兴奋剂 (Chinese Wikipedia)
Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "兴奋剂" in Chinese language version.
refsWebsite
Global rank
Chinese rank
1st place
1st place
6th place
4th place
5th place
12th place
30th place
111th place
low place
low place
710th place
776th place
low place
low place
low place
low place
low place
6,184th place
774th place
706th place
6,166th place
3,264th place
low place
low place
3rd place
8th place
3,097th place
1,801st place
low place
low place
344th place
408th place
105th place
269th place
accessmedicine.com
- Westfall DP, Westfall TC. Miscellaneous Sympathomimetic Agonists. Brunton LL, Chabner BA, Knollmann BC (编). Goodman & Gilman's Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics 12th. New York: McGraw-Hill. 2010 [2020-11-05]. ISBN 978-0-07-162442-8. （原始内容存档于2013-11-10）.
amazon.com
- San Francisco Meth Zombies. Drugs, Inc.. 第4季. 第1集. 43 记录于. 11 August 2013 [2020-11-07]. ASIN B00EHAOBAO. National Geographic Channel. （原始内容存档于2016-07-08）.
archive.org
- Rasmussen N. Making the first anti-depressant: amphetamine in American medicine, 1929–1950. J. Hist. Med. Allied Sci. July 2006, 61 (3): 288–323. PMID 16492800. doi:10.1093/jhmas/jrj039.
- Solinas, Marcello; Ferré, Sergi; You, Zhi-Bing; Karcz-Kubicha, Marzena; Popoli, Patrizia; Goldberg, Steven R. Caffeine Induces Dopamine and Glutamate Release in the Shell of the Nucleus Accumbens. Journal of Neuroscience. 1 August 2002, 22 (15): 6321–6324. ISSN 0270-6474. PMC 6758129
. PMID 12151508. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-15-06321.2002 （英语）. - Zhang Z, Hu G, Caballero B, Appel L, Chen L. Habitual coffee consumption and risk of hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. June 2011, 93 (6): 1212–9. PMID 21450934. doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.004044.
- Kuczenski R, Segal DS, Cho AK, Melega W. Hippocampus norepinephrine, caudate dopamine and serotonin, and behavioral responses to the stereoisomers of amphetamine and methamphetamine. J. Neurosci. February 1995, 15 (2): 1308–1317. PMC 6577819 . PMID 7869099. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-02-01308.1995.
- Mendelson J, Uemura N, Harris D, Nath RP, Fernandez E, Jacob P, Everhart ET, Jones RT. Human pharmacology of the methamphetamine stereoisomers. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. October 2006, 80 (4): 403–420. PMID 17015058. doi:10.1016/j.clpt.2006.06.013.
- Cruickshank CC, Dyer KR. A review of the clinical pharmacology of methamphetamine. Addiction. July 2009, 104 (7): 1085–1099. PMID 19426289. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02564.x.
- Hart H, Radua J, Nakao T, Mataix-Cols D, Rubia K. Meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of inhibition and attention in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: exploring task-specific, stimulant medication, and age effects. JAMA Psychiatry. February 2013, 70 (2): 185–198. PMID 23247506. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.277.
- Spencer TJ, Brown A, Seidman LJ, Valera EM, Makris N, Lomedico A, Faraone SV, Biederman J. Effect of psychostimulants on brain structure and function in ADHD: a qualitative literature review of magnetic resonance imaging-based neuroimaging studies. J. Clin. Psychiatry. September 2013, 74 (9): 902–917. PMC 3801446 . PMID 24107764. doi:10.4088/JCP.12r08287.
- AJ Giannini; WC Price. Contemporary drugs of abuse. American Family Physician. 1986, 33: 207–213.
- Harper, S. J.; Jones, N. S. Cocaine: what role does it have in current ENT practice? A review of the current literature. The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1 October 2006, 120 (10): 808–811. ISSN 1748-5460. PMID 16848922. doi:10.1017/S0022215106001459.
bbc.co.uk
news.bbc.co.uk
- Drugs crackdown hailed a success. BBC News. 8 March 2010 [31 March 2010]. （原始内容存档于2012-08-26）.
books.google.com
- O'Connor A. Never shower in a thunderstorm : surprising facts and misleading myths about our health and the world we live in 1st. New York: Times Books. 2007: 144 [15 January 2014]. ISBN 978-0-8050-8312-5. （原始内容存档于2020-02-12）.
doi.org
- Spencer RC, Devilbiss DM, Berridge CW. The Cognition-Enhancing Effects of Psychostimulants Involve Direct Action in the Prefrontal Cortex. Biol. Psychiatry. June 2015, 77 (11): 940–950. PMID 25499957. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.09.013.
The procognitive actions of psychostimulants are only associated with low doses. Surprisingly, despite nearly 80 years of clinical use, the neurobiology of the procognitive actions of psychostimulants has only recently been systematically investigated. Findings from this research unambiguously demonstrate that the cognition-enhancing effects of psychostimulants involve the preferential elevation of catecholamines in the PFC and the subsequent activation of norepinephrine α2 and dopamine D1 receptors. ... This differential modulation of PFC-dependent processes across dose appears to be associated with the differential involvement of noradrenergic α2 versus α1 receptors. Collectively, this evidence indicates that at low, clinically relevant doses, psychostimulants are devoid of the behavioral and neurochemical actions that define this class of drugs and instead act largely as cognitive enhancers (improving PFC-dependent function). This information has potentially important clinical implications as well as relevance for public health policy regarding the widespread clinical use of psychostimulants and for the development of novel pharmacologic treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and other conditions associated with PFC dysregulation. ... In particular, in both animals and humans, lower doses maximally improve performance in tests of working memory and response inhibition, whereas maximal suppression of overt behavior and facilitation of attentional processes occurs at higher doses.
