二甲双胍 (Chinese Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "二甲双胍" in Chinese language version.

refsWebsite

Global rank Chinese rank

88nih.gov

4^th place

5^th place

85doi.org

2^nd place

23^rd place

29web.archive.org

1^st place

23semanticscholar.org

11^th place

332^nd place

6fda.gov

447^th place

581^st place

4harvard.edu

18^th place

57^th place

3drugs.com

399^th place

208^th place

3books.google.com

3^rd place

8^th place

2tga.gov.au

3,984^th place

1,603^rd place

2europa.eu

68^th place

209^th place

2clincalc.com

3,912^th place

5,917^th place

2jamanetwork.com

2,650^th place

1,976^th place

1canada.ca

1,712^th place

3,316^th place

1medicines.org.uk

3,823^rd place

3,456^th place

1chemsrc.com

low place

7,778^th place

1handle.net

102^nd place

492^nd place

1aihw.gov.au

low place

1nhs.uk

1,989^th place

2,409^th place

1nice.org.uk

3,258^th place

2,433^rd place

1psu.edu

207^th place

628^th place

1aspca.org

low place

1zenodo.org

621^st place

1,608^th place

1dost.gov.ph

7,059^th place

7,470^th place

aihw.gov.au

Medicines in the health system. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. 2024-07-02 [2024-09-30]. （原始内容存档于2024-09-30）.

aspca.org

Heller JB. Metformin overdose in dogs and cats (PDF). Veterinary Medicine. 2007, (April): 231–33. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2007-10-23）.

books.google.com

Fischer J. Analogue-based Drug Discovery II. John Wiley & Sons. 2010: 49. ISBN 978-3-527-63212-1. （原始内容存档于2017-09-08）.
Stargrove MB, Treasure J, McKee DL. Herb, nutrient, and drug interactions: clinical implications and therapeutic strategies. St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby/Elsevier. 2008: 217. ISBN 978-0-323-02964-3. （原始内容存档于2017-09-08）.
Stargrove MB, Treasure J, McKee DL. Herb, nutrient, and drug interactions: clinical implications and therapeutic strategies. St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby/Elsevier. 2008: 217. ISBN 978-0-323-02964-3. （原始内容存档于8 September 2017）.

canada.ca

health-products.canada.ca

Metformin Hydrochloride. Health Canada. [2023-03-06]. （原始内容存档于2023-03-06）.

chemsrc.com

Metformin. www.chemsrc.com. [10 May 2018]. （原始内容存档于12 June 2017）.

clincalc.com

The Top 300 of 2022. ClinCalc. [2024-08-30]. （原始内容存档于2024-08-30）.
Metformin Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013 - 2022. ClinCalc. [2024-08-30]. （原始内容存档于2024-10-07）.

