Β-羟基-β-甲基丁酸 (Chinese Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Β-羟基-β-甲基丁酸" in Chinese language version.

refsWebsite

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23doi.org

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22web.archive.org

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22worldcat.org

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20nih.gov

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2wiley.com

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1abbottnutrition.com

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1alfachina.cn

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1chemspider.com

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1books.google.com

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1acs.org

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abbottnutrition.com

static.abbottnutrition.com

Product Information: Ensure Enlive Advanced Therapeutic Nutrition Shake (PDF). Abbott Nutrition. 9 August 2016 [22 August 2016]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-10-12）.
· Use under medical supervision.
· HMB + protein for muscle health.

Product Information: Juven (PDF). Abbott Nutrition. 7 May 2016 [22 August 2016]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-10-12）.
· Administer orally or as a modular via feeding tube ...
· Use under medical supervision.
· Nutravigor® (CaHMB, calcium β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate)

acs.org

pubs.acs.org

Coffman, D. D.; Cramer, Richard; Mochel, W. E. Syntheses by Free-radical Reactions. V. A New Synthesis of Carboxylic Acids. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1958-06, 80 (11): 2882–2887 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 0002-7863. doi:10.1021/ja01544a072. （原始内容存档于2020-11-06）（英语）.

alfachina.cn

Safety data sheet: 3-Hydroxy-3-methyl butyric acid. Alfa Aesar. 23 March 2005 [9 November 2016]. （原始内容存档于2016-09-17）.

books.google.com

McMurry, John E. Oxidation of Alkenes: Epoxidation, Hydroxylation, and Cleavage. Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry 7th edition. Cengage Learning. 2010: 124–126, 142 [2018-06-10]. ISBN 9781439049716. （原始内容存档于2019-05-10）.

chemspider.com

3-OH-isovaleric acid. ChemSpider. Royal Society of Chemistry. 2015 [10 August 2016]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-11）. Experimental Boiling Point: ... 128 °C / 7 mm ...
Experimental solubility:
Soluble in water