- Ilieva IP, Hook CJ, Farah MJ. Prescription Stimulants' Effects on Healthy Inhibitory Control, Working Memory, and Episodic Memory: A Meta-analysis. J. Cogn. Neurosci. January 2015: 1–21. PMID 25591060. doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00776.
Specifically, in a set of experiments limited to high-quality designs, we found significant enhancement of several cognitive abilities. ... The results of this meta-analysis ... do confirm the reality of cognitive enhancing effects for normal healthy adults in general, while also indicating that these effects are modest in size.
- Docherty, J R. Pharmacology of stimulants prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). British Journal of Pharmacology. 7 January 2017, 154 (3): 606–622. ISSN 0007-1188. PMC 2439527 . PMID 18500382. doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.124.
- Liddle DG, Connor DJ. Nutritional supplements and ergogenic AIDS. Prim. Care. June 2013, 40 (2): 487–505. PMID 23668655. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2013.02.009.
Amphetamines and caffeine are stimulants that increase alertness, improve focus, decrease reaction time, and delay fatigue, allowing for an increased intensity and duration of training...
Physiologic and performance effects
· Amphetamines increase dopamine/norepinephrine release and inhibit their reuptake, leading to central nervous system (CNS) stimulation
· Amphetamines seem to enhance athletic performance in anaerobic conditions 39 40
· Improved reaction time
· Increased muscle strength and delayed muscle fatigue
· Increased acceleration
· Increased alertness and attention to task - Wilens TE, Adler LA, Adams J, Sgambati S, Rotrosen J, Sawtelle R, Utzinger L, Fusillo S. Misuse and diversion of stimulants prescribed for ADHD: a systematic review of the literature. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry. January 2008, 47 (1): 21–31. PMID 18174822. doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e31815a56f1.
Stimulant misuse appears to occur both for performance enhancement and their euphorogenic effects, the latter being related to the intrinsic properties of the stimulants (e.g., IR versus ER profile)...
Although useful in the treatment of ADHD, stimulants are controlled II substances with a history of preclinical and human studies showing potential abuse liability. - Heal DJ, Smith SL, Gosden J, Nutt DJ. Amphetamine, past and present – a pharmacological and clinical perspective. J. Psychopharmacol. June 2013, 27 (6): 479–496. PMC 3666194 . PMID 23539642. doi:10.1177/0269881113482532.
- Rasmussen N. Making the first anti-depressant: amphetamine in American medicine, 1929–1950. J. Hist. Med. Allied Sci. July 2006, 61 (3): 288–323. PMID 16492800. doi:10.1093/jhmas/jrj039.
- Miller GM. The emerging role of trace amine-associated receptor 1 in the functional regulation of monoamine transporters and dopaminergic activity. J. Neurochem. January 2011, 116 (2): 164–176. PMC 3005101 . PMID 21073468. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.07109.x.
- Shoptaw SJ, Kao U, Ling W. Treatment for amphetamine psychosis (Review). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2009, (1): CD003026. PMC 7004251 . PMID 19160215. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003026.pub3.
- Nehlig, A.; Daval, J. L.; Debry, G. Caffeine and the central nervous system: mechanisms of action, biochemical, metabolic and psychostimulant effects. Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews. 1 August 2016, 17 (2): 139–170. PMID 1356551. doi:10.1016/0165-0173(92)90012-b.
- Bjorness, Theresa E; Greene, Robert W. Adenosine and Sleep. Current Neuropharmacology. 8 January 2017, 7 (3): 238–245. ISSN 1570-159X. PMC 2769007 . PMID 20190965. doi:10.2174/157015909789152182.
- Solinas, Marcello; Ferré, Sergi; You, Zhi-Bing; Karcz-Kubicha, Marzena; Popoli, Patrizia; Goldberg, Steven R. Caffeine Induces Dopamine and Glutamate Release in the Shell of the Nucleus Accumbens. Journal of Neuroscience. 1 August 2002, 22 (15): 6321–6324. ISSN 0270-6474. PMC 6758129 . PMID 12151508. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-15-06321.2002 （英语）.
- Kamiya T, Saitoh O, Yoshioka K, Nakata H. Oligomerization of adenosine A2A and dopamine D2 receptors in living cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. Jun 2003, 306 (2): 544–9. PMID 12804599. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(03)00991-4.
- Temple JL. Caffeine use in children: what we know, what we have left to learn, and why we should worry. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 2009, 33 (6): 793–806. PMC 2699625 . PMID 19428492. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.01.001.
- Nkondjock A. Coffee consumption and the risk of cancer: an overview. Cancer Lett. May 2009, 277 (2): 121–5. PMID 18834663. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2008.08.022.
- Arab L. Epidemiologic evidence on coffee and cancer. Nutrition and Cancer. 2010, 62 (3): 271–83. PMID 20358464. doi:10.1080/01635580903407122.
- Santos C, Costa J, Santos J, Vaz-Carneiro A, Lunet N. Caffeine intake and dementia: systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Alzheimers Dis. 2010,. 20 Suppl 1: S187–204. PMID 20182026. doi:10.3233/JAD-2010-091387.
- Marques S, Batalha VL, Lopes LV, Outeiro TF. Modulating Alzheimer's disease through caffeine: a putative link to epigenetics. J. Alzheimers Dis. 2011, 24 (2): 161–71. PMID 21427489. doi:10.3233/JAD-2011-110032.
