. R.; Styles, R. E. M.; Montoya, J. P.; Karl, D. M. (2009). “Export stoichiometry and migrant-mediated flux of phosphorus in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre”. Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers. 56 (1): 73–88. Bibcode:2009DSRI...56...73H. doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2008.08.003.
Karl, David M. (1999). “A Sea of Change: Biogeochemical Variability in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre”. Ecosystems. Springer. 2 (3): 181–214. doi:10.1007/s100219900068. JSTOR3658829. S2CID46309501.
Tổng diện tích 5 đại dương lớn là khoảng 335 triệu kilômét vuông, theo “8(o) Introduction to the Oceans”. www.physicalgeography.net.
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Karl, David M. (1999). “A Sea of Change: Biogeochemical Variability in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre”. Ecosystems. Springer. 2 (3): 181–214. doi:10.1007/s100219900068. JSTOR3658829. S2CID46309501.
Hasunuma, K.; Yoshida, K. (1978). “Splitting of the subtropical gyre in the western North Pacific”. Journal of Oceanography. 34 (4): 160–172. doi:10.1007/bf02108654. S2CID128611587.