doi.org

Sirtori CR, Franceschini G, Galli-Kienle M, Cighetti G, Galli G, Bondioli A, Conti F. Disposition of metformin (N,N-dimethylbiguanide) in man. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. December 1978, 24 (6): 683–93. PMID 710026. S2CID 24531910. doi:10.1002/cpt1978246683.
Dunn CJ, Peters DH. Metformin. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Drugs. May 1995, 49 (5): 721–49. PMID 7601013. doi:10.2165/00003495-199549050-00007.
Hundal RS, Inzucchi SE. Metformin: new understandings, new uses. Drugs. 2003, 63 (18): 1879–94. PMID 12930161. doi:10.2165/00003495-200363180-00001.
Draznin B, Aroda VR, Bakris G, Benson G, Brown FM, Freeman R, Green J, Huang E, Isaacs D, Kahan S, Leon J, Lyons SK, Peters AL, Prahalad P, Reusch JE, Young-Hyman D. 9. Pharmacologic Approaches to Glycemic Treatment: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2022. Diabetes Care. January 2022, 45 (Suppl 1): S125–S143. PMID 34964831. S2CID 245538347. doi:10.2337/dc22-s009 .
Cosentino F, Grant PJ, Aboyans V, Bailey CJ, Ceriello A, Delgado V, Federici M, Filippatos G, Grobbee DE, Hansen TB, Huikuri HV, Johansson I, Jüni P, Lettino M, Marx N, Mellbin LG, Östgren CJ, Rocca B, Roffi M, Sattar N, Seferović PM, Sousa-Uva M, Valensi P, Wheeler DC. 2019 ESC Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD. European Heart Journal. January 2020, 41 (2): 255–323. PMID 31497854. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz486 .
Maruthur NM, Tseng E, Hutfless S, Wilson LM, Suarez-Cuervo C, Berger Z, Chu Y, Iyoha E, Segal JB, Bolen S. Diabetes Medications as Monotherapy or Metformin-Based Combination Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Annals of Internal Medicine. June 2016, 164 (11): 740–751. PMID 27088241. S2CID 32016657. doi:10.7326/M15-2650.
de Silva VA, Suraweera C, Ratnatunga SS, Dayabandara M, Wanniarachchi N, Hanwella R. Metformin in prevention and treatment of antipsychotic-induced weight gain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5048618 |PMC=缺少标题 (帮助). October 2016, 16 (1): 341. PMC 5048618 . PMID 27716110. doi:10.1186/s12888-016-1049-5 .
Lin H, Ao H, Guo G, Liu M. The Role and Mechanism of Metformin in Inflammatory Diseases. Journal of Inflammation Research //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10680465 |PMC=缺少标题 (帮助). 2023, 16: 5545–5564. PMC 10680465 . PMID 38026260. doi:10.2147/JIR.S436147 .
Saisho Y. Metformin and Inflammation: Its Potential Beyond Glucose-lowering Effect. Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders Drug Targets. March 2015, 15 (3): 196–205. PMID 25772174. doi:10.2174/1871530315666150316124019.
Triggle CR, Ding H. Metformin is not just an antihyperglycaemic drug but also has protective effects on the vascular endothelium. Acta Physiologica. January 2017, 219 (1): 138–151. PMID 26680745. S2CID 312517. doi:10.1111/apha.12644.
Blumenberg A, Benabbas R, Sinert R, Jeng A, Wiener SW. Do Patients Die with or from Metformin-Associated Lactic Acidosis (MALA)? Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of pH and Lactate as Predictors of Mortality in MALA. Journal of Medical Toxicology. April 2020, 16 (2): 222–229. PMC 7099117 . PMID 31907741. doi:10.1007/s13181-019-00755-6.
Lipska KJ, Bailey CJ, Inzucchi SE. Use of metformin in the setting of mild-to-moderate renal insufficiency. Diabetes Care. June 2011, 34 (6): 1431–7. PMC 3114336 . PMID 21617112. doi:10.2337/dc10-2361.
Coll AP, Chen M, Taskar P, Rimmington D, Patel S, Tadross JA, Cimino I, Yang M, Welsh P, Virtue S, Goldspink DA, Miedzybrodzka EL, Konopka AR, Esponda RR, Huang JT, Tung YC, Rodriguez-Cuenca S, Tomaz RA, Harding HP, Melvin A, Yeo GS, Preiss D, Vidal-Puig A, Vallier L, Nair KS, Wareham NJ, Ron D, Gribble FM, Reimann F, Sattar N, Savage DB, Allan BB, O'Rahilly S. GDF15 mediates the effects of metformin on body weight and energy balance. Nature. February 2020, 578 (7795): 444–448. PMC 7234839 . PMID 31875646. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1911-y.
Day EA, Ford RJ, Smith BK, Mohammadi-Shemirani P, Morrow MR, Gutgesell RM, Lu R, Raphenya AR, Kabiri M, McArthur AG, McInnes N, Hess S, Paré G, Gerstein HC, Steinberg GR. Metformin-induced increases in GDF15 are important for suppressing appetite and promoting weight loss. Nature Metabolism. December 2019, 1 (12): 1202–1208. PMID 32694673. S2CID 213199603. doi:10.1038/s42255-019-0146-4.
Pappachan JM, Viswanath AK. Medical Management of Diabesity: Do We Have Realistic Targets?. Current Diabetes Reports. January 2017, 17 (1): 4. PMID 28101792. S2CID 10289148. doi:10.1007/s11892-017-0828-9.
LaMoia TE, Butrico GM, Kalpage HA, Goedeke L, Hubbard BT, Vatner DF, Gaspar RC, Zhang XM, Cline GW, Nakahara K, Woo S, Shimada A, Hüttemann M, Shulman GI. Metformin, phenformin, and galegine inhibit complex IV activity and reduce glycerol-derived gluconeogenesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8916010 |PMC=缺少标题 (帮助). March 2022, 119 (10): e2122287119. Bibcode:2022PNAS..11922287L. PMC 8916010 . PMID 35238637. doi:10.1073/pnas.2122287119 .
Lord JM, Flight IH, Norman RJ. Metformin in polycystic ovary syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. October 2003, 327 (7421): 951–3. PMC 259161 . PMID 14576245. doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7421.951.
Bennett WL, Maruthur NM, Singh S, Segal JB, Wilson LM, Chatterjee R, Marinopoulos SS, Puhan MA, Ranasinghe P, Block L, Nicholson WK, Hutfless S, Bass EB, Bolen S. Comparative effectiveness and safety of medications for type 2 diabetes: an update including new drugs and 2-drug combinations. Annals of Internal Medicine. May 2011, 154 (9): 602–13. PMC 3733115 . PMID 21403054. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-154-9-201105030-00336.
Inzucchi SE, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB, Diamant M, Ferrannini E, Nauck M, Peters AL, Tsapas A, Wender R, Matthews DR. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a patient-centered approach: position statement of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care. June 2012, 35 (6): 1364–79. PMC 3357214 . PMID 22517736. doi:10.2337/dc12-0413.
Qaseem A, Humphrey LL, Sweet DE, Starkey M, Shekelle P. Oral pharmacologic treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Annals of Internal Medicine. February 2012, 156 (3): 218–31. PMID 22312141. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-156-3-201202070-00011 .
Jia Y, Lao Y, Zhu H, Li N, Leung SW. Is metformin still the most efficacious first-line oral hypoglycaemic drug in treating type 2 diabetes? A network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Obesity Reviews. January 2019, 20 (1): 1–12. PMID 30230172. doi:10.1111/obr.12753 .
Morley LC, Tang T, Yasmin E, Norman RJ, Balen AH. Insulin-sensitising drugs (metformin, rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, D-chiro-inositol) for women with polycystic ovary syndrome, oligo amenorrhoea and subfertility. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. November 2017, 11 (2): CD003053. PMC 6486196 . PMID 29183107. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003053.pub6. Our updated review suggests that metformin alone may be beneficial over a placebo for live birth, although the evidence quality was low.
Ghazeeri GS, Nassar AH, Younes Z, Awwad JT. Pregnancy outcomes and the effect of metformin treatment in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: an overview. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. June 2012, 91 (6): 658–78. PMID 22375613. S2CID 41145972. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0412.2012.01385.x .
Butalia S, Gutierrez L, Lodha A, Aitken E, Zakariasen A, Donovan L. Short- and long-term outcomes of metformin compared with insulin alone in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetic Medicine. January 2017, 34 (1): 27–36. PMID 27150509. S2CID 3418227. doi:10.1111/dme.13150.
Nicholson W, Bolen S, Witkop CT, Neale D, Wilson L, Bass E. Benefits and risks of oral diabetes agents compared with insulin in women with gestational diabetes: a systematic review. Obstetrics and Gynecology. January 2009, 113 (1): 193–205. PMID 19104375. S2CID 28115952. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e318190a459.
Kitwitee P, Limwattananon S, Limwattananon C, Waleekachonlert O, Ratanachotpanich T, Phimphilai M, Nguyen TV, Pongchaiyakul C. Metformin for the treatment of gestational diabetes: An updated meta-analysis. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. September 2015, 109 (3): 521–32. PMID 26117686. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2015.05.017.
Yerevanian A, Soukas AA. Metformin: Mechanisms in Human Obesity and Weight Loss. Current Obesity Reports. June 2019, 8 (2): 156–164. PMC 6520185 . PMID 30874963. doi:10.1007/s13679-019-00335-3.
Choi YJ. Efficacy of adjunctive treatments added to olanzapine or clozapine for weight control in patients with schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. TheScientificWorldJournal //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4310265 |PMC=缺少标题 (帮助). 2015, 2015: 970730. PMC 4310265 . PMID 25664341. doi:10.1155/2015/970730 .
Praharaj SK, Jana AK, Goyal N, Sinha VK. Metformin for olanzapine-induced weight gain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. March 2011, 71 (3): 377–82. PMC 3045546 . PMID 21284696. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03783.x.
Yu O, Lu M, Lai TK, Hahn M, Agarwal SM, O'Donoghue B, Ebdrup BH, Siskind D. Metformin co-commencement at time of antipsychotic initiation for attenuation of weight gain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11141220 |PMC=缺少标题 (帮助). 2024, 14: 20451253241255476. PMC 11141220 . PMID 38827016. doi:10.1177/20451253241255476 .
Siskind DJ, Leung J, Russell AW, Wysoczanski D, Kisely S. Metformin for Clozapine Associated Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLOS ONE //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4909277 |PMC=缺少标题 (帮助). 2016, 11 (6): e0156208. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1156208S. PMC 4909277 . PMID 27304831. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0156208 .
Vella S, Buetow L, Royle P, Livingstone S, Colhoun HM, Petrie JR. The use of metformin in type 1 diabetes: a systematic review of efficacy. Diabetologia. May 2010, 53 (5): 809–20. PMID 20057994. doi:10.1007/s00125-009-1636-9 .
Bolen S, Feldman L, Vassy J, Wilson L, Yeh HC, Marinopoulos S, Wiley C, Selvin E, Wilson R, Bass EB, Brancati FL. Systematic review: comparative effectiveness and safety of oral medications for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Annals of Internal Medicine. September 2007, 147 (6): 386–399. PMID 17638715. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-147-6-200709180-00178 .
Mohamed S. Metformin: Diverse molecular mechanisms, gastrointestinal effects and overcoming intolerance in type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A review. Medicine. October 2024, 103 (43): e40221. PMC 11521032 . PMID 39470509. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000040221.
Khurana R, Malik IS. Metformin: safety in cardiac patients. Heart. January 2010, 96 (2): 99–102. PMID 19564648. S2CID 9746741. doi:10.1136/hrt.2009.173773.
Ahmad R, Haque M. Metformin: Beyond Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Cureus //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11486535 |PMC=缺少标题 (帮助). October 2024, 16 (10): e71730. PMC 11486535 . PMID 39421288. doi:10.7759/cureus.71730 .
Heaf J. Metformin in chronic kidney disease: time for a rethink. Peritoneal Dialysis International. June 2014, 34 (4): 353–357. PMC 4079480 . PMID 24711640. doi:10.3747/pdi.2013.00344.
Nabrdalik K, Hendel M, Irlik K, Kwiendacz H, Łoniewski I, Bucci T, Alam U, Lip GY, Gumprecht J, Skonieczna-Żydecka K. Gastrointestinal adverse events of metformin treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis with meta-regression of observational studies. BMC Endocrine Disorders //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11440709 |PMC=缺少标题 (帮助). September 2024, 24 (1): 206. PMC 11440709 . PMID 39350158. doi:10.1186/s12902-024-01727-w .
Fujita Y, Inagaki N. Metformin: New Preparations and Nonglycemic Benefits. Current Diabetes Reports. January 2017, 17 (1): 5. PMID 28116648. S2CID 9277684. doi:10.1007/s11892-017-0829-8.
Wulffelé MG, Kooy A, Lehert P, Bets D, Ogterop JC, Borger van der Burg B, Donker AJ, Stehouwer CD. Effects of short-term treatment with metformin on serum concentrations of homocysteine, folate and vitamin B12 in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Internal Medicine. November 2003, 254 (5): 455–63. PMID 14535967. S2CID 12507226. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2796.2003.01213.x .