- Arendash GW, Cao C. Caffeine and coffee as therapeutics against Alzheimer's disease. J. Alzheimers Dis. 2010,. 20 Suppl 1: S117–26 [2020-11-05]. PMID 20182037. doi:10.3233/JAD-2010-091249. （原始内容存档于2020-10-30）.
- Ding M, Bhupathiraju SN, Satija A, van Dam RM, Hu FB. Long-term coffee consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.. Circulation. 11 February 2014, 129 (6): 643–59. PMC 3945962 . PMID 24201300. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.113.005925.
- van Dam RM. Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism. 2008, 33 (6): 1269–1283. PMID 19088789. doi:10.1139/H08-120.
- Zhang Z, Hu G, Caballero B, Appel L, Chen L. Habitual coffee consumption and risk of hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. June 2011, 93 (6): 1212–9. PMID 21450934. doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.004044.
- Li M, Wang M, Guo W, Wang J, Sun X. The effect of caffeine on intraocular pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. March 2011, 249 (3): 435–42. PMID 20706731. doi:10.1007/s00417-010-1455-1.
- Muriel P, Arauz J. Coffee and liver diseases. Fitoterapia. 2010, 81 (5): 297–305. PMID 19825397. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2009.10.003.
- Hackett PH. Caffeine at high altitude: java at base Camp. High Alt. Med. Biol. 2010, 11 (1): 13–7. PMID 20367483. doi:10.1089/ham.2009.1077.
- Meyer, Jerrold S. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA): current perspectives. Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation. 21 November 2013, 4: 83–99. ISSN 1179-8467. PMC 3931692 . PMID 24648791. doi:10.2147/SAR.S37258.
- Nutt, David; King, Leslie A.; Saulsbury, William; Blakemore, Colin. Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse. Lancet. 24 March 2007, 369 (9566): 1047–1053. ISSN 1474-547X. PMID 17382831. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60464-4.
- Simmler, L. D.; Buser, T. A.; Donzelli, M.; Schramm, Y; Dieu, L-H.; Huwyler, J.; Chaboz, S.; Hoener, M. C.; Liechti, M. E. Pharmacological characterization of designer cathinones in vitro. British Journal of Pharmacology. 2012, 168 (2): 458–470. ISSN 0007-1188. PMC 3572571 . PMID 22897747. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02145.x.
- Krasnova IN, Cadet JL. Methamphetamine toxicity and messengers of death. Brain Res. Rev. May 2009, 60 (2): 379–407. PMC 2731235 . PMID 19328213. doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.03.002.
Neuroimaging studies have revealed that METH can indeed cause neurodegenerative changes in the brains of human addicts (Aron and Paulus, 2007; Chang et al., 2007). These abnormalities include persistent decreases in the levels of dopamine transporters (DAT) in the orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and the caudate-putamen (McCann et al., 1998, 2008; Sekine et al., 2003; Volkow et al., 2001a, 2001c). The density of serotonin transporters (5-HTT) is also decreased in the midbrain, caudate, putamen, hypothalamus, thalamus, the orbitofrontal, temporal, and cingulate cortices of METH-dependent individuals (Sekine et al., 2006) ...
Neuropsychological studies have detected deficits in attention, working memory, and decision-making in chronic METH addicts ...
There is compelling evidence that the negative neuropsychiatric consequences of METH abuse are due, at least in part, to drug-induced neuropathological changes in the brains of these METH-exposed individuals ...
Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies in METH addicts have revealed substantial morphological changes in their brains. These include loss of gray matter in the cingulate, limbic, and paralimbic cortices, significant shrinkage of hippocampi, and hypertrophy of white matter (Thompson et al., 2004). In addition, the brains of METH abusers show evidence of hyperintensities in white matter (Bae et al., 2006; Ernst et al., 2000), decreases in the neuronal marker, N-acetylaspartate (Ernst et al., 2000; Sung et al., 2007), reductions in a marker of metabolic integrity, creatine (Sekine et al., 2002) and increases in a marker of glial activation, myoinositol (Chang et al., 2002; Ernst et al., 2000; Sung et al., 2007; Yen et al., 1994). Elevated choline levels, which are indicative of increased cellular membrane synthesis and turnover are also evident in the frontal gray matter of METH abusers (Ernst et al., 2000; Salo et al., 2007; Taylor et al., 2007). - Kuczenski R, Segal DS, Cho AK, Melega W. Hippocampus norepinephrine, caudate dopamine and serotonin, and behavioral responses to the stereoisomers of amphetamine and methamphetamine. J. Neurosci. February 1995, 15 (2): 1308–1317. PMC 6577819 . PMID 7869099. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-02-01308.1995.
- Mendelson J, Uemura N, Harris D, Nath RP, Fernandez E, Jacob P, Everhart ET, Jones RT. Human pharmacology of the methamphetamine stereoisomers. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. October 2006, 80 (4): 403–420. PMID 17015058. doi:10.1016/j.clpt.2006.06.013.
- Cruickshank CC, Dyer KR. A review of the clinical pharmacology of methamphetamine. Addiction. July 2009, 104 (7): 1085–1099. PMID 19426289. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02564.x.
- Hart H, Radua J, Nakao T, Mataix-Cols D, Rubia K. Meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of inhibition and attention in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: exploring task-specific, stimulant medication, and age effects. JAMA Psychiatry. February 2013, 70 (2): 185–198. PMID 23247506. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.277.
