Stewart, Maurice (2019). “Reciprocating compressors”. Surface Production Operations. Elsevier. tr. 655–778. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809895-0.00009-0. ISBN978-0-12-809895-0. Trích: Nonmetallic poppets are limited to 450°F (232°C) and 800 psi (5516 kPa), with speeds up to 1800 rpm. Nylon, Torlon, and PEEK are used for the poppet material due to their lightweight and conformability to the valve seat.
Azadi, Mohammad (2016). “Failure analysis and prevention in powertrain systems”. Handbook of Materials Failure Analysis with Case Studies from the Aerospace and Automotive Industries. Elsevier. tr. 471–492. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800950-5.00021-1. ISBN978-0-12-800950-5. Trích: During the combustion process, the temperature of the intake valve reached to nearly 550 °C. This temperature for the exhaust valve is between 700 and 900 °C and is dependent on the engine.
Denton, Tom (2011). Automobile Mechanical and Electrical Systems: Automotive Technology: Vehicle Maintenance and Repair. Automobile Mechanical and Electrical Systems: Automotive Technology: Vehicle Maintenance and Repair. Elsevier. tr. 129–130. ISBN978-0-08-096945-9. Trích: Some valve stems are hollow and contain sodium, which melts when the valve is hot and assists in transferring heat from the valve face to the valve stem for dissipation via the valve guides. Cooling of the valve head can be improved significantly via a temperature reduction of up to 100°C. These valves are also known as bimetal type. Note that a sodium-filled valve of this type must be handled with care as sodium exposed to air is flammable and will self-ignite.
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