doi.org

Wilson JM, Fitschen PJ, Campbell B, Wilson GJ, Zanchi N, Taylor L, Wilborn C, Kalman DS, Stout JR, Hoffman JR, Ziegenfuss TN, Lopez HL, Kreider RB, Smith-Ryan AE, Antonio J. International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB). Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. February 2013, 10 (1): 6. PMC 3568064 . PMID 23374455. doi:10.1186/1550-2783-10-6. The [International Society of Sports Nutrition] has concluded the following. 1. HMB can be used to enhance recovery by attenuating exercise induced skeletal muscle damage in trained and untrained populations. ... 4. Thirty-eight mg·kg·BM⁻¹ daily of HMB has been demonstrated to enhance skeletal muscle hypertrophy, strength, and power in untrained and trained populations when the appropriate exercise prescription is utilized. ... 8. HMB’s mechanisms of action include an inhibition and increase of proteolysis and protein synthesis, respectively. 9. Chronic consumption of HMB is safe in both young and old populations.
Zanchi NE, Gerlinger-Romero F, Guimarães-Ferreira L, de Siqueira Filho MA, Felitti V, Lira FS, Seelaender M, Lancha AH. HMB supplementation: clinical and athletic performance-related effects and mechanisms of action. Amino Acids. April 2011, 40 (4): 1015–1025. PMID 20607321. doi:10.1007/s00726-010-0678-0. HMB is a metabolite of the amino acid leucine (Van Koverin and Nissen 1992), an essential amino acid. The first step in HMB metabolism is the reversible transamination of leucine to [α-KIC] that occurs mainly extrahepatically (Block and Buse 1990). Following this enzymatic reaction, [α-KIC] may follow one of two pathways. In the first, HMB is produced from [α-KIC] by the cytosolic enzyme KIC dioxygenase (Sabourin and Bieber 1983). The cytosolic dioxygenase has been characterized extensively and differs from the mitochondrial form in that the dioxygenase enzyme is a cytosolic enzyme, whereas the dehydrogenase enzyme is found exclusively in the mitochondrion (Sabourin and Bieber 1981, 1983). Importantly, this route of HMB formation is direct and completely dependent of liver KIC dioxygenase. Following this pathway, HMB in the cytosol is first converted to cytosolic β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA), which can then be directed for cholesterol synthesis (Rudney 1957) (Fig. 1). In fact, numerous biochemical studies have shown that HMB is a precursor of cholesterol (Zabin and Bloch 1951; Nissen et al. 2000).
Coffman DD, Cramer R, Mochel WE. Syntheses by Free-radical Reactions. V. A New Synthesis of Carboxylic Acids. Journal of the American Chemical Society. June 1958, 80 (11): 2882–2887. doi:10.1021/ja01544a072.
Wu, Hongmei; Xia, Yang; Jiang, Jin; Du, Huanmin; Guo, Xiaoyan; Liu, Xing; Li, Chunlei; Huang, Guowei; Niu, Kaijun. Effect of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate supplementation on muscle loss in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 2015-9, 61 (2): 168–175 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 1872-6976. PMID 26169182. doi:10.1016/j.archger.2015.06.020. （原始内容存档于2019-12-21）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
Holeček, Milan. Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate supplementation and skeletal muscle in healthy and muscle-wasting conditions. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle. 2017-8, 8 (4): 529–541 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 2190-6009. PMC 5566641 . PMID 28493406. doi:10.1002/jcsm.12208. （原始内容存档于2020-01-25）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
Rossi, Andrea P.; D'Introno, Alessia; Rubele, Sofia; Caliari, Cesare; Gattazzo, Stefano; Zoico, Elena; Mazzali, Gloria; Fantin, Francesco; Zamboni, Mauro. The Potential of β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate as a New Strategy for the Management of Sarcopenia and Sarcopenic Obesity. Drugs & Aging. 11 2017, 34 (11): 833–840 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 1179-1969. PMID 29086232. doi:10.1007/s40266-017-0496-0. （原始内容存档于2019-05-09）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
Silva, Vagner R.; Belozo, Felipe L.; Micheletti, Thayana O.; Conrado, Marcelo; Stout, Jeffrey R.; Pimentel, Gustavo D.; Gonzalez, Adam M. β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate free acid supplementation may improve recovery and muscle adaptations after resistance training: a systematic review. Nutrition Research (New York, N.Y.). 2017-9, 45: 1–9 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 1879-0739. PMID 29037326. doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2017.07.008. （原始内容存档于2020-05-06）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
Wilkinson, D J; Hossain, T; Hill, D S; Phillips, B E; Crossland, H; Williams, J; Loughna, P; Churchward-Venne, T A; Breen, L. Effects of leucine and its metabolite β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate on human skeletal muscle protein metabolism. The Journal of Physiology. 2013-06-01, 591 (Pt 11): 2911–2923 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 0022-3751. PMC 3690694 . PMID 23551944. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2013.253203. （原始内容存档于2020-12-26）.
Brioche, Thomas; Pagano, Allan F.; Py, Guillaume; Chopard, Angèle. Muscle wasting and aging: Experimental models, fatty infiltrations, and prevention. Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 08 2016, 50: 56–87 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 1872-9452. PMID 27106402. doi:10.1016/j.mam.2016.04.006. （原始内容存档于2019-05-09）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