- Spencer TJ, Brown A, Seidman LJ, Valera EM, Makris N, Lomedico A, Faraone SV, Biederman J. Effect of psychostimulants on brain structure and function in ADHD: a qualitative literature review of magnetic resonance imaging-based neuroimaging studies. J. Clin. Psychiatry. September 2013, 74 (9): 902–917. PMC 3801446 . PMID 24107764. doi:10.4088/JCP.12r08287.
- Talhouth, Reinskje; Opperhuizen, Antoon; van Amsterdam G. C., Jan. Role of acetaldehyde in tobacco smoke addiction. European Neuropsychopharmacology. October 2007, 17 (10): 627–636. PMID 17382522. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2007.02.013.
- Nutt, David J.; King, Leslie A.; Phillips, Lawrence D. Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis. Lancet. 6 November 2010, 376 (9752): 1558–1565. ISSN 1474-547X. PMID 21036393. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61462-6.
- Harper, S. J.; Jones, N. S. Cocaine: what role does it have in current ENT practice? A review of the current literature. The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1 October 2006, 120 (10): 808–811. ISSN 1748-5460. PMID 16848922. doi:10.1017/S0022215106001459.
drugabuse.gov
ww1.drugabuse.gov
- Fishchman, N; Mello, N. Testing for Abuse Liability of Drugs in Humans (PDF). 5600 Fishers Lane Rockville, MD 20857: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration National Institute on Drug Abuse. : 179 [2020-11-05]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-12-22）.
drugfreeworld.org
- Long-term & Short-term effects, depressants, brand names: Foundation for a drug free work. [2017-04-30]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-27）.
drugpolicy.org
- Methamphetamine facts. DrugPolicy.org. [7 January 2014]. （原始内容存档于2018-04-17）.
drugs.com
- Top 100 Drugs for Q4 2013 by Sales - U.S. Pharmaceutical Statistics. www.drugs.com. [2017-04-15]. （原始内容存档于2013-08-14）.
fda.gov
accessdata.fda.gov
- Adderall XR Prescribing Information (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration: 11. June 2013 [7 January 2014]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2014-10-06）.
- Adderall IR Prescribing Information (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration: 5. March 2007 [2 November 2013]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2013-09-26）.
- Adderall XR Prescribing Information (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration: 4–8. June 2013 [7 October 2013]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2014-10-06）.
- Desoxyn Prescribing Information (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration. December 2013 [6 January 2014]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2014-01-02）.
- CFR TITLE 21: DRUGS FOR HUMAN USE: PART 341 – COLD, COUGH, ALLERGY, BRONCHODILATOR, AND ANTIASTHMATIC DRUG PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE. United States Food and Drug Administration. April 2015 [7 March 2016]. （原始内容存档于2015-09-18）.
Topical nasal decongestants --(i) For products containing levmetamfetamine identified in 341.20(b)(1) when used in an inhalant dosage form. The product delivers in each 800 milliliters of air 0.04 to 0.150 milligrams of levmetamfetamine.
healthybodydaily.com
- MDPV Bath Salts Drug Over The Counter. [2020-11-06]. （原始内容存档于2011-03-10）.
incb.org
- List of psychotropic substances under international control (PDF). International Narcotics Control Board. United Nations. August 2003 [19 November 2005]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2005-09-07）.
iospress.com
content.iospress.com
- Arendash GW, Cao C. Caffeine and coffee as therapeutics against Alzheimer's disease. J. Alzheimers Dis. 2010,. 20 Suppl 1: S117–26 [2020-11-05]. PMID 20182037. doi:10.3233/JAD-2010-091249. （原始内容存档于2020-10-30）.
kmbc.com
- Abuse Of Fake 'Bath Salts' Sends Dozens To ER. KMBC.com. 23 December 2010 [2020-11-06]. （原始内容存档于2011-07-13）.
merckmanuals.com
- Merck Manuals EPHEDrine （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Last full review/revision January 2010
nationalgeographic.com
channel.nationalgeographic.com
- San Francisco Meth Zombies. Drugs, Inc.. 第4季. 第1集. 43 记录于. 11 August 2013 [2020-11-07]. ASIN B00EHAOBAO. National Geographic Channel. （原始内容存档于2016-07-08）.
nbc33tv.com
- Samantha Morgan. Parents cautioned against over the counter synthetic speed. NBC 33 News. 9 November 2010 [16 May 2011]. （原始内容存档于2011-09-28）.
- Kelsey Scram. Bath Salts Used to Get High. NBC 33 News. 6 January 2011 [16 May 2011]. （原始内容存档于2011-09-28）.
newscientist.com
- Lovett R. Coffee: The demon drink?. New Scientist. 24 September 2005, (2518) [3 August 2009]. （原始内容存档于2008-10-11）.
nih.gov
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Treatment, Center for Substance Abuse. Chapter 2—How Stimulants Affect the Brain and Behavior. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US). [2017-04-15]. （原始内容存档于2017-02-19） （英语）.
- Spencer RC, Devilbiss DM, Berridge CW. The Cognition-Enhancing Effects of Psychostimulants Involve Direct Action in the Prefrontal Cortex. Biol. Psychiatry. June 2015, 77 (11): 940–950. PMID 25499957. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.09.013.