Andrès E, Noel E, Goichot B. Metformin-associated vitamin B12 deficiency. Editor's Correspondence. Archives of Internal Medicine. October 2002, 162 (19): 2251–2 [2024-01-22]. PMID 12390080. doi:10.1001/archinte.162.19.2251-a (不活跃 2025-02-17). （原始内容存档于2024-06-10）.
Gilligan MA. Metformin and vitamin B12 deficiency. Editor's Correspondence. Archives of Internal Medicine. February 2002, 162 (4): 484–5 [2024-01-22]. PMID 11863489. doi:10.1001/archinte.162.4.484 (不活跃 2024-12-10). （原始内容存档于2020-12-01）.
de Jager J, Kooy A, Lehert P, Wulffelé MG, van der Kolk J, Bets D, Verburg J, Donker AJ, Stehouwer CD. Long term treatment with metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes and risk of vitamin B-12 deficiency: randomised placebo controlled trial. BMJ. May 2010, 340: c2181. PMC 2874129 . PMID 20488910. doi:10.1136/bmj.c2181.
Ting RZ, Szeto CC, Chan MH, Ma KK, Chow KM. Risk factors of vitamin B(12) deficiency in patients receiving metformin. Archives of Internal Medicine. October 2006, 166 (18): 1975–9. PMID 17030830. doi:10.1001/archinte.166.18.1975 .
Forrester MB. Adult metformin ingestions reported to Texas poison control centers, 2000-2006. Human & Experimental Toxicology. July 2008, 27 (7): 575–83. Bibcode:2008HETox..27..575F. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.1031.9486 . PMID 18829734. S2CID 5413561. doi:10.1177/0960327108090589.
Calello DP, Liu KD, Wiegand TJ, Roberts DM, Lavergne V, Gosselin S, Hoffman RS, Nolin TD, Ghannoum M. Extracorporeal Treatment for Metformin Poisoning: Systematic Review and Recommendations From the Extracorporeal Treatments in Poisoning Workgroup. Critical Care Medicine. August 2015, 43 (8): 1716–30. PMID 25860205. S2CID 13861731. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000001002.
Liu A, Coleman SP. Determination of metformin in human plasma using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences. November 2009, 877 (29): 3695–700. PMID 19783231. doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.09.020.
Teale KF, Devine A, Stewart H, Harper NJ. The management of metformin overdose. Anaesthesia. July 1998, 53 (7): 698–701. PMID 9771180. S2CID 45218798. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2044.1998.436-az0549.x .
Somogyi A, Stockley C, Keal J, Rolan P, Bochner F. Reduction of metformin renal tubular secretion by cimetidine in man. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. May 1987, 23 (5): 545–51. PMC 1386190 . PMID 3593625. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1987.tb03090.x.
Jayasagar G, Krishna Kumar M, Chandrasekhar K, Madhusudan Rao C, Madhusudan Rao Y. Effect of cephalexin on the pharmacokinetics of metformin in healthy human volunteers. Drug Metabolism and Drug Interactions. 2002, 19 (1): 41–8. PMID 12222753. S2CID 26919498. doi:10.1515/dmdi.2002.19.1.41.
May M, Schindler C. Clinically and pharmacologically relevant interactions of antidiabetic drugs. Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism. April 2016, 7 (2): 69–83. PMC 4821002 . PMID 27092232. doi:10.1177/2042018816638050.
Rena G, Pearson ER, Sakamoto K. Molecular mechanism of action of metformin: old or new insights?. Diabetologia. September 2013, 56 (9): 1898–906. PMC 3737434 . PMID 23835523. doi:10.1007/s00125-013-2991-0.
Burcelin R. The antidiabetic gutsy role of metformin uncovered?. Gut. May 2014, 63 (5): 706–7. PMID 23840042. S2CID 42142919. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2013-305370.
Madiraju AK, Erion DM, Rahimi Y, Zhang XM, Braddock DT, Albright RA, Prigaro BJ, Wood JL, Bhanot S, MacDonald MJ, Jurczak MJ, Camporez JP, Lee HY, Cline GW, Samuel VT, Kibbey RG, Shulman GI. Metformin suppresses gluconeogenesis by inhibiting mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. Nature. June 2014, 510 (7506): 542–6. Bibcode:2014Natur.510..542M. PMC 4074244 . PMID 24847880. doi:10.1038/nature13270.
Witters LA. The blooming of the French lilac. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. October 2001, 108 (8): 1105–7. PMC 209536 . PMID 11602616. doi:10.1172/JCI14178.
Werner E, Bell J. The preparation of methylguanidine, and of ββ-dimethylguanidine by the interaction of dicyandiamide, and methylammonium and dimethylammonium chlorides respectively. J. Chem. Soc., Trans. 1922, 121: 1790–95 [2020-09-04]. doi:10.1039/CT9222101790. （原始内容存档于2021-06-08）.
See Chemical Abstracts, v.23, 42772 (1929) Slotta KH, Tschesche R. Über Biguanide, II.: Die blutzucker-senkende Wirkung der Biguanide. Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft (A and B Series). 1929, 62 (6): 1398–1405. doi:10.1002/cber.19290620605.
Campbell IW (编). Metformin – life begins at 50: A symposium held on the occasion of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, September 2007. The British Journal of Diabetes & Vascular Disease. September 2007, 7 (5): 247–52. doi:10.1177/14746514070070051001.
Bailey CJ, Day C. Metformin: its botanical background. Practical Diabetes International. 2004, 21 (3): 115–17. S2CID 208203689. doi:10.1002/pdi.606 .
Posselt M, Jaeger A, Schaper JL, Radke M, Benskin JP. Determination of polar organic micropollutants in surface and pore water by high-resolution sampling-direct injection-ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts. December 2018, 20 (12): 1716–1727. PMID 30350841. doi:10.1039/C8EM00390D .
Christofides EA. Practical Insights Into Improving Adherence to Metformin Therapy in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. Clinical Diabetes. July 2019, 37 (3): 234–241. PMC 6640881 . PMID 31371854. doi:10.2337/cd18-0063.
Bailey CJ, Day C. Fixed-dose single tablet antidiabetic combinations. Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism. June 2009, 11 (6): 527–33. PMID 19175373. S2CID 6569131. doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2008.00993.x.
Sheehan MT. Current therapeutic options in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a practical approach. Clinical Medicine & Research. July 2003, 1 (3): 189–200. PMC 1069045 . PMID 15931309. doi:10.3121/cmr.1.3.189.
Dutta S, Shah RB, Singhal S, Dutta SB, Bansal S, Sinha S, Haque M. Metformin: A Review of Potential Mechanism and Therapeutic Utility Beyond Diabetes. Drug Des Devel Ther //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10312383 |PMC=缺少标题 (帮助). 2023, 17: 1907–1932. PMC 10312383 . PMID 37397787. doi:10.2147/DDDT.S409373 .
Froldi G. View on Metformin: Antidiabetic and Pleiotropic Effects, Pharmacokinetics, Side Effects, and Sex-Related Differences. Pharmaceuticals //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11054066 |PMC=缺少标题 (帮助). April 2024, 17 (4): 478. PMC 11054066 . PMID 38675438. doi:10.3390/ph17040478 .
Jalali M, Rahimlou M, Mahmoodi M, Moosavian SP, Symonds ME, Jalali R, Zare M, Imanieh MH, Stasi C. The effects of metformin administration on liver enzymes and body composition in non-diabetic patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and/or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: An up-to date systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pharmacological Research. September 2020, 159: 104799. PMID 32278041. S2CID 215741792. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104799.
Blazina I, Selph S. Diabetes drugs for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review. Systematic Reviews //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6884753 |PMC=缺少标题 (帮助). November 2019, 8 (1): 295. PMC 6884753 . PMID 31783920. doi:10.1186/s13643-019-1200-8 .
Leoni S, Tovoli F, Napoli L, Serio I, Ferri S, Bolondi L. Current guidelines for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review with comparative analysis. World Journal of Gastroenterology //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6092580 |PMC=缺少标题 (帮助). August 2018, 24 (30): 3361–3373. PMC 6092580 . PMID 30122876. doi:10.3748/wjg.v24.i30.3361 .
Ibáñez L, Ong K, Valls C, Marcos MV, Dunger DB, de Zegher F. Metformin treatment to prevent early puberty in girls with precocious pubarche. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. August 2006, 91 (8): 2888–91. PMID 16684823. doi:10.1210/jc.2006-0336 .
Ibáñez L, López-Bermejo A, Díaz M, Marcos MV, de Zegher F. Early metformin therapy (age 8-12 years) in girls with precocious pubarche to reduce hirsutism, androgen excess, and oligomenorrhea in adolescence. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. August 2011, 96 (8): E1262–7. PMID 21632811. doi:10.1210/jc.2011-0555 .
Ibáñez L, Díaz R, López-Bermejo A, Marcos MV. Clinical spectrum of premature pubarche: links to metabolic syndrome and ovarian hyperandrogenism. Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders. March 2009, 10 (1): 63–76. PMID 18726694. S2CID 9129907. doi:10.1007/s11154-008-9096-y.
Kaushik D, Karnes RJ, Eisenberg MS, Rangel LJ, Carlson RE, Bergstralh EJ. Effect of metformin on prostate cancer outcomes after radical prostatectomy. Urologic Oncology. January 2014, 32 (1): 43.e1–7. PMC 4006350 . PMID 23810664. doi:10.1016/j.urolonc.2013.05.005.
Ben Sahra I, Le Marchand-Brustel Y, Tanti JF, Bost F. Metformin in cancer therapy: a new perspective for an old antidiabetic drug?. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics. May 2010, 9 (5): 1092–9. PMID 20442309. doi:10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-09-1186 .
Malek M, Aghili R, Emami Z, Khamseh ME. Risk of cancer in diabetes: the effect of metformin. ISRN Endocrinology //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3800579 |PMC=缺少标题 (帮助). September 2013, 2013: 636927. PMC 3800579 . PMID 24224094. doi:10.1155/2013/636927 .
Campbell JM, Bellman SM, Stephenson MD, Lisy K. Metformin reduces all-cause mortality and diseases of ageing independent of its effect on diabetes control: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Research Reviews. November 2017, 40: 31–44. PMID 28802803. S2CID 20334490. doi:10.1016/j.arr.2017.08.003.
Soukas AA, Hao H, Wu L. Metformin as Anti-Aging Therapy: Is It for Everyone?. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism. October 2019, 30 (10): 745–755. PMC 6779524 . PMID 31405774. doi:10.1016/j.tem.2019.07.015.
Novelle MG, Ali A, Diéguez C, Bernier M, de Cabo R. Metformin: A Hopeful Promise in Aging Research. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. March 2016, 6 (3): a025932. PMC 4772077 . PMID 26931809. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a025932.
Chen S, Gan D, Lin S, Zhong Y, Chen M, Zou X, Shao Z, Xiao G. Metformin in aging and aging-related diseases: clinical applications and relevant mechanisms. Theranostics. 2022, 12 (6): 2722–2740. PMC 8965502 . PMID 35401820. doi:10.7150/thno.71360.
Hu D, Xie F, Xiao Y, Lu C, Zhong J, Huang D, Chen J, Wei J, Jiang Y, Zhong T. Metformin: A Potential Candidate for Targeting Aging Mechanisms. Aging and Disease. April 2021, 12 (2): 480–493. PMC 7990352 . PMID 33815878. doi:10.14336/AD.2020.0702.
Piskovatska V, Storey KB, Vaiserman AM, Lushchak O. The Use of Metformin to Increase the Human Healthspan. Reviews on New Drug Targets in Age-Related Disorders. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 1260. 2020: 319–332. ISBN 978-3-030-42666-8. PMID 32304040. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42667-5_13.
Pryor R, Cabreiro F. Repurposing metformin: an old drug with new tricks in its binding pockets. The Biochemical Journal. November 2015, 471 (3): 307–22. PMC 4613459 . PMID 26475449. doi:10.1042/bj20150497.
Barzilai N, Crandall JP, Kritchevsky SB, Espeland MA. Metformin as a Tool to Target Aging. Cell Metabolism. June 2016, 23 (6): 1060–1065. PMC 5943638 . PMID 27304507. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2016.05.011.
Kulkarni AS, Gubbi S, Barzilai N. Benefits of Metformin in Attenuating the Hallmarks of Aging. Cell Metabolism. July 2020, 32 (1): 15–30. PMC 7347426 . PMID 32333835. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2020.04.001.
Mohammed I, Hollenberg MD, Ding H, Triggle CR. A Critical Review of the Evidence That Metformin Is a Putative Anti-Aging Drug That Enhances Healthspan and Extends Lifespan. Frontiers in Endocrinology //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8374068 |PMC=缺少标题 (帮助). 2021, 12: 718942. PMC 8374068 . PMID 34421827. doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.718942 .
Lee CG, Heckman-Stoddard B, Dabelea D, Gadde KM, Ehrmann D, Ford L, Prorok P, Boyko EJ, Pi-Sunyer X, Wallia A, Knowler WC, Crandall JP, Temprosa M. Effect of Metformin and Lifestyle Interventions on Mortality in the Diabetes Prevention Program and Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study. Diabetes Care //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8669534 |PMC=缺少标题 (帮助). December 2021, 44 (12): 2775–2782. PMC 8669534 . PMID 34697033. doi:10.2337/dc21-1046 .

