美國槍械暴力問題 (Chinese Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "美國槍械暴力問題" in Chinese language version.

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《社会心理学》第10章《攻击行为：伤害他人》. David G.Myers. [2012-12-20]. （原始内容存档于2016年3月4日）.

archive.org

Miller, Matthew; Azrael, Deborah; Hemenway, David. Rates of Household Firearm Ownership and Homicide Across US Regions and States, 1988–1997. American Journal of Public Health. December 2002, 92 (12): 1988–1993. PMC 1447364 . PMID 12453821. doi:10.2105/AJPH.92.12.1988.
McDowall, David; Wiersema, Brian. The Incidence of Defensive Firearm Use by US Crime Victims, 1987 through 1990. American Journal of Public Health. 1994, 84 (12): 1982–1984. PMC 1615397 . PMID 7998641. doi:10.2105/AJPH.84.12.1982.
Kates, D.B. The value of civilian handgun possession as a deterrent to crime or a defense against crime. American Journal of Criminal Law. 1991, 18: 113–167. 美國犯罪司法參考服務資料庫 132948.
Go ahead, make our day. The New Republic. February 22, 1988: 7–9.
Kopel, D.B. Hold your fire: gun control won't stop rising violence. Policy Review. 1993, 63: 58–65. 美國犯罪司法參考服務資料庫 153748.
LaPierre, Wayne. Guns, Crime, and Freedom. Regnery Publishing, Inc., Washington, DC. 1994: 23 （英语）.
Friedman, Lawrence M. Chapter 8: Lawful Law and Lawless Law: Forms of American Violence. Crime and Punishment in American History. Basic Books. 1993. ISBN 0-465-01461-5 （英语）.
Lane, Roger. Violent Death in the City: Suicide, Accident, and Murder in Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia. 俄亥俄州立大学出版社. 1999. ISBN 0-8142-5021-1 （英语）.
Cook, Philip J., Mark H. Moore. Gun Control. Wilson, James Q., Joan Petersilia (编). Crime. Institute of Contemporary Studies Press. 1995 （英语）.
Asensio J.A., J. Murray, D. Demetriades; et al. Penetrating cardiac injuries: A prospective study of variables predicting outcome. J Am Coll Surg. 1998, 186: 24–34. PMID 9449597. doi:10.1016/S1072-7515(97)00144-0 （英语）.
Zimring, Franklin E. The Medium is the Message: Firearm Caliber as a Determinant of Death from Assault. Journal of Legal Studies. 1972, 1: 97–123. doi:10.1086/467479. 美國犯罪司法參考服務資料庫 47874 （英语）.
Kleck, Gary. Targeting guns: Firearms and their control. Aldine de Gruyter. 1997 （英语）.
LaPierre, Wayne. Guns, Crime, and Freedom. Regnery Publishing, Inc., Washington, DC. 1994: 58 （英语）.
Rushefsky, Mark E. Criminal Justice: To Ensure Domestic Tranquility (Chapter 7). Public Policy in the United States: At the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century. M.E. Sharpe, Inc. 2002 （英语）.
Cook, Philip J., Anthony A. Braga. Comprehensive firearms tracing: Strategic and investigative uses of new data on firearms markets. Arizona Law Review. 2001, 43: 277–309 （英语）.
Friedman, Lawrence M. Crime and Punishment in American History. Basic Books. 1993: 267. ISBN 0-465-01461-5 （英语）.
LaPierre, Wayne. Guns, Crime, and Freedom. Regnery Publishing, Inc. 1994: 98 （英语）.

atf.gov

Youth Crime Gun Interdiction Initiative (1998). 美國煙酒槍枝爆炸物管理局. [2009-04-06]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-01）（英语）.

bbc.com

"Guns in the US: The statistics behind the violence （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）". BBC News. January 5, 2016.

bloomberg.com

Federal Appeals Court Strikes Down D.C. Handgun Ban. 彭博資訊社. 2007-03-09 （英语）.

cbsnews.com

How U.S. gun deaths compare to other countries. CBS. October 7, 2017 [2023-03-29]. （原始内容存档于2017-10-07）.
Number of households with guns on the decline, study shows. CBSNEWS.com. [2023-03-29]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-13）.

cctv.com

m.news.cctv.com

继沃尔玛推禁枪方案后美国药妆连锁公司加入禁枪行列. [2019-09-06]. （原始内容存档于2019-09-06）.