The procognitive actions of psychostimulants are only associated with low doses. Surprisingly, despite nearly 80 years of clinical use, the neurobiology of the procognitive actions of psychostimulants has only recently been systematically investigated. Findings from this research unambiguously demonstrate that the cognition-enhancing effects of psychostimulants involve the preferential elevation of catecholamines in the PFC and the subsequent activation of norepinephrine α2 and dopamine D1 receptors. ... This differential modulation of PFC-dependent processes across dose appears to be associated with the differential involvement of noradrenergic α2 versus α1 receptors. Collectively, this evidence indicates that at low, clinically relevant doses, psychostimulants are devoid of the behavioral and neurochemical actions that define this class of drugs and instead act largely as cognitive enhancers (improving PFC-dependent function). This information has potentially important clinical implications as well as relevance for public health policy regarding the widespread clinical use of psychostimulants and for the development of novel pharmacologic treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and other conditions associated with PFC dysregulation. ... In particular, in both animals and humans, lower doses maximally improve performance in tests of working memory and response inhibition, whereas maximal suppression of overt behavior and facilitation of attentional processes occurs at higher doses.
- Ilieva IP, Hook CJ, Farah MJ. Prescription Stimulants' Effects on Healthy Inhibitory Control, Working Memory, and Episodic Memory: A Meta-analysis. J. Cogn. Neurosci. January 2015: 1–21. PMID 25591060. doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00776.
Specifically, in a set of experiments limited to high-quality designs, we found significant enhancement of several cognitive abilities. ... The results of this meta-analysis ... do confirm the reality of cognitive enhancing effects for normal healthy adults in general, while also indicating that these effects are modest in size.
- Docherty, J R. Pharmacology of stimulants prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). British Journal of Pharmacology. 7 January 2017, 154 (3): 606–622. ISSN 0007-1188. PMC 2439527 . PMID 18500382. doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.124.
- Caffeine for the Sustainment of Mental Task Performance: Formulations for Military Operations.. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US). 2001 [2020-11-07]. （原始内容存档于2017-10-09） （英语）.
- Liddle DG, Connor DJ. Nutritional supplements and ergogenic AIDS. Prim. Care. June 2013, 40 (2): 487–505. PMID 23668655. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2013.02.009.
Amphetamines and caffeine are stimulants that increase alertness, improve focus, decrease reaction time, and delay fatigue, allowing for an increased intensity and duration of training...
Physiologic and performance effects
· Amphetamines increase dopamine/norepinephrine release and inhibit their reuptake, leading to central nervous system (CNS) stimulation
· Amphetamines seem to enhance athletic performance in anaerobic conditions 39 40
· Improved reaction time
· Increased muscle strength and delayed muscle fatigue
· Increased acceleration
· Increased alertness and attention to task - Montgomery KA. Sexual desire disorders. Psychiatry. June 2008, 5 (6): 50–55. PMC 2695750 . PMID 19727285.
- Wilens TE, Adler LA, Adams J, Sgambati S, Rotrosen J, Sawtelle R, Utzinger L, Fusillo S. Misuse and diversion of stimulants prescribed for ADHD: a systematic review of the literature. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry. January 2008, 47 (1): 21–31. PMID 18174822. doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e31815a56f1.
Stimulant misuse appears to occur both for performance enhancement and their euphorogenic effects, the latter being related to the intrinsic properties of the stimulants (e.g., IR versus ER profile)...
Although useful in the treatment of ADHD, stimulants are controlled II substances with a history of preclinical and human studies showing potential abuse liability. - Heal DJ, Smith SL, Gosden J, Nutt DJ. Amphetamine, past and present – a pharmacological and clinical perspective. J. Psychopharmacol. June 2013, 27 (6): 479–496. PMC 3666194 . PMID 23539642. doi:10.1177/0269881113482532.
- Rasmussen N. Making the first anti-depressant: amphetamine in American medicine, 1929–1950. J. Hist. Med. Allied Sci. July 2006, 61 (3): 288–323. PMID 16492800. doi:10.1093/jhmas/jrj039.
- Miller GM. The emerging role of trace amine-associated receptor 1 in the functional regulation of monoamine transporters and dopaminergic activity. J. Neurochem. January 2011, 116 (2): 164–176. PMC 3005101 . PMID 21073468. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.07109.x.
- Shoptaw SJ, Kao U, Ling W. Treatment for amphetamine psychosis (Review). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2009, (1): CD003026. PMC 7004251 . PMID 19160215. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003026.pub3.
- Nehlig, A.; Daval, J. L.; Debry, G. Caffeine and the central nervous system: mechanisms of action, biochemical, metabolic and psychostimulant effects. Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews. 1 August 2016, 17 (2): 139–170. PMID 1356551. doi:10.1016/0165-0173(92)90012-b.
- Bjorness, Theresa E; Greene, Robert W. Adenosine and Sleep. Current Neuropharmacology. 8 January 2017, 7 (3): 238–245. ISSN 1570-159X. PMC 2769007 . PMID 20190965. doi:10.2174/157015909789152182.
- Solinas, Marcello; Ferré, Sergi; You, Zhi-Bing; Karcz-Kubicha, Marzena; Popoli, Patrizia; Goldberg, Steven R. Caffeine Induces Dopamine and Glutamate Release in the Shell of the Nucleus Accumbens. Journal of Neuroscience. 1 August 2002, 22 (15): 6321–6324. ISSN 0270-6474. PMC 6758129 . PMID 12151508. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-15-06321.2002 （英语）.
- Kamiya T, Saitoh O, Yoshioka K, Nakata H. Oligomerization of adenosine A2A and dopamine D2 receptors in living cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. Jun 2003, 306 (2): 544–9. PMID 12804599. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(03)00991-4.
- Temple JL. Caffeine use in children: what we know, what we have left to learn, and why we should worry. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 2009, 33 (6): 793–806. PMC 2699625 . PMID 19428492. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.01.001.
- Nkondjock A. Coffee consumption and the risk of cancer: an overview. Cancer Lett. May 2009, 277 (2): 121–5. PMID 18834663. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2008.08.022.
