References analysis of the Wikipedia article "稳定卡宾" in the Chinese version

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Michael Freemantle. Triplet Carbene has Long Life. Chemical & Engineering News. 2001-08-13, 79 (33): 11 [2021-11-26]. doi:10.1021/cen-v079n033.p011a. （原始内容存档于2018-11-06）.

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Hopkinson, M. N.; Richter, C.; Schedler, M.; Glorius, F. An Overview of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes. Nature. 2014, 510 (7506): 485–496. Bibcode:2014Natur.510..485H. PMID 24965649. S2CID 672379. doi:10.1038/nature13384.

Guoyong Song; Yan Su; Roy A. Periana; Robert H. Crabtree; Keli Han. Anion-Exchange-Triggered 1,3-Shift of an NH Proton to Iridium in Protic N-Heterocyclic Carbenes: Hydrogen-Bonding and Ion-Pairing Effects. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49: 912–917. doi:10.1002/anie.200905691.

Ronald Breslow. On the Mechanism of Thiamine Action. IV.1 Evidence from Studies on Model Systems. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1958, 80 (14): 3719–3726. doi:10.1021/ja01547a064.

R. Breslow. Rapid Deuterium Exchange in Thiazolium Salts. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957, 79 (7): 1762–1763. doi:10.1021/ja01564a064.

Berkessel A.; Elfert S.; Yatham V. R.; Neudörfl J.-M.; Schlörer N. E.; Teles J. H. Umpolung by N-Heterocyclic Carbenes: Generation and Reactivity of the Elusive 2,2-Diamino Enols (Breslow Intermediates). Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2012, 51 (49): 12370–12374. PMID 23081675. doi:10.1002/anie.201205878.

Hans-Werner Wanzlick; E. Schikora. Ein neuer Zugang zur Carben-Chemie [A new way into carbene chemistry]. Angew. Chem. 1960, 72 (14): 494. Bibcode:1960AngCh..72..494W. doi:10.1002/ange.19600721409.

H. W. Wanzlick; E. Schikora. Ein nucleophiles Carben [A nucleophilic carbene]. Chem. Ber. 1960, 94 (9): 2389–2393. doi:10.1002/cber.19610940905.

H. W. Wanzlick. Aspects of Nucleophilic Carbene Chemistry. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1962, 1 (2): 75–80. doi:10.1002/anie.196200751.

D. M. Lemal; R. A. Lovald; K. I. Kawano. Tetraaminoethylenes. The Question of Dissociation. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1964, 86 (12): 2518–2519. doi:10.1021/ja01066a044.

H. E. Winberg; J. E. Carnahan; D. D. Coffman; M. Brown. Tetraaminoethylenes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1965, 87 (9): 2055–2056. doi:10.1021/ja01087a040.

Denk M. K.; Hatano K.; Ma M. Nucleophilic Carbenes and the Wanzlick Equilibrium A Reinvestigation. Tetrahedron Lett. 1999, 40 (11): 2057–2060. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(99)00164-1.

Böhm Volker P. W.; Herrmann Wolfgang A. The Wanzlick Equilibrium. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2000, 39 (22): 4036–4038. doi:10.1002/1521-3773(20001117)39:22<4036::AID-ANIE4036>3.0.CO;2-L.

H. W. Wanzlick; H. J. Schonherr. Chemie nucleophiler Carbene, XVIII, 1) 1.3.4.5-Tetraphenyl-imidazoliumperchlorat [Cemistry of nucleophilic carbenes, XVIII. 1) 1,3,4,5-Tetraphenylimidazolium perchlorate]. Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1970, 731: 176–179. doi:10.1002/jlac.19707310121.

R. Gleiter; R. Hoffmann. Stabilizing a singlet methylene. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1968, 90 (20): 5457–5460. doi:10.1021/ja01022a023.

A. Igau; H. Grutzmacher; A. Baceiredo; G. Bertrand. Analogous α,α′-bis-carbenoid, triply bonded species: synthesis of a stable λ³-phosphino carbene-λ³-phosphaacetylene. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110 (19): 6463–6466. doi:10.1021/ja00227a028.

G. Bertrand; R. Reed. λ³-Phosphinocarbenes λ⁵-phosphaacetylenes. Coord. Chem. Rev. 1994, 137: 323–355. doi:10.1016/0010-8545(94)03005-B.

Arduengo, A.J.; Harlow, R.L.; Kline, M. A stable crystalline carbene. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113 (1): 361–363. doi:10.1021/ja00001a054.

Tapu, Daniela; Dixon, David A.; Roe, Christopher. 13C NMR Spectroscopy of "Arduengo-type" Carbenes and Their Derivatives. Chem. Rev. 12 August 2009, 109 (8): 3385–3407. PMID 19281270. doi:10.1021/cr800521g.