cdc.gov

"10 Leading Causes of Injury Deaths by Age Group Highlighting Violence-Related Injury Deaths, United States – 2018" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (PDF). Injury Prevention & Control, CDC.
10 Leading Causes of Injury Death by Age Group Highlighting Violence-Related Injury Deaths, United States (PDF). National Vital Statistics System. National Center for Health Statistics, CDC. 2010 [2023-03-29]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-02-17）.

census.gov

Census Bureau Projects U.S. Population of 305.5 Million on New Year's Day. U.S. Census Bureau. [January 10, 2013]. （原始内容存档于2014-07-14）.

factfinder.census.gov

American Fact Finder. 美国人口调查局. [2020-04-20]. （原始内容存档于2012-02-26）（英语）.

chapinhall.org

Butts, Jeffrey A., Howard N. Snyder. Too Soon to Tell: Deciphering Recent Trends in Youth Violence. Issue Brief. Chapin Hall Center for Children，芝加哥大學. November 2006 [2006-11-17]. （原始内容存档于2007-09-30）（英语）.

chron.com

Guns in America, Part II. San Antonio Express-News. [2006-11-15]. （原始内容存档于2006-06-15）（英语）.

cmu.edu

heinz.cmu.edu

Cohen, Jacqueline, Wilpen Gorr, Piyusha Singh. Guns and Youth Violence: An Examination of Crime Guns in One City. Final report. 美國國家司法研究所（National Institute of Justice） / Carnegie Mellon University. 2002-12 [2009-03-31]. （原始内容存档于2007-03-25）（英语）.

cnn.com

edition.cnn.com

Gun deaths in US reach highest level in nearly 40 years, CDC data reveal. CNN. [August 10, 2019]. （原始内容存档于2023-03-29）.
Boy finds forgotten gun, accidentally shoots self in head. CNN. 2009-04-21 [2009-04-22]. （原始内容存档于2018-11-18）.

cnn.com

CDC data: ● Data through 2016: Guns / Firearm-related deaths. NSC.org copy of U.S. Government (CDC) data. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. December 2017 [August 29, 2018]. （原始内容存档于August 29, 2018）. (archive of actual data). ● 2017 data: Howard, Jacqueline. Gun deaths in US reach highest level in nearly 40 years, CDC data reveal. CNN. December 13, 2018. （原始内容存档于December 13, 2018）. (2017 CDC data) ● 2018 data: New CDC Data Show 39,740 People Died by Gun Violence in 2018. efsgv.org. January 31, 2020. （原始内容存档于February 16, 2020）. (2018 CDC data) ● 2019 data: A Public Health Crisis Decades in the Making (PDF). efsgv.org. February 2021. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于February 28, 2021）. (2019 CDC data) ● 2020 data: Past Summary Ledgers / Gun Violence Archive 2020. GunViolenceArchive.org. Gun Violence Archive. 2021. （原始内容存档于June 4, 2021）. Data Sources Verified: June 08, 2021 ● 2021 data: Past Summary Ledgers / Gun Violence Archive 2021. GunViolenceArchive.org. Gun Violence Archive. 2022. （原始内容存档于March 25, 2022）. Data Sources Verified: March 24, 2022