- Arab L. Epidemiologic evidence on coffee and cancer. Nutrition and Cancer. 2010, 62 (3): 271–83. PMID 20358464. doi:10.1080/01635580903407122.
- Santos C, Costa J, Santos J, Vaz-Carneiro A, Lunet N. Caffeine intake and dementia: systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Alzheimers Dis. 2010,. 20 Suppl 1: S187–204. PMID 20182026. doi:10.3233/JAD-2010-091387.
- Marques S, Batalha VL, Lopes LV, Outeiro TF. Modulating Alzheimer's disease through caffeine: a putative link to epigenetics. J. Alzheimers Dis. 2011, 24 (2): 161–71. PMID 21427489. doi:10.3233/JAD-2011-110032.
- Arendash GW, Cao C. Caffeine and coffee as therapeutics against Alzheimer's disease. J. Alzheimers Dis. 2010,. 20 Suppl 1: S117–26 [2020-11-05]. PMID 20182037. doi:10.3233/JAD-2010-091249. （原始内容存档于2020-10-30）.
- Ding M, Bhupathiraju SN, Satija A, van Dam RM, Hu FB. Long-term coffee consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.. Circulation. 11 February 2014, 129 (6): 643–59. PMC 3945962 . PMID 24201300. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.113.005925.
- van Dam RM. Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism. 2008, 33 (6): 1269–1283. PMID 19088789. doi:10.1139/H08-120.
- Zhang Z, Hu G, Caballero B, Appel L, Chen L. Habitual coffee consumption and risk of hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. June 2011, 93 (6): 1212–9. PMID 21450934. doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.004044.
- Li M, Wang M, Guo W, Wang J, Sun X. The effect of caffeine on intraocular pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. March 2011, 249 (3): 435–42. PMID 20706731. doi:10.1007/s00417-010-1455-1.
- Muriel P, Arauz J. Coffee and liver diseases. Fitoterapia. 2010, 81 (5): 297–305. PMID 19825397. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2009.10.003.
- Gilmore B, Michael M. Treatment of acute migraine headache. Am Fam Physician. February 2011, 83 (3): 271–80. PMID 21302868.
- Hackett PH. Caffeine at high altitude: java at base Camp. High Alt. Med. Biol. 2010, 11 (1): 13–7. PMID 20367483. doi:10.1089/ham.2009.1077.
- Meyer, Jerrold S. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA): current perspectives. Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation. 21 November 2013, 4: 83–99. ISSN 1179-8467. PMC 3931692 . PMID 24648791. doi:10.2147/SAR.S37258.
- Nutt, David; King, Leslie A.; Saulsbury, William; Blakemore, Colin. Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse. Lancet. 24 March 2007, 369 (9566): 1047–1053. ISSN 1474-547X. PMID 17382831. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60464-4.
- Simmler, L. D.; Buser, T. A.; Donzelli, M.; Schramm, Y; Dieu, L-H.; Huwyler, J.; Chaboz, S.; Hoener, M. C.; Liechti, M. E. Pharmacological characterization of designer cathinones in vitro. British Journal of Pharmacology. 2012, 168 (2): 458–470. ISSN 0007-1188. PMC 3572571 . PMID 22897747. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02145.x.
- Krasnova IN, Cadet JL. Methamphetamine toxicity and messengers of death. Brain Res. Rev. May 2009, 60 (2): 379–407. PMC 2731235 . PMID 19328213. doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.03.002.
Neuroimaging studies have revealed that METH can indeed cause neurodegenerative changes in the brains of human addicts (Aron and Paulus, 2007; Chang et al., 2007). These abnormalities include persistent decreases in the levels of dopamine transporters (DAT) in the orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and the caudate-putamen (McCann et al., 1998, 2008; Sekine et al., 2003; Volkow et al., 2001a, 2001c). The density of serotonin transporters (5-HTT) is also decreased in the midbrain, caudate, putamen, hypothalamus, thalamus, the orbitofrontal, temporal, and cingulate cortices of METH-dependent individuals (Sekine et al., 2006) ...
Neuropsychological studies have detected deficits in attention, working memory, and decision-making in chronic METH addicts ...
There is compelling evidence that the negative neuropsychiatric consequences of METH abuse are due, at least in part, to drug-induced neuropathological changes in the brains of these METH-exposed individuals ...
Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies in METH addicts have revealed substantial morphological changes in their brains. These include loss of gray matter in the cingulate, limbic, and paralimbic cortices, significant shrinkage of hippocampi, and hypertrophy of white matter (Thompson et al., 2004). In addition, the brains of METH abusers show evidence of hyperintensities in white matter (Bae et al., 2006; Ernst et al., 2000), decreases in the neuronal marker, N-acetylaspartate (Ernst et al., 2000; Sung et al., 2007), reductions in a marker of metabolic integrity, creatine (Sekine et al., 2002) and increases in a marker of glial activation, myoinositol (Chang et al., 2002; Ernst et al., 2000; Sung et al., 2007; Yen et al., 1994). Elevated choline levels, which are indicative of increased cellular membrane synthesis and turnover are also evident in the frontal gray matter of METH abusers (Ernst et al., 2000; Salo et al., 2007; Taylor et al., 2007). - Kuczenski R, Segal DS, Cho AK, Melega W. Hippocampus norepinephrine, caudate dopamine and serotonin, and behavioral responses to the stereoisomers of amphetamine and methamphetamine. J. Neurosci. February 1995, 15 (2): 1308–1317. PMC 6577819 . PMID 7869099. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-02-01308.1995.