Arduengo, Anthony J.; Harlow, Richard L.; Kline, Michael. A stable crystalline carbene. J. Am. Chem. Soc. January 1991, 113 (1): 361–363. doi:10.1021/ja00001a054.

A. J. Arduengo; F. Davidson; H. V. R. Dias; J. R. Goerlich; D. Khasnis; W. J. Marshall; T. K. Prakasha. An Air Stable Carbene and Mixed Carbene "Dimers". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119 (52): 12742–12749. doi:10.1021/ja973241o.

Christophe Buron; Heinz Gornitzka; Vadim Romanenko; Guy Bertrand. Stable Versions of Transient Push-Pull Carbenes: Extending Lifetimes from Nanoseconds to Weeks. Science. 2000, 288 (5467): 834–836. Bibcode:2000Sci...288..834B. PMID 10796999. doi:10.1126/science.288.5467.834.

Solé, Stéphane; Gornitzka, Heinz; Schoeller, Wolfgang W.; Bourissou, Didier; Bertrand, Guy. (Amino)(Aryl)Carbenes: Stable Singlet Carbenes Featuring a Spectator Substituent. Science. 2001, 292 (5523): 1901–1903. Bibcode:2001Sci...292.1901S. PMID 11397943. doi:10.1126/science.292.5523.1901.

Lai Chun-Liang; Guo Wen-Hsin; Lee Ming-Tsung; Hu Ching-Han. Ligand properties of N-heterocyclic and Bertrand carbenes: A density functional study. J. Organomet. Chem. 2005, 690 (24–25): 5867–5875. doi:10.1016/j.jorganchem.2005.07.058.

A. J. Arduengo; H. V. R. Dias; R. L. Harlow; M. Kline. Electronic stabilization of nucleophilic carbenes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114 (14): 5530–5534. doi:10.1021/ja00040a007.

J. Arduengo; J. R. Goerlich; W. J. Marshall. A stable diaminocarbene. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117 (44): 11027–11028. doi:10.1021/ja00149a034.

M. K. Denk; A. Thadani; K. Hatano; A. J. Lough. Steric Stabilization of Nucleophilic Carbenes. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1997, 36 (23): 2607–2609. doi:10.1002/anie.199726071.

Alder, RW; Chaker, L; Paolini, FP. Bis(diethylamino)carbene and the mechanism of dimerisation for simple diaminocarbenes. Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England). 2004, (19): 2172–2173. PMID 15467857. doi:10.1039/b409112d.

R. W. Alder; P. R. Allen; M. Murray; A. G. Orpen. Bis(diisopropylamino)carbene. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1996, 35 (10): 1121–1123. doi:10.1002/anie.199611211.

R. W. Alder; M. E. Blake. Bis(N-piperidyl)carbene and its slow dimerisation to tetrakis(N-piperidyl)ethene. Chem. Commun. 1997, (16): 1513–1514. doi:10.1039/a703610h.

R. W. Alder; M. E. Blake; J. M. Oliva. Diaminocarbenes; Calculation of Barriers to Rotation about C_carbene–N Bonds, Barriers to Dimerization, Proton Affinities, and ¹³C NMR Shifts. J. Phys. Chem. A. 1999, 103 (50): 11200–11211. Bibcode:1999JPCA..10311200A. doi:10.1021/jp9934228.

A. J. Arduengo, J. R. Goerlich and W. J. Marshall. A Stable Thiazol-2-ylidene and Its Dimer. Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1997, 1997 (2): 365–374. doi:10.1002/jlac.199719970213.

R. W. Alder; C. P. Butts; A. G. Orpen. Stable Aminooxy- and Aminothiocarbenes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120 (44): 11526–11527. doi:10.1021/ja9819312.

Lavallo, Vincent; Canac, Yves; Donnadieu, Bruno; Schoeller, Wolfgang W.; Bertrand, Guy. Cyclopropenylidenes: From Interstellar Space to an Isolated Derivative in the Laboratory. Science (journal). 2006, 312 (5774): 722–724. Bibcode:2006Sci...312..722L. PMC 2427275 

. PMID 16614171. doi:10.1126/science.1126675.

W. A. Herrmann; C. Kocher; L. J. Goossen; G. R. J. Artus. Heterocyclic Carbenes: A High-Yielding Synthesis of Novel, Functionalized N-Heterocyclic Carbenes in Liquid Ammonia. Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2 (12): 1627–1636. doi:10.1002/chem.19960021222.

W. A. Herrmann; M. Elison; J. Fischer; C. Kocher; G. R. J. Artus. N-Heterocyclic Carbenes: Generation under Mild Conditions and Formation of Group 8–10 Transition Metal Complexes Relevant to Catalysis. Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2 (7): 772–780. doi:10.1002/chem.19960020708.