Molfino, Alessio; Gioia, Gianfranco; Rossi Fanelli, Filippo; Muscaritoli, Maurizio. Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate supplementation in health and disease: a systematic review of randomized trials. Amino Acids. 2013-12, 45 (6): 1273–1292 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 1438-2199. PMID 24057808. doi:10.1007/s00726-013-1592-z. （原始内容存档于2019-10-28）.
Borack, Michael S; Volpi, Elena. Efficacy and Safety of Leucine Supplementation in the Elderly123. The Journal of Nutrition. 2016-12, 146 (12): 2625S–2629S [2018-05-28]. ISSN 0022-3166. PMC 5118760 . PMID 27934654. doi:10.3945/jn.116.230771. （原始内容存档于2020-11-11）.
Wilson, Jacob M.; Fitschen, Peter J.; Campbell, Bill; Wilson, Gabriel J.; Zanchi, Nelo; Taylor, Lem; Wilborn, Colin; Kalman, Douglas S.; Stout, Jeffrey R. International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB). Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2013-02-02, 10 (1): 6 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 1550-2783. PMC 3568064 . PMID 23374455. doi:10.1186/1550-2783-10-6. （原始内容存档于2019-11-28）.
Ehling, Stefan; Reddy, Todime M. Direct Analysis of Leucine and Its Metabolites β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyric Acid, α-Ketoisocaproic Acid, and α-Hydroxyisocaproic Acid in Human Breast Milk by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2015-09-02, 63 (34): 7567–7573 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 1520-5118. PMID 26271627. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02563. （原始内容存档于2019-05-09）.
Argilés, Josep M.; Campos, Nefertiti; Lopez-Pedrosa, José M.; Rueda, Ricardo; Rodriguez-Mañas, Leocadio. Skeletal Muscle Regulates Metabolism via Interorgan Crosstalk: Roles in Health and Disease. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 2016-09-01, 17 (9): 789–796 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 1538-9375. PMID 27324808. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2016.04.019. （原始内容存档于2019-10-27）.
Landi, Francesco; Calvani, Riccardo; Tosato, Matteo; Martone, Anna Maria; Ortolani, Elena; Savera, Giulia; D’Angelo, Emanuela; Sisto, Alex; Marzetti, Emanuele. Protein Intake and Muscle Health in Old Age: From Biological Plausibility to Clinical Evidence. Nutrients. 2016-05-14, 8 (5) [2018-05-28]. ISSN 2072-6643. PMC 4882708 . PMID 27187465. doi:10.3390/nu8050295. （原始内容存档于2020-11-11）.
Momaya, Amit; Fawal, Marc; Estes, Reed. Performance-enhancing substances in sports: a review of the literature. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.). 2015-4, 45 (4): 517–531 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 1179-2035. PMID 25663250. doi:10.1007/s40279-015-0308-9. （原始内容存档于2019-05-09）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
Fuller, John C.; Sharp, Rick L.; Angus, Hector F.; Khoo, Paul Y.; Rathmacher, John A. Comparison of availability and plasma clearance rates of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate delivery in the free acid and calcium salt forms. The British Journal of Nutrition. 2015-11-14, 114 (9): 1403–1409 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 1475-2662. PMID 26373270. doi:10.1017/S0007114515003050. （原始内容存档于2019-05-09）.
Szcześniak, K. A.; Ostaszewski, P.; Fuller, J. C.; Ciecierska, A.; Sadkowski, T. Dietary supplementation of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate in animals - a review. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. 2015-6, 99 (3): 405–417 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 1439-0396. PMID 25099672. doi:10.1111/jpn.12234. （原始内容存档于2019-05-11）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
Zanchi, Nelo Eidy; Gerlinger-Romero, Frederico; Guimarães-Ferreira, Lucas; de Siqueira Filho, Mário Alves; Felitti, Vitor; Lira, Fabio Santos; Seelaender, Marília; Lancha, Antonio Herbert. HMB supplementation: clinical and athletic performance-related effects and mechanisms of action. Amino Acids. 2011-4, 40 (4): 1015–1025 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 1438-2199. PMID 20607321. doi:10.1007/s00726-010-0678-0. （原始内容存档于2020-05-12）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
Michael; Saytzeff, Alexander. Synthese des Allyldimethylcarbinols. Justus Liebig's Annalen der Chemie. 1877, 185 (2-3): 151–169. ISSN 0075-4617. doi:10.1002/jlac.18771850204 （英语）.
Organische Chemie. Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft. 1893, 26 (4): 86–97. ISSN 0365-9496. doi:10.1002/cber.18930260412 （英语）.
Coffman, D. D.; Cramer, Richard; Mochel, W. E. Syntheses by Free-radical Reactions. V. A New Synthesis of Carboxylic Acids. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1958-06, 80 (11): 2882–2887 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 0002-7863. doi:10.1021/ja01544a072. （原始内容存档于2020-11-06）（英语）.
Ehling, Stefan; Reddy, Todime M. Investigation of the presence of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyric acid and α-hydroxyisocaproic acid in bovine whole milk and fermented dairy products by a validated liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2014-02-19, 62 (7): 1506–1511 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 1520-5118. PMID 24495238. doi:10.1021/jf500026s. （原始内容存档于2019-05-10）.

nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Wilson JM, Fitschen PJ, Campbell B, Wilson GJ, Zanchi N, Taylor L, Wilborn C, Kalman DS, Stout JR, Hoffman JR, Ziegenfuss TN, Lopez HL, Kreider RB, Smith-Ryan AE, Antonio J. International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB). Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. February 2013, 10 (1): 6. PMC 3568064 . PMID 23374455. doi:10.1186/1550-2783-10-6. The [International Society of Sports Nutrition] has concluded the following. 1. HMB can be used to enhance recovery by attenuating exercise induced skeletal muscle damage in trained and untrained populations. ... 4. Thirty-eight mg·kg·BM⁻¹ daily of HMB has been demonstrated to enhance skeletal muscle hypertrophy, strength, and power in untrained and trained populations when the appropriate exercise prescription is utilized. ... 8. HMB’s mechanisms of action include an inhibition and increase of proteolysis and protein synthesis, respectively. 9. Chronic consumption of HMB is safe in both young and old populations.
Zanchi NE, Gerlinger-Romero F, Guimarães-Ferreira L, de Siqueira Filho MA, Felitti V, Lira FS, Seelaender M, Lancha AH. HMB supplementation: clinical and athletic performance-related effects and mechanisms of action. Amino Acids. April 2011, 40 (4): 1015–1025. PMID 20607321. doi:10.1007/s00726-010-0678-0. HMB is a metabolite of the amino acid leucine (Van Koverin and Nissen 1992), an essential amino acid. The first step in HMB metabolism is the reversible transamination of leucine to [α-KIC] that occurs mainly extrahepatically (Block and Buse 1990). Following this enzymatic reaction, [α-KIC] may follow one of two pathways. In the first, HMB is produced from [α-KIC] by the cytosolic enzyme KIC dioxygenase (Sabourin and Bieber 1983). The cytosolic dioxygenase has been characterized extensively and differs from the mitochondrial form in that the dioxygenase enzyme is a cytosolic enzyme, whereas the dehydrogenase enzyme is found exclusively in the mitochondrion (Sabourin and Bieber 1981, 1983). Importantly, this route of HMB formation is direct and completely dependent of liver KIC dioxygenase. Following this pathway, HMB in the cytosol is first converted to cytosolic β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA), which can then be directed for cholesterol synthesis (Rudney 1957) (Fig. 1). In fact, numerous biochemical studies have shown that HMB is a precursor of cholesterol (Zabin and Bloch 1951; Nissen et al. 2000).
Wu, Hongmei; Xia, Yang; Jiang, Jin; Du, Huanmin; Guo, Xiaoyan; Liu, Xing; Li, Chunlei; Huang, Guowei; Niu, Kaijun. Effect of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate supplementation on muscle loss in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 2015-9, 61 (2): 168–175 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 1872-6976. PMID 26169182. doi:10.1016/j.archger.2015.06.020. （原始内容存档于2019-12-21）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
Holeček, Milan. Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate supplementation and skeletal muscle in healthy and muscle-wasting conditions. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle. 2017-8, 8 (4): 529–541 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 2190-6009. PMC 5566641 . PMID 28493406. doi:10.1002/jcsm.12208. （原始内容存档于2020-01-25）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
Rossi, Andrea P.; D'Introno, Alessia; Rubele, Sofia; Caliari, Cesare; Gattazzo, Stefano; Zoico, Elena; Mazzali, Gloria; Fantin, Francesco; Zamboni, Mauro. The Potential of β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate as a New Strategy for the Management of Sarcopenia and Sarcopenic Obesity. Drugs & Aging. 11 2017, 34 (11): 833–840 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 1179-1969. PMID 29086232. doi:10.1007/s40266-017-0496-0. （原始内容存档于2019-05-09）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
Silva, Vagner R.; Belozo, Felipe L.; Micheletti, Thayana O.; Conrado, Marcelo; Stout, Jeffrey R.; Pimentel, Gustavo D.; Gonzalez, Adam M. β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate free acid supplementation may improve recovery and muscle adaptations after resistance training: a systematic review. Nutrition Research (New York, N.Y.). 2017-9, 45: 1–9 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 1879-0739. PMID 29037326. doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2017.07.008. （原始内容存档于2020-05-06）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
Wilkinson, D J; Hossain, T; Hill, D S; Phillips, B E; Crossland, H; Williams, J; Loughna, P; Churchward-Venne, T A; Breen, L. Effects of leucine and its metabolite β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate on human skeletal muscle protein metabolism. The Journal of Physiology. 2013-06-01, 591 (Pt 11): 2911–2923 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 0022-3751. PMC 3690694 . PMID 23551944. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2013.253203. （原始内容存档于2020-12-26）.