doi.org

Azrael, Deborah, Philip J. Cook, Matthew Miller. State and Local Prevalence of Firearms Ownership Measurement, Structure, and Trends (PDF). Journal of Quantitative Criminology. 2004, 20 (1): 43–62 [2023-03-29]. doi:10.1023/B:JOQC.0000016699.11995.c7. 美國犯罪司法參考服務資料庫 205033. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-07-01）.
Kleck, Gary. Measures of Gun Ownership Levels of Macro-Level Crime and Violence Research (PDF). Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. 2004, 41 (1): 3–36. S2CID 145245290. doi:10.1177/0022427803256229. 美國犯罪司法參考服務資料庫 203876. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于September 20, 2006）. Studies that attempt to link the gun ownership of individuals to their experiences as victims (e.g., Kellermann, et al. 1993) do not effectively determine how an individual's risk of victimization is affected by gun ownership by other people, especially those not living in the gun owner's own household.
Miller, Matthew; Azrael, Deborah; Hemenway, David. Rates of Household Firearm Ownership and Homicide Across US Regions and States, 1988–1997. American Journal of Public Health. December 2002, 92 (12): 1988–1993. PMC 1447364 . PMID 12453821. doi:10.2105/AJPH.92.12.1988.
Miller, Matthew; Hemenway, David; Azrael, Deborah. State-level homicide victimization rates in the US in relation to survey measures of household firearm ownership, 2001–2003. Social Science & Medicine. February 2007, 64 (3): 656–664. PMID 17070975. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.09.024.
Cook, Philip J.; Ludwig, Jens. The social costs of gun ownership (PDF). Journal of Public Economics. January 2006, 90 (1–2): 379–391 [2023-03-29]. S2CID 16010314. doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2005.02.003. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-05-04） –通过nber.org.
Hemenway, David; Nolan, Elizabeth P. The scientific agreement on firearm issues. Injury Prevention. 2016-10-06, 23 (4): 221–225. ISSN 1353-8047. PMID 27758830. S2CID 19523541. doi:10.1136/injuryprev-2016-042146 .
McDowall, David; Wiersema, Brian. The Incidence of Defensive Firearm Use by US Crime Victims, 1987 through 1990. American Journal of Public Health. 1994, 84 (12): 1982–1984. PMC 1615397 . PMID 7998641. doi:10.2105/AJPH.84.12.1982.
Kleck, Gary; Gertz, Marc. Armed Resistance to Crime: The Prevalence and Nature of Self-Defense with a Gun. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. Autumn 1995, 86 (1): 150–187 [2023-03-29]. JSTOR 1144004. doi:10.2307/1144004. （原始内容存档于2022-05-25）.
Suter, E.A. Firearms and the killing threshold (Letter). New England Journal of Medicine. 1992, 326 (17): 1159–60; author reply 1160–1. PMID 1552925. doi:10.1056/NEJM199204233261712.
Cook, Philip J.; Ludwig, Jens; Hemenway, David. The gun debate's new mythical number: How many defensive uses per year? (PDF). Journal of Policy Analysis and Management. Summer 1997, 16 (3): 463–469 [April 23, 2016]. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6688(199722)16:3<463::AID-PAM6>3.0.CO;2-F. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于June 4, 2016）.
Wolfgang, Marvin E. A Tribute to a View I Have Opposed. J. Crim. L. & Criminology. 1995–1996, 86 (188): 188–192 [2023-03-29]. JSTOR 1144005. doi:10.2307/1144005. （原始内容存档于2022-05-31）.
Hemenway, D., D. Azrael, M. Miller. Gun use in the United States: results from two national surveys. Injury Prevention. 2000, 6: 263–267. PMID 11144624. doi:10.1136/ip.6.4.263 （英语）.
Cork, Daniel. Examining Time-Space Interaction in City-Level Homicide Data: Crack Markets and the Diffusion of Guns Among Youth. 定量犯罪学研究杂志（Journal of Quantitative Criminology）. 1999, 15: 379–406. doi:10.1023/A:1007540007803. 美國犯罪司法參考服務資料庫 180974 （英语）.
Blumstein, Alfred. Youth Violence, Guns and the Illicit-Drug Industry. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. 1995, 86(1): 10–36. doi:10.2307/1143998. 美國犯罪司法參考服務資料庫 162687 （英语）.
Krug, E.G, K.E. Powell, L.L. Dahlberg. Firearm-related deaths in the United States and 35 other high- and upper-middle income countries. International Journal of Epidemiology. 1998, 7: 214–221. doi:10.1093/ije/27.2.214 （英语）.
Kennedy, David M., Anne M. Piehl, Anthony A. Braga. Youth Violence in Boston: Gun Markets, Serious Youth Offenders, and a Use-Reduction Strategy. Law and Contemporary Problems. 1996, 59(1): 147–183. doi:10.2307/1192213. 美國犯罪司法參考服務資料庫 162687 （英语）.
Asensio J.A., J. Murray, D. Demetriades; et al. Penetrating cardiac injuries: A prospective study of variables predicting outcome. J Am Coll Surg. 1998, 186: 24–34. PMID 9449597. doi:10.1016/S1072-7515(97)00144-0 （英语）.
Kleck, Gary, K. McElrath. The Effects of Weaponry on Human Violence. Social Forces. 1991, 69: 669–692. doi:10.2307/2579469. 美國犯罪司法參考服務資料庫 134329 （英语）.
Zimring, Franklin E. The Medium is the Message: Firearm Caliber as a Determinant of Death from Assault. Journal of Legal Studies. 1972, 1: 97–123. doi:10.1086/467479. 美國犯罪司法參考服務資料庫 47874 （英语）.
Saltzman, L., J.A. Mercy; et al. Weapon Involvement and Injury Outcomes in Family and Intimate Assaults. 美國醫學協會期刊（Journal of the American Medical Association）. 1992, 267: 3043–3047. PMID 1588718. doi:10.1001/jama.267.22.3043 （英语）.
Kleck, Gary. Measures of Gun Ownership Levels of Macro-Level Crime and Violence Research. 犯罪与少年犯罪研究杂志（Journal of research in crime and delinquency）. 2004, 41: 3–36. doi:10.1177/0022427803256229. 美國犯罪司法參考服務資料庫 203876 （英语）.
Lott, John, John E. Whitley. Safe-Storage Gun Laws: Accidental Deaths, Suicides, and Crime. 法律与经济学杂志（Journal of Law and Economics）. 2001, 44(2): 659–689. doi:10.1086/338346 （英语）.
Wright, M.A., G.J. Wintemute, B E Claire. People and guns involved in denied and completed handgun sales. Injury Prevention. 2005, 11: 247–250. PMID 16081756. doi:10.1136/ip.2005.008482 （英语）.
Cook, Philip J., S.Molliconi, T.B. Cole. Regulating Gun Markets. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. 1995, 86: 59–92. doi:10.2307/1144000. 美國犯罪司法參考服務資料庫 162689 （英语）.
Ash, Peter, Arthur L. Kellermann; et al. Gun Acquisition and Use by Juvenile Offenders. 美國醫學協會期刊（Journal of the American Medical Association）. 1996,. 275(22): 1754–1758. PMID 8637174. doi:10.1001/jama.275.22.1754 （英语）.
Weil, Douglas S., Rebecca C. Knox. Effects of Limiting Handgun Purchases on Interstate Transfer of Firearms. 美國醫學協會期刊（Journal of the American Medical Association）. 1996,. 275(22): 1759–1761. PMID 8637175. doi:10.1001/jama.275.22.1759 （英语）.
Kennedy, D.M., A.A. Braga, A.M. Piehl. Youth violence in Boston: Gun markets, serious youth offenders, and a use-reduction strategy. Law and Contemporary Problems. 1996, 59: 147–196. doi:10.2307/1192213. 美國犯罪司法參考服務資料庫 169549 （英语）.
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dx.doi.org