H. V. R. Dias; W. C. Jin. A stable tridentate carbene ligand. Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35 (9): 1365–1366. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(00)76219-8.

D. Enders; K. Breuer; G. Raabe; J. Runsink; J. H. Teles; J. P. Melder; K. Ebel; S. Brode. Preparation, Structure, and Reactivity of 1,3,4-Triphenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-ylidene, a New Stable Carbene. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1995, 34 (9): 1021–1023. doi:10.1002/anie.199510211.

R. W. Alder; M. E. Blake; C. Bortolotti; S. Buffali; C. P. Butts; E. Lineham; J. M. Oliva; A. G. Orpen; M. J. Quayle. Complexation of stable carbenes with alkali metals. Chem. Commun. 1999, (3): 241–242. doi:10.1039/a808951e.

Präsang, C; Donnadieu, B; Bertrand, G. Stable Planar Six-π-Electron Six-Membered N-Heterocyclic Carbenes with Tunable Electronic Properties. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127 (29): 10182–10183. PMC 2440681 

. PMID 16028925. doi:10.1021/ja052987g.

R. Breslow. Rapid Deuterium Exchange in Thiazolium Salts. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957, 79 (7): 1762–1763. doi:10.1021/ja01564a064.

H. D. Haztzler. Nucleophilic 1,3-dithiolium carbenes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1970, 92 (5): 1412–1413. doi:10.1021/ja00708a058.

H. D. Hartzler. 1,3-Dithiolium carbenes from acetylenes and carbon disulfide. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1972, 95 (13): 4379–4387. doi:10.1021/ja00794a039.

Tomioka, H; Iwamoto, E; Itakura, H; Hirai, K. Generation and characterization of a fairly stable triplet carbene. Nature. 2001, 412 (6847): 626–628. Bibcode:2001Natur.412..626T. PMID 11493917. S2CID 4373216. doi:10.1038/35088038.

Michael Freemantle. Triplet Carbene has Long Life. Chemical & Engineering News. 2001-08-13, 79 (33): 11 [2021-11-26]. doi:10.1021/cen-v079n033.p011a. （原始内容存档于2018-11-06）.

Itoh, T; Nakata, Y; Hirai, K; Tomioka, H. Triplet Diphenylcarbenes Protected by Trifluoromethyl and Bromine Groups. A Triplet Carbene Surviving a Day in Solution at Room Temperature. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128 (3): 957–967. PMID 16417387. doi:10.1021/ja056575j.

R. W. Alder; P. R. Allen; S. J. Williams. Stable carbenes as strong bases. Chem. Commun. 1995, (12): 1267. doi:10.1039/c39950001267.

Massey Richard S. Proton Transfer Reactions of Triazol-3-ylidenes: Kinetic Acidities and Carbon Acid pKaValues for Twenty Triazolium Salts in Aqueous Solution (PDF). J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134 (50): 20421–20432 [2021-11-26]. PMID 23173841. doi:10.1021/ja308420c. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-12-08）.

Higgins, Eleanor M.; Sherwood, Jennifer A.; Lindsay, Anita G.; Armstrong, James; Massey, Richard S.; Alder, Roger W.; O'Donoghue, Annmarie C. pK_as of the conjugate acids of N-heterocyclic carbenes in water. Chem. Commun. 2011, 47 (5): 1559–1561. PMID 21116519. S2CID 205757477. doi:10.1039/C0CC03367G.

T. A. Taton; P. Chen. A Stable Tetraazafulvalene. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1996, 35 (9): 1011–1013. doi:10.1002/anie.199610111.

Alder, Roger W.; Blake, Michael E.; Chaker, Leila; Harvey, Jeremy N.; Paolini, François; Schütz, Jan. When and How Do Diaminocarbenes Dimerize?. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2004, 43 (44): 5896–5911. PMID 15457494. doi:10.1002/anie.200400654.

Enders, D.; Breuer, K.; Runsink, J.; Teles, J.H. Chemical Reactions of the Stable Carbene 1,3,4-Triphenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-ylidene. Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1996, 1996 (12): 2019–2028. doi:10.1002/jlac.199619961212.

Enders, D.; Breuer, K.; Teles, J.H.; Ebel, K. 1,3,4-Triphenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-ylidene – applications of a stable carbene in synthesis and catalysis. J. Prakt. Chem. 1997, 339: 397–399. doi:10.1002/prac.19973390170.

Wolf, J; Böhlmann, W; Findeisen, M; Gelbrich, T; Hofmann, HJ; Schulze, B. Synthesis of stable isothiazole carbenes. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46 (17): 3118–3121. PMID 17372997. doi:10.1002/anie.200604305.