Brioche, Thomas; Pagano, Allan F.; Py, Guillaume; Chopard, Angèle. Muscle wasting and aging: Experimental models, fatty infiltrations, and prevention. Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 08 2016, 50: 56–87 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 1872-9452. PMID 27106402. doi:10.1016/j.mam.2016.04.006. （原始内容存档于2019-05-09）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
Molfino, Alessio; Gioia, Gianfranco; Rossi Fanelli, Filippo; Muscaritoli, Maurizio. Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate supplementation in health and disease: a systematic review of randomized trials. Amino Acids. 2013-12, 45 (6): 1273–1292 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 1438-2199. PMID 24057808. doi:10.1007/s00726-013-1592-z. （原始内容存档于2019-10-28）.
Borack, Michael S; Volpi, Elena. Efficacy and Safety of Leucine Supplementation in the Elderly123. The Journal of Nutrition. 2016-12, 146 (12): 2625S–2629S [2018-05-28]. ISSN 0022-3166. PMC 5118760 . PMID 27934654. doi:10.3945/jn.116.230771. （原始内容存档于2020-11-11）.
Wilson, Jacob M.; Fitschen, Peter J.; Campbell, Bill; Wilson, Gabriel J.; Zanchi, Nelo; Taylor, Lem; Wilborn, Colin; Kalman, Douglas S.; Stout, Jeffrey R. International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB). Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2013-02-02, 10 (1): 6 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 1550-2783. PMC 3568064 . PMID 23374455. doi:10.1186/1550-2783-10-6. （原始内容存档于2019-11-28）.
Ehling, Stefan; Reddy, Todime M. Direct Analysis of Leucine and Its Metabolites β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyric Acid, α-Ketoisocaproic Acid, and α-Hydroxyisocaproic Acid in Human Breast Milk by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2015-09-02, 63 (34): 7567–7573 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 1520-5118. PMID 26271627. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02563. （原始内容存档于2019-05-09）.
Argilés, Josep M.; Campos, Nefertiti; Lopez-Pedrosa, José M.; Rueda, Ricardo; Rodriguez-Mañas, Leocadio. Skeletal Muscle Regulates Metabolism via Interorgan Crosstalk: Roles in Health and Disease. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 2016-09-01, 17 (9): 789–796 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 1538-9375. PMID 27324808. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2016.04.019. （原始内容存档于2019-10-27）.
Landi, Francesco; Calvani, Riccardo; Tosato, Matteo; Martone, Anna Maria; Ortolani, Elena; Savera, Giulia; D’Angelo, Emanuela; Sisto, Alex; Marzetti, Emanuele. Protein Intake and Muscle Health in Old Age: From Biological Plausibility to Clinical Evidence. Nutrients. 2016-05-14, 8 (5) [2018-05-28]. ISSN 2072-6643. PMC 4882708 . PMID 27187465. doi:10.3390/nu8050295. （原始内容存档于2020-11-11）.
Momaya, Amit; Fawal, Marc; Estes, Reed. Performance-enhancing substances in sports: a review of the literature. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.). 2015-4, 45 (4): 517–531 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 1179-2035. PMID 25663250. doi:10.1007/s40279-015-0308-9. （原始内容存档于2019-05-09）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
Fuller, John C.; Sharp, Rick L.; Angus, Hector F.; Khoo, Paul Y.; Rathmacher, John A. Comparison of availability and plasma clearance rates of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate delivery in the free acid and calcium salt forms. The British Journal of Nutrition. 2015-11-14, 114 (9): 1403–1409 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 1475-2662. PMID 26373270. doi:10.1017/S0007114515003050. （原始内容存档于2019-05-09）.
Szcześniak, K. A.; Ostaszewski, P.; Fuller, J. C.; Ciecierska, A.; Sadkowski, T. Dietary supplementation of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate in animals - a review. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. 2015-6, 99 (3): 405–417 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 1439-0396. PMID 25099672. doi:10.1111/jpn.12234. （原始内容存档于2019-05-11）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
Zanchi, Nelo Eidy; Gerlinger-Romero, Frederico; Guimarães-Ferreira, Lucas; de Siqueira Filho, Mário Alves; Felitti, Vitor; Lira, Fabio Santos; Seelaender, Marília; Lancha, Antonio Herbert. HMB supplementation: clinical and athletic performance-related effects and mechanisms of action. Amino Acids. 2011-4, 40 (4): 1015–1025 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 1438-2199. PMID 20607321. doi:10.1007/s00726-010-0678-0. （原始内容存档于2020-05-12）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
Lee, I Y; Nissen, S L; Rosazza, J P. Conversion of beta-methylbutyric acid to beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyric acid by Galactomyces reessii.. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1997-11, 63 (11): 4191–4195. ISSN 0099-2240. PMC 168736 . PMID 9361403.
Ehling, Stefan; Reddy, Todime M. Investigation of the presence of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyric acid and α-hydroxyisocaproic acid in bovine whole milk and fermented dairy products by a validated liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2014-02-19, 62 (7): 1506–1511 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 1520-5118. PMID 24495238. doi:10.1021/jf500026s. （原始内容存档于2019-05-10）.