- Mendelson J, Uemura N, Harris D, Nath RP, Fernandez E, Jacob P, Everhart ET, Jones RT. Human pharmacology of the methamphetamine stereoisomers. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. October 2006, 80 (4): 403–420. PMID 17015058. doi:10.1016/j.clpt.2006.06.013.
- Cruickshank CC, Dyer KR. A review of the clinical pharmacology of methamphetamine. Addiction. July 2009, 104 (7): 1085–1099. PMID 19426289. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02564.x.
- Hart H, Radua J, Nakao T, Mataix-Cols D, Rubia K. Meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of inhibition and attention in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: exploring task-specific, stimulant medication, and age effects. JAMA Psychiatry. February 2013, 70 (2): 185–198. PMID 23247506. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.277.
- Spencer TJ, Brown A, Seidman LJ, Valera EM, Makris N, Lomedico A, Faraone SV, Biederman J. Effect of psychostimulants on brain structure and function in ADHD: a qualitative literature review of magnetic resonance imaging-based neuroimaging studies. J. Clin. Psychiatry. September 2013, 74 (9): 902–917. PMC 3801446 . PMID 24107764. doi:10.4088/JCP.12r08287.
- Talhouth, Reinskje; Opperhuizen, Antoon; van Amsterdam G. C., Jan. Role of acetaldehyde in tobacco smoke addiction. European Neuropsychopharmacology. October 2007, 17 (10): 627–636. PMID 17382522. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2007.02.013.
- Nutt, David J.; King, Leslie A.; Phillips, Lawrence D. Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis. Lancet. 6 November 2010, 376 (9752): 1558–1565. ISSN 1474-547X. PMID 21036393. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61462-6.
- Harper, S. J.; Jones, N. S. Cocaine: what role does it have in current ENT practice? A review of the current literature. The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1 October 2006, 120 (10): 808–811. ISSN 1748-5460. PMID 16848922. doi:10.1017/S0022215106001459.
nimh.nih.gov
- Mental Health Medications.. National Institute of mental health. (tertiary source). October 2016 [2017-04-15]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-06）.
oxforddictionaries.com
en.oxforddictionaries.com
- stimulant - definition of stimulant in English | Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford Dictionaries | English. [2017-04-15]. （原始内容存档于2017-02-26）.
telegraph.co.uk
- Editor, Christopher Hope. Ecstasy 'no more dangerous than horse riding'. Telegraph.co.uk. 2009-02-07 [4 December 2015]. （原始内容存档于2015-12-10）.
- Cumming, E. Mephedrone: Chemistry lessons. The Daily Telegraph (London). 22 April 2010 [14 September 2010]. （原始内容存档于2014-01-07）.
un.org
treaties.un.org
- Convention on psychotropic substances. United Nations Treaty Collection. United Nations. [7 January 2014]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-31）.
unodc.org
- Chawla S, Le Pichon T. World Drug Report 2006 (PDF). United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime: 128–135. 2006 [7 January 2014]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2013-05-30）.
- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Preventing Amphetamine-type Stimulant Use Among Young People: A Policy and Programming Guide (PDF). New York: United Nations. 2007 [11 November 2013]. ISBN 9789211482232. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2013-10-16）.
web.archive.org
- stimulant - definition of stimulant in English | Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford Dictionaries | English. [2017-04-15]. （原始内容存档于2017-02-26）.
- Treatment, Center for Substance Abuse. Chapter 2—How Stimulants Affect the Brain and Behavior. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US). [2017-04-15]. （原始内容存档于2017-02-19） （英语）.
- Mental Health Medications.. National Institute of mental health. (tertiary source). October 2016 [2017-04-15]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-06）.
- Long-term & Short-term effects, depressants, brand names: Foundation for a drug free work. [2017-04-30]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-27）.
- Top 100 Drugs for Q4 2013 by Sales - U.S. Pharmaceutical Statistics. www.drugs.com. [2017-04-15]. （原始内容存档于2013-08-14）.
- Caffeine for the Sustainment of Mental Task Performance: Formulations for Military Operations.. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US). 2001 [2020-11-07]. （原始内容存档于2017-10-09） （英语）.
- Adderall XR Prescribing Information (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration: 11. June 2013 [7 January 2014]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2014-10-06）.
- Convention on psychotropic substances. United Nations Treaty Collection. United Nations. [7 January 2014]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-31）.
- Methamphetamine facts. DrugPolicy.org. [7 January 2014]. （原始内容存档于2018-04-17）.
- Chawla S, Le Pichon T. World Drug Report 2006 (PDF). United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime: 128–135. 2006 [7 January 2014]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2013-05-30）.
- Adderall IR Prescribing Information (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration: 5. March 2007 [2 November 2013]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2013-09-26）.
- Adderall XR Prescribing Information (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration: 4–8. June 2013 [7 October 2013]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2014-10-06）.
- Westfall DP, Westfall TC. Miscellaneous Sympathomimetic Agonists. Brunton LL, Chabner BA, Knollmann BC (编). Goodman & Gilman's Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics 12th. New York: McGraw-Hill. 2010 [2020-11-05]. ISBN 978-0-07-162442-8. （原始内容存档于2013-11-10）.
- Lovett R. Coffee: The demon drink?. New Scientist. 24 September 2005, (2518) [3 August 2009]. （原始内容存档于2008-10-11）.
- Fishchman, N; Mello, N. Testing for Abuse Liability of Drugs in Humans (PDF). 5600 Fishers Lane Rockville, MD 20857: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration National Institute on Drug Abuse. : 179 [2020-11-05]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-12-22）.