Hemenway, David; Nolan, Elizabeth P. The scientific agreement on firearm issues. Injury Prevention. 2016-10-06, 23 (4): 221–225. ISSN 1353-8047. PMID 27758830. S2CID 19523541. doi:10.1136/injuryprev-2016-042146 .

efsgv.org

CDC data: ● Data through 2016: Guns / Firearm-related deaths. NSC.org copy of U.S. Government (CDC) data. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. December 2017 [August 29, 2018]. （原始内容存档于August 29, 2018）. (archive of actual data). ● 2017 data: Howard, Jacqueline. Gun deaths in US reach highest level in nearly 40 years, CDC data reveal. CNN. December 13, 2018. （原始内容存档于December 13, 2018）. (2017 CDC data) ● 2018 data: New CDC Data Show 39,740 People Died by Gun Violence in 2018. efsgv.org. January 31, 2020. （原始内容存档于February 16, 2020）. (2018 CDC data) ● 2019 data: A Public Health Crisis Decades in the Making (PDF). efsgv.org. February 2021. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于February 28, 2021）. (2019 CDC data) ● 2020 data: Past Summary Ledgers / Gun Violence Archive 2020. GunViolenceArchive.org. Gun Violence Archive. 2021. （原始内容存档于June 4, 2021）. Data Sources Verified: June 08, 2021 ● 2021 data: Past Summary Ledgers / Gun Violence Archive 2021. GunViolenceArchive.org. Gun Violence Archive. 2022. （原始内容存档于March 25, 2022）. Data Sources Verified: March 24, 2022

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這依據當時的參議員鲍勃·巴尔（Bob Barr）意見是不溯及既往，Amendment Section 658 of the Fiscal Year 1997 Omnibus Appropriations Act; Gun Ban for Individuals Convicted of a Misdemeanor Crime of Domestic Violence. 美國參議院司法委员会犯罪小組（House of Representatives, Subcommittee on Crime, Committee on the Judiciary）. 1997-03-05 [2009-04-09]. （原始内容存档于2006-11-30）（英语）.

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