dost.gov.ph

sntpost.stii.dost.gov.ph

About Eusebio Y. Garcia, see: Carteciano J. Search for DOST-NRCP Dr. Eusebio Y. Garcia Award. Philippines Department of Science and Technology. 2005 [5 December 2009]. （原始内容存档于24 October 2009）.

drugs.com

Metformin Use During Pregnancy. Drugs.com. 2019-09-10 [2020-02-04]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-16）.
Metformin Hydrochloride. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. [2017-01-02]. （原始内容存档于2016-12-24）.
Metformin. Drugs.com. [2020-07-17]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-28）.

europa.eu

ema.europa.eu

Metformin and metformin-containing medicines. European Medicines Agency (EMA). 2016-10-13 [2024-06-10]. （原始内容存档于2023-11-18）.
EU/3/16/1803 - orphan designation for treatment of progressive myoclonic epilepsy type 2 (Lafora disease). European Medicines Agency (EMA). 2016-12-12 [2024-09-15]. （原始内容存档于2024 -09-15）.

fda.gov

accessdata.fda.gov

Metformin Orphan Drug Designations and Approvals. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). [2024-09-15]. （原始内容存档于2024-09-15）.
Metformin Orphan Drug Designations and Approvals. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). [2024-09-15]. （原始内容存档于2023-12-08）.
Metformin Orphan Drug Designations and Approvals. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). [2024-09-15]. （原始内容存档于2024-09-15）.
Metformin Orphan Drug Designations and Approvals. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). [2024-09-15]. （原始内容存档于2023-12-08）.
Drug Approval Package: Qternmet XR. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2020-01-27 [2024-06-10]. （原始内容存档于2020-02-17）.

fda.gov

FDA Approves New Diabetes Drug (新闻稿). U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 1994-12-30 [2007-01-06]. （原始内容存档于2007-09-29）.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

World Health Organization. The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023). Geneva: World Health Organization. 2023. hdl:10665/371090 . WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

LaMoia TE, Butrico GM, Kalpage HA, Goedeke L, Hubbard BT, Vatner DF, Gaspar RC, Zhang XM, Cline GW, Nakahara K, Woo S, Shimada A, Hüttemann M, Shulman GI. Metformin, phenformin, and galegine inhibit complex IV activity and reduce glycerol-derived gluconeogenesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8916010 |PMC=缺少标题 (帮助). March 2022, 119 (10): e2122287119. Bibcode:2022PNAS..11922287L. PMC 8916010 . PMID 35238637. doi:10.1073/pnas.2122287119 .
Siskind DJ, Leung J, Russell AW, Wysoczanski D, Kisely S. Metformin for Clozapine Associated Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLOS ONE //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4909277 |PMC=缺少标题 (帮助). 2016, 11 (6): e0156208. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1156208S. PMC 4909277 . PMID 27304831. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0156208 .
Forrester MB. Adult metformin ingestions reported to Texas poison control centers, 2000-2006. Human & Experimental Toxicology. July 2008, 27 (7): 575–83. Bibcode:2008HETox..27..575F. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.1031.9486 . PMID 18829734. S2CID 5413561. doi:10.1177/0960327108090589.
Madiraju AK, Erion DM, Rahimi Y, Zhang XM, Braddock DT, Albright RA, Prigaro BJ, Wood JL, Bhanot S, MacDonald MJ, Jurczak MJ, Camporez JP, Lee HY, Cline GW, Samuel VT, Kibbey RG, Shulman GI. Metformin suppresses gluconeogenesis by inhibiting mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. Nature. June 2014, 510 (7506): 542–6. Bibcode:2014Natur.510..542M. PMC 4074244 . PMID 24847880. doi:10.1038/nature13270.

jamanetwork.com

Andrès E, Noel E, Goichot B. Metformin-associated vitamin B12 deficiency. Editor's Correspondence. Archives of Internal Medicine. October 2002, 162 (19): 2251–2 [2024-01-22]. PMID 12390080. doi:10.1001/archinte.162.19.2251-a (不活跃 2025-02-17). （原始内容存档于2024-06-10）.
Gilligan MA. Metformin and vitamin B12 deficiency. Editor's Correspondence. Archives of Internal Medicine. February 2002, 162 (4): 484–5 [2024-01-22]. PMID 11863489. doi:10.1001/archinte.162.4.484 (不活跃 2024-12-10). （原始内容存档于2020-12-01）.

medicines.org.uk

Glucophage 500 mg film coated tablets - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC). (emc). 2022-10-25 [2023-03-05]. （原始内容存档于2022-06-20）.

nhs.uk

Metformin: medicine to treat type 2 diabetes. National Health Service. 2019-02-25 [2020-10-15]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-11）.

nice.org.uk

bnf.nice.org.uk

METFORMIN HYDROCHLORIDE. NICE. [2020-10-15]. （原始内容存档于2021-06-10）.

nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Sirtori CR, Franceschini G, Galli-Kienle M, Cighetti G, Galli G, Bondioli A, Conti F. Disposition of metformin (N,N-dimethylbiguanide) in man. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. December 1978, 24 (6): 683–93. PMID 710026. S2CID 24531910. doi:10.1002/cpt1978246683.
Lucis OJ. The status of metformin in Canada. Canadian Medical Association Journal. January 1983, 128 (1): 24–6. PMC 1874707 . PMID 6847752.
Dunn CJ, Peters DH. Metformin. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Drugs. May 1995, 49 (5): 721–49. PMID 7601013. doi:10.2165/00003495-199549050-00007.
Hundal RS, Inzucchi SE. Metformin: new understandings, new uses. Drugs. 2003, 63 (18): 1879–94. PMID 12930161. doi:10.2165/00003495-200363180-00001.
Draznin B, Aroda VR, Bakris G, Benson G, Brown FM, Freeman R, Green J, Huang E, Isaacs D, Kahan S, Leon J, Lyons SK, Peters AL, Prahalad P, Reusch JE, Young-Hyman D. 9. Pharmacologic Approaches to Glycemic Treatment: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2022. Diabetes Care. January 2022, 45 (Suppl 1): S125–S143. PMID 34964831. S2CID 245538347. doi:10.2337/dc22-s009 .
Cosentino F, Grant PJ, Aboyans V, Bailey CJ, Ceriello A, Delgado V, Federici M, Filippatos G, Grobbee DE, Hansen TB, Huikuri HV, Johansson I, Jüni P, Lettino M, Marx N, Mellbin LG, Östgren CJ, Rocca B, Roffi M, Sattar N, Seferović PM, Sousa-Uva M, Valensi P, Wheeler DC. 2019 ESC Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD. European Heart Journal. January 2020, 41 (2): 255–323. PMID 31497854. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz486 .
Maruthur NM, Tseng E, Hutfless S, Wilson LM, Suarez-Cuervo C, Berger Z, Chu Y, Iyoha E, Segal JB, Bolen S. Diabetes Medications as Monotherapy or Metformin-Based Combination Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Annals of Internal Medicine. June 2016, 164 (11): 740–751. PMID 27088241. S2CID 32016657. doi:10.7326/M15-2650.
de Silva VA, Suraweera C, Ratnatunga SS, Dayabandara M, Wanniarachchi N, Hanwella R. Metformin in prevention and treatment of antipsychotic-induced weight gain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5048618 |PMC=缺少标题 (帮助). October 2016, 16 (1): 341. PMC 5048618 . PMID 27716110. doi:10.1186/s12888-016-1049-5 .
Lin H, Ao H, Guo G, Liu M. The Role and Mechanism of Metformin in Inflammatory Diseases. Journal of Inflammation Research //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10680465 |PMC=缺少标题 (帮助). 2023, 16: 5545–5564. PMC 10680465 . PMID 38026260. doi:10.2147/JIR.S436147 .
Saisho Y. Metformin and Inflammation: Its Potential Beyond Glucose-lowering Effect. Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders Drug Targets. March 2015, 15 (3): 196–205. PMID 25772174. doi:10.2174/1871530315666150316124019.
Type 2 diabetes and metformin. First choice for monotherapy: weak evidence of efficacy but well-known and acceptable adverse effects. Prescrire International. November 2014, 23 (154): 269–272. PMID 25954799.
Triggle CR, Ding H. Metformin is not just an antihyperglycaemic drug but also has protective effects on the vascular endothelium. Acta Physiologica. January 2017, 219 (1): 138–151. PMID 26680745. S2CID 312517. doi:10.1111/apha.12644.
Blumenberg A, Benabbas R, Sinert R, Jeng A, Wiener SW. Do Patients Die with or from Metformin-Associated Lactic Acidosis (MALA)? Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of pH and Lactate as Predictors of Mortality in MALA. Journal of Medical Toxicology. April 2020, 16 (2): 222–229. PMC 7099117 . PMID 31907741. doi:10.1007/s13181-019-00755-6.
Lipska KJ, Bailey CJ, Inzucchi SE. Use of metformin in the setting of mild-to-moderate renal insufficiency. Diabetes Care. June 2011, 34 (6): 1431–7. PMC 3114336 . PMID 21617112. doi:10.2337/dc10-2361.
Coll AP, Chen M, Taskar P, Rimmington D, Patel S, Tadross JA, Cimino I, Yang M, Welsh P, Virtue S, Goldspink DA, Miedzybrodzka EL, Konopka AR, Esponda RR, Huang JT, Tung YC, Rodriguez-Cuenca S, Tomaz RA, Harding HP, Melvin A, Yeo GS, Preiss D, Vidal-Puig A, Vallier L, Nair KS, Wareham NJ, Ron D, Gribble FM, Reimann F, Sattar N, Savage DB, Allan BB, O'Rahilly S. GDF15 mediates the effects of metformin on body weight and energy balance. Nature. February 2020, 578 (7795): 444–448. PMC 7234839 . PMID 31875646. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1911-y.
Day EA, Ford RJ, Smith BK, Mohammadi-Shemirani P, Morrow MR, Gutgesell RM, Lu R, Raphenya AR, Kabiri M, McArthur AG, McInnes N, Hess S, Paré G, Gerstein HC, Steinberg GR. Metformin-induced increases in GDF15 are important for suppressing appetite and promoting weight loss. Nature Metabolism. December 2019, 1 (12): 1202–1208. PMID 32694673. S2CID 213199603. doi:10.1038/s42255-019-0146-4.
Pappachan JM, Viswanath AK. Medical Management of Diabesity: Do We Have Realistic Targets?. Current Diabetes Reports. January 2017, 17 (1): 4. PMID 28101792. S2CID 10289148. doi:10.1007/s11892-017-0828-9.
LaMoia TE, Butrico GM, Kalpage HA, Goedeke L, Hubbard BT, Vatner DF, Gaspar RC, Zhang XM, Cline GW, Nakahara K, Woo S, Shimada A, Hüttemann M, Shulman GI. Metformin, phenformin, and galegine inhibit complex IV activity and reduce glycerol-derived gluconeogenesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8916010 |PMC=缺少标题 (帮助). March 2022, 119 (10): e2122287119. Bibcode:2022PNAS..11922287L. PMC 8916010 . PMID 35238637. doi:10.1073/pnas.2122287119 .
Lord JM, Flight IH, Norman RJ. Metformin in polycystic ovary syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. October 2003, 327 (7421): 951–3. PMC 259161 . PMID 14576245. doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7421.951.
Bennett WL, Maruthur NM, Singh S, Segal JB, Wilson LM, Chatterjee R, Marinopoulos SS, Puhan MA, Ranasinghe P, Block L, Nicholson WK, Hutfless S, Bass EB, Bolen S. Comparative effectiveness and safety of medications for type 2 diabetes: an update including new drugs and 2-drug combinations. Annals of Internal Medicine. May 2011, 154 (9): 602–13. PMC 3733115 . PMID 21403054. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-154-9-201105030-00336.
Inzucchi SE, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB, Diamant M, Ferrannini E, Nauck M, Peters AL, Tsapas A, Wender R, Matthews DR. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a patient-centered approach: position statement of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care. June 2012, 35 (6): 1364–79. PMC 3357214 . PMID 22517736. doi:10.2337/dc12-0413.
Qaseem A, Humphrey LL, Sweet DE, Starkey M, Shekelle P. Oral pharmacologic treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Annals of Internal Medicine. February 2012, 156 (3): 218–31. PMID 22312141. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-156-3-201202070-00011 .
Jia Y, Lao Y, Zhu H, Li N, Leung SW. Is metformin still the most efficacious first-line oral hypoglycaemic drug in treating type 2 diabetes? A network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Obesity Reviews. January 2019, 20 (1): 1–12. PMID 30230172. doi:10.1111/obr.12753 .
Morley LC, Tang T, Yasmin E, Norman RJ, Balen AH. Insulin-sensitising drugs (metformin, rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, D-chiro-inositol) for women with polycystic ovary syndrome, oligo amenorrhoea and subfertility. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. November 2017, 11 (2): CD003053. PMC 6486196 . PMID 29183107. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003053.pub6. Our updated review suggests that metformin alone may be beneficial over a placebo for live birth, although the evidence quality was low.
Ghazeeri GS, Nassar AH, Younes Z, Awwad JT. Pregnancy outcomes and the effect of metformin treatment in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: an overview. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. June 2012, 91 (6): 658–78. PMID 22375613. S2CID 41145972. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0412.2012.01385.x .
Butalia S, Gutierrez L, Lodha A, Aitken E, Zakariasen A, Donovan L. Short- and long-term outcomes of metformin compared with insulin alone in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetic Medicine. January 2017, 34 (1): 27–36. PMID 27150509. S2CID 3418227. doi:10.1111/dme.13150.
Nicholson W, Bolen S, Witkop CT, Neale D, Wilson L, Bass E. Benefits and risks of oral diabetes agents compared with insulin in women with gestational diabetes: a systematic review. Obstetrics and Gynecology. January 2009, 113 (1): 193–205. PMID 19104375. S2CID 28115952. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e318190a459.