DeHope, A; Lavallo, V; Donnadieu, B; Schoeller, WW; Bertrand, G. Recently reported crystalline isothiazole carbenes: Myth or reality. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46 (36): 6922–6925. PMID 17661300. doi:10.1002/anie.200702272.

Wolf Janine; Böhlmann Winfried; Findeisen Matthias; Gelbrich Thomas; Hofmann Hans-Jorg; Schulze Borbel. Reply to "Recently Reported Crystalline Isothiazole Carbenes: Myth or Reality". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46 (36): 6926. doi:10.1002/anie.200702746.

Wolfgang A. Herrmann; Christian Köcher. N-Heterocyclic Carbenes. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1997, 36 (20): 2162–2187. doi:10.1002/anie.199721621.

Gernot Boche; Christof Hilf; Klaus Harms; Michael Marsch; John C. W. Lohrenz. Crystal Structure of the Dimeric (4-tert-Butylthiazolato)(glyme)lithium: Carbene Character of a Formyl Anion Equivalent. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1995, 34 (4): 487–489. doi:10.1002/anie.199504871.

D. Enders; H. Gielen; G. Raabe; J. Runsink; J. H. Teles. Synthesis and Stereochemistry of the First Chiral (Imidazolinylidene)- and (Triazolinylidene)palladium(II) Complexes. Chem. Ber. 1996, 129 (12): 1483–1488. doi:10.1002/cber.19961291213.

Wolfgang A. Herrmann; Martina Elison; Jakob Fischer; Christian Köcher; Georg R. J. Artus. Metal Complexes of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes – A New Structural Principle for Catalysts in Homogeneous Catalysis. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1995, 34 (21): 2371–2374. doi:10.1002/anie.199523711.

Wolfgang A. Herrmann; Lukas J. Goossen; Christian Köcher; Georg R. J. Artus. Chiral Heterocylic Carbenes in Asymmetric Homogeneous Catalysis. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1996, 35 (23–24): 2805–2807. doi:10.1002/anie.199628051.

M. Scholl; T. M. Trnka; J. P. Morgan; R. H. Grubbs. Increased ring closing metathesis activity of ruthenium-based olefin metathesis catalysts coordinated with imidazolin-2-ylidene ligands. Tetrahedron Lett. 1999, 40 (12): 2247–2250. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(99)00217-8.

Han Vinh Huynh; et al. 13C NMR Spectroscopic Determination of Ligand Donor Strengths Using N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes of Palladium(II). Organometallics. 2009, 28 (18): 5395–5404. doi:10.1021/om900667d 

Díez-González, Silvia; Marion, Nicolas; Nolan, Steven P. N-Heterocyclic Carbenes in Late Transition Metal Catalysis. Chem. Rev. 2009-08-12, 109 (8): 3612–3676. ISSN 0009-2665. PMID 19588961. S2CID 206902952. doi:10.1021/cr900074m.

Garrison Jered C.; Youngs Wiley J. Ag(I) N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis, Structure, and Application. Chem. Rev. 2005, 105 (11): 3978–4008. PMID 16277368. S2CID 43090499. doi:10.1021/cr050004s.

Roger W. Alder; Michael E. Blake; Simone Bufali; Craig P. Butts; A. Guy Orpen; Jan Schütz; Stuart J. Williams. Preparation of tetraalkylformamidinium salts and related species as precursors to stable carbenes. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1. 2001, (14): 1586–1593. doi:10.1039/b104110j.

N. Kuhn; T. Kratz. Synthesis of Imidazol-2-ylidenes by Reduction of Imidazole-2(3H)-thiones. Synthesis. 1993, 1993 (6): 561–562. doi:10.1055/s-1993-25902.

D. Kovacs; M. S. Lee; D. Olson; J. E. Jackson. Carbene-to-Carbene Oxygen Atom Transfer. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118 (34): 8144–8145. doi:10.1021/ja961324j.

Michael Otto; Salvador Conejero; Yves Canac; Vadim D. Romanenko; Valentyn Rudzevitch; Guy Bertrand. Mono- and Diaminocarbenes from Chloroiminium and -amidinium Salts: Synthesis of Metal-Free Bis(dimethylamino)carbene. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126 (4): 1016–1017. PMID 14746458. doi:10.1021/ja0393325.

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Hans-Werner Wanzlick; E. Schikora. Ein neuer Zugang zur Carben-Chemie [A new way into carbene chemistry]. Angew. Chem. 1960, 72 (14): 494. Bibcode:1960AngCh..72..494W. doi:10.1002/ange.19600721409.

. PMID 16614171. doi:10.1126/science.1126675.

nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; Chinese: 5^th place)

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. PMID 16614171. doi:10.1126/science.1126675.

. PMID 16028925. doi:10.1021/ja052987g.

稳定卡宾 (Chinese Wikipedia)

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稳定卡宾 (Chinese Wikipedia)

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