web.archive.org

Product Information: Ensure Enlive Advanced Therapeutic Nutrition Shake (PDF). Abbott Nutrition. 9 August 2016 [22 August 2016]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-10-12）.
· Use under medical supervision.
· HMB + protein for muscle health.

Product Information: Juven (PDF). Abbott Nutrition. 7 May 2016 [22 August 2016]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-10-12）.
· Administer orally or as a modular via feeding tube ...
· Use under medical supervision.
· Nutravigor® (CaHMB, calcium β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate)
Safety data sheet: 3-Hydroxy-3-methyl butyric acid. Alfa Aesar. 23 March 2005 [9 November 2016]. （原始内容存档于2016-09-17）.
3-OH-isovaleric acid. ChemSpider. Royal Society of Chemistry. 2015 [10 August 2016]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-11）. Experimental Boiling Point: ... 128 °C / 7 mm ...
Experimental solubility:
Soluble in water
Wu, Hongmei; Xia, Yang; Jiang, Jin; Du, Huanmin; Guo, Xiaoyan; Liu, Xing; Li, Chunlei; Huang, Guowei; Niu, Kaijun. Effect of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate supplementation on muscle loss in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 2015-9, 61 (2): 168–175 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 1872-6976. PMID 26169182. doi:10.1016/j.archger.2015.06.020. （原始内容存档于2019-12-21）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
Holeček, Milan. Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate supplementation and skeletal muscle in healthy and muscle-wasting conditions. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle. 2017-8, 8 (4): 529–541 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 2190-6009. PMC 5566641 . PMID 28493406. doi:10.1002/jcsm.12208. （原始内容存档于2020-01-25）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
Rossi, Andrea P.; D'Introno, Alessia; Rubele, Sofia; Caliari, Cesare; Gattazzo, Stefano; Zoico, Elena; Mazzali, Gloria; Fantin, Francesco; Zamboni, Mauro. The Potential of β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate as a New Strategy for the Management of Sarcopenia and Sarcopenic Obesity. Drugs & Aging. 11 2017, 34 (11): 833–840 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 1179-1969. PMID 29086232. doi:10.1007/s40266-017-0496-0. （原始内容存档于2019-05-09）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
Silva, Vagner R.; Belozo, Felipe L.; Micheletti, Thayana O.; Conrado, Marcelo; Stout, Jeffrey R.; Pimentel, Gustavo D.; Gonzalez, Adam M. β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate free acid supplementation may improve recovery and muscle adaptations after resistance training: a systematic review. Nutrition Research (New York, N.Y.). 2017-9, 45: 1–9 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 1879-0739. PMID 29037326. doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2017.07.008. （原始内容存档于2020-05-06）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
Wilkinson, D J; Hossain, T; Hill, D S; Phillips, B E; Crossland, H; Williams, J; Loughna, P; Churchward-Venne, T A; Breen, L. Effects of leucine and its metabolite β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate on human skeletal muscle protein metabolism. The Journal of Physiology. 2013-06-01, 591 (Pt 11): 2911–2923 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 0022-3751. PMC 3690694 . PMID 23551944. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2013.253203. （原始内容存档于2020-12-26）.
Brioche, Thomas; Pagano, Allan F.; Py, Guillaume; Chopard, Angèle. Muscle wasting and aging: Experimental models, fatty infiltrations, and prevention. Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 08 2016, 50: 56–87 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 1872-9452. PMID 27106402. doi:10.1016/j.mam.2016.04.006. （原始内容存档于2019-05-09）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
Molfino, Alessio; Gioia, Gianfranco; Rossi Fanelli, Filippo; Muscaritoli, Maurizio. Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate supplementation in health and disease: a systematic review of randomized trials. Amino Acids. 2013-12, 45 (6): 1273–1292 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 1438-2199. PMID 24057808. doi:10.1007/s00726-013-1592-z. （原始内容存档于2019-10-28）.
Borack, Michael S; Volpi, Elena. Efficacy and Safety of Leucine Supplementation in the Elderly123. The Journal of Nutrition. 2016-12, 146 (12): 2625S–2629S [2018-05-28]. ISSN 0022-3166. PMC 5118760 . PMID 27934654. doi:10.3945/jn.116.230771. （原始内容存档于2020-11-11）.