- Arendash GW, Cao C. Caffeine and coffee as therapeutics against Alzheimer's disease. J. Alzheimers Dis. 2010,. 20 Suppl 1: S117–26 [2020-11-05]. PMID 20182037. doi:10.3233/JAD-2010-091249. （原始内容存档于2020-10-30）.
- O'Connor A. Never shower in a thunderstorm : surprising facts and misleading myths about our health and the world we live in 1st. New York: Times Books. 2007: 144 [15 January 2014]. ISBN 978-0-8050-8312-5. （原始内容存档于2020-02-12）.
- Merck Manuals EPHEDrine （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Last full review/revision January 2010
- Editor, Christopher Hope. Ecstasy 'no more dangerous than horse riding'. Telegraph.co.uk. 2009-02-07 [4 December 2015]. （原始内容存档于2015-12-10）.
- Abuse Of Fake 'Bath Salts' Sends Dozens To ER. KMBC.com. 23 December 2010 [2020-11-06]. （原始内容存档于2011-07-13）.
- MDPV Bath Salts Drug Over The Counter. [2020-11-06]. （原始内容存档于2011-03-10）.
- Samantha Morgan. Parents cautioned against over the counter synthetic speed. NBC 33 News. 9 November 2010 [16 May 2011]. （原始内容存档于2011-09-28）.
- Kelsey Scram. Bath Salts Used to Get High. NBC 33 News. 6 January 2011 [16 May 2011]. （原始内容存档于2011-09-28）.
- Cumming, E. Mephedrone: Chemistry lessons. The Daily Telegraph (London). 22 April 2010 [14 September 2010]. （原始内容存档于2014-01-07）.
- Drugs crackdown hailed a success. BBC News. 8 March 2010 [31 March 2010]. （原始内容存档于2012-08-26）.
- Desoxyn Prescribing Information (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration. December 2013 [6 January 2014]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2014-01-02）.
- San Francisco Meth Zombies. Drugs, Inc.. 第4季. 第1集. 43 记录于. 11 August 2013 [2020-11-07]. ASIN B00EHAOBAO. National Geographic Channel. （原始内容存档于2016-07-08）.
- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Preventing Amphetamine-type Stimulant Use Among Young People: A Policy and Programming Guide (PDF). New York: United Nations. 2007 [11 November 2013]. ISBN 9789211482232. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2013-10-16）.
- List of psychotropic substances under international control (PDF). International Narcotics Control Board. United Nations. August 2003 [19 November 2005]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2005-09-07）.
- CFR TITLE 21: DRUGS FOR HUMAN USE: PART 341 – COLD, COUGH, ALLERGY, BRONCHODILATOR, AND ANTIASTHMATIC DRUG PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE. United States Food and Drug Administration. April 2015 [7 March 2016]. （原始内容存档于2015-09-18）.
Topical nasal decongestants --(i) For products containing levmetamfetamine identified in 341.20(b)(1) when used in an inhalant dosage form. The product delivers in each 800 milliliters of air 0.04 to 0.150 milligrams of levmetamfetamine.
- Levomethamphetamine. Pubchem Compound. National Center for Biotechnology Information. （原始内容存档于2014-10-06） 使用
|archiveurl=需要含有|url=(帮助).|section-url=被忽略 (帮助);|section=被忽略 (帮助);
worldcat.org
- Docherty, J R. Pharmacology of stimulants prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). British Journal of Pharmacology. 7 January 2017, 154 (3): 606–622. ISSN 0007-1188. PMC 2439527 . PMID 18500382. doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.124.
- Bjorness, Theresa E; Greene, Robert W. Adenosine and Sleep. Current Neuropharmacology. 8 January 2017, 7 (3): 238–245. ISSN 1570-159X. PMC 2769007 . PMID 20190965. doi:10.2174/157015909789152182.
- Solinas, Marcello; Ferré, Sergi; You, Zhi-Bing; Karcz-Kubicha, Marzena; Popoli, Patrizia; Goldberg, Steven R. Caffeine Induces Dopamine and Glutamate Release in the Shell of the Nucleus Accumbens. Journal of Neuroscience. 1 August 2002, 22 (15): 6321–6324. ISSN 0270-6474. PMC 6758129 . PMID 12151508. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-15-06321.2002 （英语）.
- Meyer, Jerrold S. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA): current perspectives. Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation. 21 November 2013, 4: 83–99. ISSN 1179-8467. PMC 3931692 . PMID 24648791. doi:10.2147/SAR.S37258.
- Nutt, David; King, Leslie A.; Saulsbury, William; Blakemore, Colin. Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse. Lancet. 24 March 2007, 369 (9566): 1047–1053. ISSN 1474-547X. PMID 17382831. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60464-4.
- Simmler, L. D.; Buser, T. A.; Donzelli, M.; Schramm, Y; Dieu, L-H.; Huwyler, J.; Chaboz, S.; Hoener, M. C.; Liechti, M. E. Pharmacological characterization of designer cathinones in vitro. British Journal of Pharmacology. 2012, 168 (2): 458–470. ISSN 0007-1188. PMC 3572571 . PMID 22897747. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02145.x.
- Nutt, David J.; King, Leslie A.; Phillips, Lawrence D. Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis. Lancet. 6 November 2010, 376 (9752): 1558–1565. ISSN 1474-547X. PMID 21036393. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61462-6.
- Harper, S. J.; Jones, N. S. Cocaine: what role does it have in current ENT practice? A review of the current literature. The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1 October 2006, 120 (10): 808–811. ISSN 1748-5460. PMID 16848922. doi:10.1017/S0022215106001459.