Kitwitee P, Limwattananon S, Limwattananon C, Waleekachonlert O, Ratanachotpanich T, Phimphilai M, Nguyen TV, Pongchaiyakul C. Metformin for the treatment of gestational diabetes: An updated meta-analysis. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. September 2015, 109 (3): 521–32. PMID 26117686. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2015.05.017.
Yerevanian A, Soukas AA. Metformin: Mechanisms in Human Obesity and Weight Loss. Current Obesity Reports. June 2019, 8 (2): 156–164. PMC 6520185 . PMID 30874963. doi:10.1007/s13679-019-00335-3.
Choi YJ. Efficacy of adjunctive treatments added to olanzapine or clozapine for weight control in patients with schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. TheScientificWorldJournal //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4310265 |PMC=缺少标题 (帮助). 2015, 2015: 970730. PMC 4310265 . PMID 25664341. doi:10.1155/2015/970730 .
Praharaj SK, Jana AK, Goyal N, Sinha VK. Metformin for olanzapine-induced weight gain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. March 2011, 71 (3): 377–82. PMC 3045546 . PMID 21284696. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03783.x.
Yu O, Lu M, Lai TK, Hahn M, Agarwal SM, O'Donoghue B, Ebdrup BH, Siskind D. Metformin co-commencement at time of antipsychotic initiation for attenuation of weight gain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11141220 |PMC=缺少标题 (帮助). 2024, 14: 20451253241255476. PMC 11141220 . PMID 38827016. doi:10.1177/20451253241255476 .
Siskind DJ, Leung J, Russell AW, Wysoczanski D, Kisely S. Metformin for Clozapine Associated Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLOS ONE //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4909277 |PMC=缺少标题 (帮助). 2016, 11 (6): e0156208. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1156208S. PMC 4909277 . PMID 27304831. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0156208 .
Vella S, Buetow L, Royle P, Livingstone S, Colhoun HM, Petrie JR. The use of metformin in type 1 diabetes: a systematic review of efficacy. Diabetologia. May 2010, 53 (5): 809–20. PMID 20057994. doi:10.1007/s00125-009-1636-9 .
Bolen S, Feldman L, Vassy J, Wilson L, Yeh HC, Marinopoulos S, Wiley C, Selvin E, Wilson R, Bass EB, Brancati FL. Systematic review: comparative effectiveness and safety of oral medications for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Annals of Internal Medicine. September 2007, 147 (6): 386–399. PMID 17638715. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-147-6-200709180-00178 .
Mohamed S. Metformin: Diverse molecular mechanisms, gastrointestinal effects and overcoming intolerance in type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A review. Medicine. October 2024, 103 (43): e40221. PMC 11521032 . PMID 39470509. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000040221.
Khurana R, Malik IS. Metformin: safety in cardiac patients. Heart. January 2010, 96 (2): 99–102. PMID 19564648. S2CID 9746741. doi:10.1136/hrt.2009.173773.
Ahmad R, Haque M. Metformin: Beyond Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Cureus //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11486535 |PMC=缺少标题 (帮助). October 2024, 16 (10): e71730. PMC 11486535 . PMID 39421288. doi:10.7759/cureus.71730 .
Heaf J. Metformin in chronic kidney disease: time for a rethink. Peritoneal Dialysis International. June 2014, 34 (4): 353–357. PMC 4079480 . PMID 24711640. doi:10.3747/pdi.2013.00344.
Nabrdalik K, Hendel M, Irlik K, Kwiendacz H, Łoniewski I, Bucci T, Alam U, Lip GY, Gumprecht J, Skonieczna-Żydecka K. Gastrointestinal adverse events of metformin treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis with meta-regression of observational studies. BMC Endocrine Disorders //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11440709 |PMC=缺少标题 (帮助). September 2024, 24 (1): 206. PMC 11440709 . PMID 39350158. doi:10.1186/s12902-024-01727-w .
Fujita Y, Inagaki N. Metformin: New Preparations and Nonglycemic Benefits. Current Diabetes Reports. January 2017, 17 (1): 5. PMID 28116648. S2CID 9277684. doi:10.1007/s11892-017-0829-8.
Wulffelé MG, Kooy A, Lehert P, Bets D, Ogterop JC, Borger van der Burg B, Donker AJ, Stehouwer CD. Effects of short-term treatment with metformin on serum concentrations of homocysteine, folate and vitamin B12 in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Internal Medicine. November 2003, 254 (5): 455–63. PMID 14535967. S2CID 12507226. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2796.2003.01213.x .
Andrès E, Noel E, Goichot B. Metformin-associated vitamin B12 deficiency. Editor's Correspondence. Archives of Internal Medicine. October 2002, 162 (19): 2251–2 [2024-01-22]. PMID 12390080. doi:10.1001/archinte.162.19.2251-a (不活跃 2025-02-17). （原始内容存档于2024-06-10）.
Gilligan MA. Metformin and vitamin B12 deficiency. Editor's Correspondence. Archives of Internal Medicine. February 2002, 162 (4): 484–5 [2024-01-22]. PMID 11863489. doi:10.1001/archinte.162.4.484 (不活跃 2024-12-10). （原始内容存档于2020-12-01）.
de Jager J, Kooy A, Lehert P, Wulffelé MG, van der Kolk J, Bets D, Verburg J, Donker AJ, Stehouwer CD. Long term treatment with metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes and risk of vitamin B-12 deficiency: randomised placebo controlled trial. BMJ. May 2010, 340: c2181. PMC 2874129 . PMID 20488910. doi:10.1136/bmj.c2181.
Ting RZ, Szeto CC, Chan MH, Ma KK, Chow KM. Risk factors of vitamin B(12) deficiency in patients receiving metformin. Archives of Internal Medicine. October 2006, 166 (18): 1975–9. PMID 17030830. doi:10.1001/archinte.166.18.1975 .
Forrester MB. Adult metformin ingestions reported to Texas poison control centers, 2000-2006. Human & Experimental Toxicology. July 2008, 27 (7): 575–83. Bibcode:2008HETox..27..575F. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.1031.9486 . PMID 18829734. S2CID 5413561. doi:10.1177/0960327108090589.
Suchard JR, Grotsky TA. Fatal metformin overdose presenting with progressive hyperglycemia. The Western Journal of Emergency Medicine. August 2008, 9 (3): 160–4. PMC 2672258 . PMID 19561734.
Calello DP, Liu KD, Wiegand TJ, Roberts DM, Lavergne V, Gosselin S, Hoffman RS, Nolin TD, Ghannoum M. Extracorporeal Treatment for Metformin Poisoning: Systematic Review and Recommendations From the Extracorporeal Treatments in Poisoning Workgroup. Critical Care Medicine. August 2015, 43 (8): 1716–30. PMID 25860205. S2CID 13861731. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000001002.
Liu A, Coleman SP. Determination of metformin in human plasma using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences. November 2009, 877 (29): 3695–700. PMID 19783231. doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.09.020.
Teale KF, Devine A, Stewart H, Harper NJ. The management of metformin overdose. Anaesthesia. July 1998, 53 (7): 698–701. PMID 9771180. S2CID 45218798. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2044.1998.436-az0549.x .
Somogyi A, Stockley C, Keal J, Rolan P, Bochner F. Reduction of metformin renal tubular secretion by cimetidine in man. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. May 1987, 23 (5): 545–51. PMC 1386190 . PMID 3593625. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1987.tb03090.x.
Jayasagar G, Krishna Kumar M, Chandrasekhar K, Madhusudan Rao C, Madhusudan Rao Y. Effect of cephalexin on the pharmacokinetics of metformin in healthy human volunteers. Drug Metabolism and Drug Interactions. 2002, 19 (1): 41–8. PMID 12222753. S2CID 26919498. doi:10.1515/dmdi.2002.19.1.41.
May M, Schindler C. Clinically and pharmacologically relevant interactions of antidiabetic drugs. Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism. April 2016, 7 (2): 69–83. PMC 4821002 . PMID 27092232. doi:10.1177/2042018816638050.
Rena G, Pearson ER, Sakamoto K. Molecular mechanism of action of metformin: old or new insights?. Diabetologia. September 2013, 56 (9): 1898–906. PMC 3737434 . PMID 23835523. doi:10.1007/s00125-013-2991-0.
Burcelin R. The antidiabetic gutsy role of metformin uncovered?. Gut. May 2014, 63 (5): 706–7. PMID 23840042. S2CID 42142919. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2013-305370.
Madiraju AK, Erion DM, Rahimi Y, Zhang XM, Braddock DT, Albright RA, Prigaro BJ, Wood JL, Bhanot S, MacDonald MJ, Jurczak MJ, Camporez JP, Lee HY, Cline GW, Samuel VT, Kibbey RG, Shulman GI. Metformin suppresses gluconeogenesis by inhibiting mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. Nature. June 2014, 510 (7506): 542–6. Bibcode:2014Natur.510..542M. PMC 4074244 . PMID 24847880. doi:10.1038/nature13270.