Wilson, Jacob M.; Fitschen, Peter J.; Campbell, Bill; Wilson, Gabriel J.; Zanchi, Nelo; Taylor, Lem; Wilborn, Colin; Kalman, Douglas S.; Stout, Jeffrey R. International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB). Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2013-02-02, 10 (1): 6 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 1550-2783. PMC 3568064 . PMID 23374455. doi:10.1186/1550-2783-10-6. （原始内容存档于2019-11-28）.
Ehling, Stefan; Reddy, Todime M. Direct Analysis of Leucine and Its Metabolites β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyric Acid, α-Ketoisocaproic Acid, and α-Hydroxyisocaproic Acid in Human Breast Milk by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2015-09-02, 63 (34): 7567–7573 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 1520-5118. PMID 26271627. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02563. （原始内容存档于2019-05-09）.
Argilés, Josep M.; Campos, Nefertiti; Lopez-Pedrosa, José M.; Rueda, Ricardo; Rodriguez-Mañas, Leocadio. Skeletal Muscle Regulates Metabolism via Interorgan Crosstalk: Roles in Health and Disease. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 2016-09-01, 17 (9): 789–796 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 1538-9375. PMID 27324808. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2016.04.019. （原始内容存档于2019-10-27）.
Landi, Francesco; Calvani, Riccardo; Tosato, Matteo; Martone, Anna Maria; Ortolani, Elena; Savera, Giulia; D’Angelo, Emanuela; Sisto, Alex; Marzetti, Emanuele. Protein Intake and Muscle Health in Old Age: From Biological Plausibility to Clinical Evidence. Nutrients. 2016-05-14, 8 (5) [2018-05-28]. ISSN 2072-6643. PMC 4882708 . PMID 27187465. doi:10.3390/nu8050295. （原始内容存档于2020-11-11）.
Momaya, Amit; Fawal, Marc; Estes, Reed. Performance-enhancing substances in sports: a review of the literature. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.). 2015-4, 45 (4): 517–531 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 1179-2035. PMID 25663250. doi:10.1007/s40279-015-0308-9. （原始内容存档于2019-05-09）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
Fuller, John C.; Sharp, Rick L.; Angus, Hector F.; Khoo, Paul Y.; Rathmacher, John A. Comparison of availability and plasma clearance rates of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate delivery in the free acid and calcium salt forms. The British Journal of Nutrition. 2015-11-14, 114 (9): 1403–1409 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 1475-2662. PMID 26373270. doi:10.1017/S0007114515003050. （原始内容存档于2019-05-09）.
Szcześniak, K. A.; Ostaszewski, P.; Fuller, J. C.; Ciecierska, A.; Sadkowski, T. Dietary supplementation of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate in animals - a review. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. 2015-6, 99 (3): 405–417 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 1439-0396. PMID 25099672. doi:10.1111/jpn.12234. （原始内容存档于2019-05-11）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
Zanchi, Nelo Eidy; Gerlinger-Romero, Frederico; Guimarães-Ferreira, Lucas; de Siqueira Filho, Mário Alves; Felitti, Vitor; Lira, Fabio Santos; Seelaender, Marília; Lancha, Antonio Herbert. HMB supplementation: clinical and athletic performance-related effects and mechanisms of action. Amino Acids. 2011-4, 40 (4): 1015–1025 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 1438-2199. PMID 20607321. doi:10.1007/s00726-010-0678-0. （原始内容存档于2020-05-12）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
McMurry, John E. Oxidation of Alkenes: Epoxidation, Hydroxylation, and Cleavage. Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry 7th edition. Cengage Learning. 2010: 124–126, 142 [2018-06-10]. ISBN 9781439049716. （原始内容存档于2019-05-10）.
Coffman, D. D.; Cramer, Richard; Mochel, W. E. Syntheses by Free-radical Reactions. V. A New Synthesis of Carboxylic Acids. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1958-06, 80 (11): 2882–2887 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 0002-7863. doi:10.1021/ja01544a072. （原始内容存档于2020-11-06）（英语）.
Ehling, Stefan; Reddy, Todime M. Investigation of the presence of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyric acid and α-hydroxyisocaproic acid in bovine whole milk and fermented dairy products by a validated liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2014-02-19, 62 (7): 1506–1511 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 1520-5118. PMID 24495238. doi:10.1021/jf500026s. （原始内容存档于2019-05-10）.