Witters LA. The blooming of the French lilac. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. October 2001, 108 (8): 1105–7. PMC 209536 . PMID 11602616. doi:10.1172/JCI14178.
Quoted from Chemical Abstracts, v.45, 24828 (1951) Garcia EY. Flumamine, a new synthetic analgesic and anti-flu drug. Journal of the Philippine Medical Association. July 1950, 26 (7): 287–93. PMID 14779282.
Posselt M, Jaeger A, Schaper JL, Radke M, Benskin JP. Determination of polar organic micropollutants in surface and pore water by high-resolution sampling-direct injection-ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts. December 2018, 20 (12): 1716–1727. PMID 30350841. doi:10.1039/C8EM00390D .
Christofides EA. Practical Insights Into Improving Adherence to Metformin Therapy in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. Clinical Diabetes. July 2019, 37 (3): 234–241. PMC 6640881 . PMID 31371854. doi:10.2337/cd18-0063.
Bailey CJ, Day C. Fixed-dose single tablet antidiabetic combinations. Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism. June 2009, 11 (6): 527–33. PMID 19175373. S2CID 6569131. doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2008.00993.x.
Sheehan MT. Current therapeutic options in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a practical approach. Clinical Medicine & Research. July 2003, 1 (3): 189–200. PMC 1069045 . PMID 15931309. doi:10.3121/cmr.1.3.189.
Panikar V, Chandalia HB, Joshi SR, Fafadia A, Santvana C. Beneficial effects of triple drug combination of pioglitazone with glibenclamide and metformin in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients on insulin therapy. The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India. November 2003, 51: 1061–4. PMID 15260389. S2CID 22085315.
Dutta S, Shah RB, Singhal S, Dutta SB, Bansal S, Sinha S, Haque M. Metformin: A Review of Potential Mechanism and Therapeutic Utility Beyond Diabetes. Drug Des Devel Ther //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10312383 |PMC=缺少标题 (帮助). 2023, 17: 1907–1932. PMC 10312383 . PMID 37397787. doi:10.2147/DDDT.S409373 .
Froldi G. View on Metformin: Antidiabetic and Pleiotropic Effects, Pharmacokinetics, Side Effects, and Sex-Related Differences. Pharmaceuticals //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11054066 |PMC=缺少标题 (帮助). April 2024, 17 (4): 478. PMC 11054066 . PMID 38675438. doi:10.3390/ph17040478 .
Jalali M, Rahimlou M, Mahmoodi M, Moosavian SP, Symonds ME, Jalali R, Zare M, Imanieh MH, Stasi C. The effects of metformin administration on liver enzymes and body composition in non-diabetic patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and/or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: An up-to date systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pharmacological Research. September 2020, 159: 104799. PMID 32278041. S2CID 215741792. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104799.
Blazina I, Selph S. Diabetes drugs for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review. Systematic Reviews //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6884753 |PMC=缺少标题 (帮助). November 2019, 8 (1): 295. PMC 6884753 . PMID 31783920. doi:10.1186/s13643-019-1200-8 .
Leoni S, Tovoli F, Napoli L, Serio I, Ferri S, Bolondi L. Current guidelines for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review with comparative analysis. World Journal of Gastroenterology //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6092580 |PMC=缺少标题 (帮助). August 2018, 24 (30): 3361–3373. PMC 6092580 . PMID 30122876. doi:10.3748/wjg.v24.i30.3361 .
Ibáñez L, Ong K, Valls C, Marcos MV, Dunger DB, de Zegher F. Metformin treatment to prevent early puberty in girls with precocious pubarche. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. August 2006, 91 (8): 2888–91. PMID 16684823. doi:10.1210/jc.2006-0336 .
Ibáñez L, López-Bermejo A, Díaz M, Marcos MV, de Zegher F. Early metformin therapy (age 8-12 years) in girls with precocious pubarche to reduce hirsutism, androgen excess, and oligomenorrhea in adolescence. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. August 2011, 96 (8): E1262–7. PMID 21632811. doi:10.1210/jc.2011-0555 .
Ibáñez L, Díaz R, López-Bermejo A, Marcos MV. Clinical spectrum of premature pubarche: links to metabolic syndrome and ovarian hyperandrogenism. Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders. March 2009, 10 (1): 63–76. PMID 18726694. S2CID 9129907. doi:10.1007/s11154-008-9096-y.
Kaushik D, Karnes RJ, Eisenberg MS, Rangel LJ, Carlson RE, Bergstralh EJ. Effect of metformin on prostate cancer outcomes after radical prostatectomy. Urologic Oncology. January 2014, 32 (1): 43.e1–7. PMC 4006350 . PMID 23810664. doi:10.1016/j.urolonc.2013.05.005.
Ben Sahra I, Le Marchand-Brustel Y, Tanti JF, Bost F. Metformin in cancer therapy: a new perspective for an old antidiabetic drug?. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics. May 2010, 9 (5): 1092–9. PMID 20442309. doi:10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-09-1186 .
Malek M, Aghili R, Emami Z, Khamseh ME. Risk of cancer in diabetes: the effect of metformin. ISRN Endocrinology //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3800579 |PMC=缺少标题 (帮助). September 2013, 2013: 636927. PMC 3800579 . PMID 24224094. doi:10.1155/2013/636927 .
Campbell JM, Bellman SM, Stephenson MD, Lisy K. Metformin reduces all-cause mortality and diseases of ageing independent of its effect on diabetes control: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Research Reviews. November 2017, 40: 31–44. PMID 28802803. S2CID 20334490. doi:10.1016/j.arr.2017.08.003.
Soukas AA, Hao H, Wu L. Metformin as Anti-Aging Therapy: Is It for Everyone?. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism. October 2019, 30 (10): 745–755. PMC 6779524 . PMID 31405774. doi:10.1016/j.tem.2019.07.015.
Novelle MG, Ali A, Diéguez C, Bernier M, de Cabo R. Metformin: A Hopeful Promise in Aging Research. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. March 2016, 6 (3): a025932. PMC 4772077 . PMID 26931809. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a025932.
Chen S, Gan D, Lin S, Zhong Y, Chen M, Zou X, Shao Z, Xiao G. Metformin in aging and aging-related diseases: clinical applications and relevant mechanisms. Theranostics. 2022, 12 (6): 2722–2740. PMC 8965502 . PMID 35401820. doi:10.7150/thno.71360.
Hu D, Xie F, Xiao Y, Lu C, Zhong J, Huang D, Chen J, Wei J, Jiang Y, Zhong T. Metformin: A Potential Candidate for Targeting Aging Mechanisms. Aging and Disease. April 2021, 12 (2): 480–493. PMC 7990352 . PMID 33815878. doi:10.14336/AD.2020.0702.
Piskovatska V, Storey KB, Vaiserman AM, Lushchak O. The Use of Metformin to Increase the Human Healthspan. Reviews on New Drug Targets in Age-Related Disorders. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 1260. 2020: 319–332. ISBN 978-3-030-42666-8. PMID 32304040. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42667-5_13.
Pryor R, Cabreiro F. Repurposing metformin: an old drug with new tricks in its binding pockets. The Biochemical Journal. November 2015, 471 (3): 307–22. PMC 4613459 . PMID 26475449. doi:10.1042/bj20150497.
Barzilai N, Crandall JP, Kritchevsky SB, Espeland MA. Metformin as a Tool to Target Aging. Cell Metabolism. June 2016, 23 (6): 1060–1065. PMC 5943638 . PMID 27304507. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2016.05.011.
Kulkarni AS, Gubbi S, Barzilai N. Benefits of Metformin in Attenuating the Hallmarks of Aging. Cell Metabolism. July 2020, 32 (1): 15–30. PMC 7347426 . PMID 32333835. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2020.04.001.
Mohammed I, Hollenberg MD, Ding H, Triggle CR. A Critical Review of the Evidence That Metformin Is a Putative Anti-Aging Drug That Enhances Healthspan and Extends Lifespan. Frontiers in Endocrinology //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8374068 |PMC=缺少标题 (帮助). 2021, 12: 718942. PMC 8374068 . PMID 34421827. doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.718942 .
Lee CG, Heckman-Stoddard B, Dabelea D, Gadde KM, Ehrmann D, Ford L, Prorok P, Boyko EJ, Pi-Sunyer X, Wallia A, Knowler WC, Crandall JP, Temprosa M. Effect of Metformin and Lifestyle Interventions on Mortality in the Diabetes Prevention Program and Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study. Diabetes Care //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8669534 |PMC=缺少标题 (帮助). December 2021, 44 (12): 2775–2782. PMC 8669534 . PMID 34697033. doi:10.2337/dc21-1046 .

dailymed.nlm.nih.gov

Glucophage (metformin hydrochloride) tablets, for oral use; Glucophage XR (metformin hydrochloride) extended-release tablets, for oral use Initial U.S. Approval:1995. DailyMed. [2023-03-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-03-06）.
Qternmet XR (dapagliflozin, saxagliptin, and metformin hydrochloride) extended-release tablets, for oral use Initial U.S. Approval: 2019. DailyMed. [2023 -03-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-03-06）.

psu.edu

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu

Forrester MB. Adult metformin ingestions reported to Texas poison control centers, 2000-2006. Human & Experimental Toxicology. July 2008, 27 (7): 575–83. Bibcode:2008HETox..27..575F. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.1031.9486 . PMID 18829734. S2CID 5413561. doi:10.1177/0960327108090589.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Sirtori CR, Franceschini G, Galli-Kienle M, Cighetti G, Galli G, Bondioli A, Conti F. Disposition of metformin (N,N-dimethylbiguanide) in man. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. December 1978, 24 (6): 683–93. PMID 710026. S2CID 24531910. doi:10.1002/cpt1978246683.
Draznin B, Aroda VR, Bakris G, Benson G, Brown FM, Freeman R, Green J, Huang E, Isaacs D, Kahan S, Leon J, Lyons SK, Peters AL, Prahalad P, Reusch JE, Young-Hyman D. 9. Pharmacologic Approaches to Glycemic Treatment: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2022. Diabetes Care. January 2022, 45 (Suppl 1): S125–S143. PMID 34964831. S2CID 245538347. doi:10.2337/dc22-s009 .
Maruthur NM, Tseng E, Hutfless S, Wilson LM, Suarez-Cuervo C, Berger Z, Chu Y, Iyoha E, Segal JB, Bolen S. Diabetes Medications as Monotherapy or Metformin-Based Combination Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Annals of Internal Medicine. June 2016, 164 (11): 740–751. PMID 27088241. S2CID 32016657. doi:10.7326/M15-2650.
Triggle CR, Ding H. Metformin is not just an antihyperglycaemic drug but also has protective effects on the vascular endothelium. Acta Physiologica. January 2017, 219 (1): 138–151. PMID 26680745. S2CID 312517. doi:10.1111/apha.12644.
Day EA, Ford RJ, Smith BK, Mohammadi-Shemirani P, Morrow MR, Gutgesell RM, Lu R, Raphenya AR, Kabiri M, McArthur AG, McInnes N, Hess S, Paré G, Gerstein HC, Steinberg GR. Metformin-induced increases in GDF15 are important for suppressing appetite and promoting weight loss. Nature Metabolism. December 2019, 1 (12): 1202–1208. PMID 32694673. S2CID 213199603. doi:10.1038/s42255-019-0146-4.
Pappachan JM, Viswanath AK. Medical Management of Diabesity: Do We Have Realistic Targets?. Current Diabetes Reports. January 2017, 17 (1): 4. PMID 28101792. S2CID 10289148. doi:10.1007/s11892-017-0828-9.
Ghazeeri GS, Nassar AH, Younes Z, Awwad JT. Pregnancy outcomes and the effect of metformin treatment in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: an overview. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. June 2012, 91 (6): 658–78. PMID 22375613. S2CID 41145972. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0412.2012.01385.x .
Butalia S, Gutierrez L, Lodha A, Aitken E, Zakariasen A, Donovan L. Short- and long-term outcomes of metformin compared with insulin alone in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetic Medicine. January 2017, 34 (1): 27–36. PMID 27150509. S2CID 3418227. doi:10.1111/dme.13150.
Nicholson W, Bolen S, Witkop CT, Neale D, Wilson L, Bass E. Benefits and risks of oral diabetes agents compared with insulin in women with gestational diabetes: a systematic review. Obstetrics and Gynecology. January 2009, 113 (1): 193–205. PMID 19104375. S2CID 28115952. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e318190a459.
Khurana R, Malik IS. Metformin: safety in cardiac patients. Heart. January 2010, 96 (2): 99–102. PMID 19564648. S2CID 9746741. doi:10.1136/hrt.2009.173773.
Fujita Y, Inagaki N. Metformin: New Preparations and Nonglycemic Benefits. Current Diabetes Reports. January 2017, 17 (1): 5. PMID 28116648. S2CID 9277684. doi:10.1007/s11892-017-0829-8.
Wulffelé MG, Kooy A, Lehert P, Bets D, Ogterop JC, Borger van der Burg B, Donker AJ, Stehouwer CD. Effects of short-term treatment with metformin on serum concentrations of homocysteine, folate and vitamin B12 in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Internal Medicine. November 2003, 254 (5): 455–63. PMID 14535967. S2CID 12507226. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2796.2003.01213.x .
Forrester MB. Adult metformin ingestions reported to Texas poison control centers, 2000-2006. Human & Experimental Toxicology. July 2008, 27 (7): 575–83. Bibcode:2008HETox..27..575F. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.1031.9486 . PMID 18829734. S2CID 5413561. doi:10.1177/0960327108090589.
Calello DP, Liu KD, Wiegand TJ, Roberts DM, Lavergne V, Gosselin S, Hoffman RS, Nolin TD, Ghannoum M. Extracorporeal Treatment for Metformin Poisoning: Systematic Review and Recommendations From the Extracorporeal Treatments in Poisoning Workgroup. Critical Care Medicine. August 2015, 43 (8): 1716–30. PMID 25860205. S2CID 13861731. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000001002.
Teale KF, Devine A, Stewart H, Harper NJ. The management of metformin overdose. Anaesthesia. July 1998, 53 (7): 698–701. PMID 9771180. S2CID 45218798. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2044.1998.436-az0549.x .
Jayasagar G, Krishna Kumar M, Chandrasekhar K, Madhusudan Rao C, Madhusudan Rao Y. Effect of cephalexin on the pharmacokinetics of metformin in healthy human volunteers. Drug Metabolism and Drug Interactions. 2002, 19 (1): 41–8. PMID 12222753. S2CID 26919498. doi:10.1515/dmdi.2002.19.1.41.
Burcelin R. The antidiabetic gutsy role of metformin uncovered?. Gut. May 2014, 63 (5): 706–7. PMID 23840042. S2CID 42142919. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2013-305370.
Bailey CJ, Day C. Metformin: its botanical background. Practical Diabetes International. 2004, 21 (3): 115–17. S2CID 208203689. doi:10.1002/pdi.606 .
Bailey CJ, Day C. Fixed-dose single tablet antidiabetic combinations. Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism. June 2009, 11 (6): 527–33. PMID 19175373. S2CID 6569131. doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2008.00993.x.
Panikar V, Chandalia HB, Joshi SR, Fafadia A, Santvana C. Beneficial effects of triple drug combination of pioglitazone with glibenclamide and metformin in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients on insulin therapy. The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India. November 2003, 51: 1061–4. PMID 15260389. S2CID 22085315.
Jalali M, Rahimlou M, Mahmoodi M, Moosavian SP, Symonds ME, Jalali R, Zare M, Imanieh MH, Stasi C. The effects of metformin administration on liver enzymes and body composition in non-diabetic patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and/or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: An up-to date systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pharmacological Research. September 2020, 159: 104799. PMID 32278041. S2CID 215741792. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104799.
Ibáñez L, Díaz R, López-Bermejo A, Marcos MV. Clinical spectrum of premature pubarche: links to metabolic syndrome and ovarian hyperandrogenism. Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders. March 2009, 10 (1): 63–76. PMID 18726694. S2CID 9129907. doi:10.1007/s11154-008-9096-y.
Campbell JM, Bellman SM, Stephenson MD, Lisy K. Metformin reduces all-cause mortality and diseases of ageing independent of its effect on diabetes control: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Research Reviews. November 2017, 40: 31–44. PMID 28802803. S2CID 20334490. doi:10.1016/j.arr.2017.08.003.

tga.gov.au

Metformin Sandoz metformin hydrochloride 850mg tablet bottle (148270). Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). 2022-05-27 [2023-04-29].
Blooms Metformin XR (Medreich Australia Pty Ltd). Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). 2024-09-13 [2024-09-15].

web.archive.org

Metformin Use During Pregnancy. Drugs.com. 2019-09-10 [2020-02-04]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-16）.
Metformin Hydrochloride. Health Canada. [2023-03-06]. （原始内容存档于2023-03-06）.
Glucophage 500 mg film coated tablets - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC). (emc). 2022-10-25 [2023-03-05]. （原始内容存档于2022-06-20）.
Glucophage (metformin hydrochloride) tablets, for oral use; Glucophage XR (metformin hydrochloride) extended-release tablets, for oral use Initial U.S. Approval:1995. DailyMed. [2023-03-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-03-06）.
Metformin and metformin-containing medicines. European Medicines Agency (EMA). 2016-10-13 [2024-06-10]. （原始内容存档于2023-11-18）.
Metformin. www.chemsrc.com. [10 May 2018]. （原始内容存档于12 June 2017）.
Metformin Hydrochloride. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. [2017-01-02]. （原始内容存档于2016-12-24）.
Fischer J. Analogue-based Drug Discovery II. John Wiley & Sons. 2010: 49. ISBN 978-3-527-63212-1. （原始内容存档于2017-09-08）.
Stargrove MB, Treasure J, McKee DL. Herb, nutrient, and drug interactions: clinical implications and therapeutic strategies. St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby/Elsevier. 2008: 217. ISBN 978-0-323-02964-3. （原始内容存档于2017-09-08）.
Stargrove MB, Treasure J, McKee DL. Herb, nutrient, and drug interactions: clinical implications and therapeutic strategies. St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby/Elsevier. 2008: 217. ISBN 978-0-323-02964-3. （原始内容存档于8 September 2017）.
The Top 300 of 2022. ClinCalc. [2024-08-30]. （原始内容存档于2024-08-30）.
Metformin Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013 - 2022. ClinCalc. [2024-08-30]. （原始内容存档于2024-10-07）.
Medicines in the health system. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. 2024-07-02 [2024-09-30]. （原始内容存档于2024-09-30）.
Metformin: medicine to treat type 2 diabetes. National Health Service. 2019-02-25 [2020-10-15]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-11）.
METFORMIN HYDROCHLORIDE. NICE. [2020-10-15]. （原始内容存档于2021-06-10）.
Andrès E, Noel E, Goichot B. Metformin-associated vitamin B12 deficiency. Editor's Correspondence. Archives of Internal Medicine. October 2002, 162 (19): 2251–2 [2024-01-22]. PMID 12390080. doi:10.1001/archinte.162.19.2251-a (不活跃 2025-02-17). （原始内容存档于2024-06-10）.
Gilligan MA. Metformin and vitamin B12 deficiency. Editor's Correspondence. Archives of Internal Medicine. February 2002, 162 (4): 484–5 [2024-01-22]. PMID 11863489. doi:10.1001/archinte.162.4.484 (不活跃 2024-12-10). （原始内容存档于2020-12-01）.
Heller JB. Metformin overdose in dogs and cats (PDF). Veterinary Medicine. 2007, (April): 231–33. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2007-10-23）.
Werner E, Bell J. The preparation of methylguanidine, and of ββ-dimethylguanidine by the interaction of dicyandiamide, and methylammonium and dimethylammonium chlorides respectively. J. Chem. Soc., Trans. 1922, 121: 1790–95 [2020-09-04]. doi:10.1039/CT9222101790. （原始内容存档于2021-06-08）.
About Eusebio Y. Garcia, see: Carteciano J. Search for DOST-NRCP Dr. Eusebio Y. Garcia Award. Philippines Department of Science and Technology. 2005 [5 December 2009]. （原始内容存档于24 October 2009）.
FDA Approves New Diabetes Drug (新闻稿). U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 1994-12-30 [2007-01-06]. （原始内容存档于2007-09-29）.
Metformin Orphan Drug Designations and Approvals. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). [2024-09-15]. （原始内容存档于2024-09-15）.
Metformin Orphan Drug Designations and Approvals. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). [2024-09-15]. （原始内容存档于2023-12-08）.
Metformin Orphan Drug Designations and Approvals. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). [2024-09-15]. （原始内容存档于2024-09-15）.
Metformin Orphan Drug Designations and Approvals. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). [2024-09-15]. （原始内容存档于2023-12-08）.
EU/3/16/1803 - orphan designation for treatment of progressive myoclonic epilepsy type 2 (Lafora disease). European Medicines Agency (EMA). 2016-12-12 [2024-09-15]. （原始内容存档于2024 -09-15）.
Drug Approval Package: Qternmet XR. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2020-01-27 [2024-06-10]. （原始内容存档于2020-02-17）.
Qternmet XR (dapagliflozin, saxagliptin, and metformin hydrochloride) extended-release tablets, for oral use Initial U.S. Approval: 2019. DailyMed. [2023 -03-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-03-06）.
Metformin. Drugs.com. [2020-07-17]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-28）.

zenodo.org

Werner E, Bell J. The preparation of methylguanidine, and of ββ-dimethylguanidine by the interaction of dicyandiamide, and methylammonium and dimethylammonium chlorides respectively. J. Chem. Soc., Trans. 1922, 121: 1790–95 [2020-09-04]. doi:10.1039/CT9222101790. （原始内容存档于2021-06-08）.