wiley.com

doi.wiley.com

Michael; Saytzeff, Alexander. Synthese des Allyldimethylcarbinols. Justus Liebig's Annalen der Chemie. 1877, 185 (2-3): 151–169. ISSN 0075-4617. doi:10.1002/jlac.18771850204 （英语）.
Organische Chemie. Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft. 1893, 26 (4): 86–97. ISSN 0365-9496. doi:10.1002/cber.18930260412 （英语）.

worldcat.org

Wu, Hongmei; Xia, Yang; Jiang, Jin; Du, Huanmin; Guo, Xiaoyan; Liu, Xing; Li, Chunlei; Huang, Guowei; Niu, Kaijun. Effect of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate supplementation on muscle loss in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 2015-9, 61 (2): 168–175 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 1872-6976. PMID 26169182. doi:10.1016/j.archger.2015.06.020. （原始内容存档于2019-12-21）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
Holeček, Milan. Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate supplementation and skeletal muscle in healthy and muscle-wasting conditions. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle. 2017-8, 8 (4): 529–541 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 2190-6009. PMC 5566641 . PMID 28493406. doi:10.1002/jcsm.12208. （原始内容存档于2020-01-25）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
Rossi, Andrea P.; D'Introno, Alessia; Rubele, Sofia; Caliari, Cesare; Gattazzo, Stefano; Zoico, Elena; Mazzali, Gloria; Fantin, Francesco; Zamboni, Mauro. The Potential of β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate as a New Strategy for the Management of Sarcopenia and Sarcopenic Obesity. Drugs & Aging. 11 2017, 34 (11): 833–840 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 1179-1969. PMID 29086232. doi:10.1007/s40266-017-0496-0. （原始内容存档于2019-05-09）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
Silva, Vagner R.; Belozo, Felipe L.; Micheletti, Thayana O.; Conrado, Marcelo; Stout, Jeffrey R.; Pimentel, Gustavo D.; Gonzalez, Adam M. β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate free acid supplementation may improve recovery and muscle adaptations after resistance training: a systematic review. Nutrition Research (New York, N.Y.). 2017-9, 45: 1–9 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 1879-0739. PMID 29037326. doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2017.07.008. （原始内容存档于2020-05-06）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
Wilkinson, D J; Hossain, T; Hill, D S; Phillips, B E; Crossland, H; Williams, J; Loughna, P; Churchward-Venne, T A; Breen, L. Effects of leucine and its metabolite β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate on human skeletal muscle protein metabolism. The Journal of Physiology. 2013-06-01, 591 (Pt 11): 2911–2923 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 0022-3751. PMC 3690694 . PMID 23551944. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2013.253203. （原始内容存档于2020-12-26）.
Brioche, Thomas; Pagano, Allan F.; Py, Guillaume; Chopard, Angèle. Muscle wasting and aging: Experimental models, fatty infiltrations, and prevention. Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 08 2016, 50: 56–87 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 1872-9452. PMID 27106402. doi:10.1016/j.mam.2016.04.006. （原始内容存档于2019-05-09）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
Molfino, Alessio; Gioia, Gianfranco; Rossi Fanelli, Filippo; Muscaritoli, Maurizio. Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate supplementation in health and disease: a systematic review of randomized trials. Amino Acids. 2013-12, 45 (6): 1273–1292 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 1438-2199. PMID 24057808. doi:10.1007/s00726-013-1592-z. （原始内容存档于2019-10-28）.
Borack, Michael S; Volpi, Elena. Efficacy and Safety of Leucine Supplementation in the Elderly123. The Journal of Nutrition. 2016-12, 146 (12): 2625S–2629S [2018-05-28]. ISSN 0022-3166. PMC 5118760 . PMID 27934654. doi:10.3945/jn.116.230771. （原始内容存档于2020-11-11）.
Wilson, Jacob M.; Fitschen, Peter J.; Campbell, Bill; Wilson, Gabriel J.; Zanchi, Nelo; Taylor, Lem; Wilborn, Colin; Kalman, Douglas S.; Stout, Jeffrey R. International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB). Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2013-02-02, 10 (1): 6 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 1550-2783. PMC 3568064 . PMID 23374455. doi:10.1186/1550-2783-10-6. （原始内容存档于2019-11-28）.
Ehling, Stefan; Reddy, Todime M. Direct Analysis of Leucine and Its Metabolites β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyric Acid, α-Ketoisocaproic Acid, and α-Hydroxyisocaproic Acid in Human Breast Milk by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2015-09-02, 63 (34): 7567–7573 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 1520-5118. PMID 26271627. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02563. （原始内容存档于2019-05-09）.
Argilés, Josep M.; Campos, Nefertiti; Lopez-Pedrosa, José M.; Rueda, Ricardo; Rodriguez-Mañas, Leocadio. Skeletal Muscle Regulates Metabolism via Interorgan Crosstalk: Roles in Health and Disease. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 2016-09-01, 17 (9): 789–796 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 1538-9375. PMID 27324808. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2016.04.019. （原始内容存档于2019-10-27）.
Landi, Francesco; Calvani, Riccardo; Tosato, Matteo; Martone, Anna Maria; Ortolani, Elena; Savera, Giulia; D’Angelo, Emanuela; Sisto, Alex; Marzetti, Emanuele. Protein Intake and Muscle Health in Old Age: From Biological Plausibility to Clinical Evidence. Nutrients. 2016-05-14, 8 (5) [2018-05-28]. ISSN 2072-6643. PMC 4882708 . PMID 27187465. doi:10.3390/nu8050295. （原始内容存档于2020-11-11）.
Momaya, Amit; Fawal, Marc; Estes, Reed. Performance-enhancing substances in sports: a review of the literature. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.). 2015-4, 45 (4): 517–531 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 1179-2035. PMID 25663250. doi:10.1007/s40279-015-0308-9. （原始内容存档于2019-05-09）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
Fuller, John C.; Sharp, Rick L.; Angus, Hector F.; Khoo, Paul Y.; Rathmacher, John A. Comparison of availability and plasma clearance rates of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate delivery in the free acid and calcium salt forms. The British Journal of Nutrition. 2015-11-14, 114 (9): 1403–1409 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 1475-2662. PMID 26373270. doi:10.1017/S0007114515003050. （原始内容存档于2019-05-09）.
Szcześniak, K. A.; Ostaszewski, P.; Fuller, J. C.; Ciecierska, A.; Sadkowski, T. Dietary supplementation of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate in animals - a review. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. 2015-6, 99 (3): 405–417 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 1439-0396. PMID 25099672. doi:10.1111/jpn.12234. （原始内容存档于2019-05-11）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
Zanchi, Nelo Eidy; Gerlinger-Romero, Frederico; Guimarães-Ferreira, Lucas; de Siqueira Filho, Mário Alves; Felitti, Vitor; Lira, Fabio Santos; Seelaender, Marília; Lancha, Antonio Herbert. HMB supplementation: clinical and athletic performance-related effects and mechanisms of action. Amino Acids. 2011-4, 40 (4): 1015–1025 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 1438-2199. PMID 20607321. doi:10.1007/s00726-010-0678-0. （原始内容存档于2020-05-12）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
Martin., Kohlmeier,. Leucine. Nutrient Metabolism: Structures, Functions, and Genes 2nd ed. Academic Press. May 2015: 385–388. ISBN 9780123877840. OCLC 870332604.
Michael; Saytzeff, Alexander. Synthese des Allyldimethylcarbinols. Justus Liebig's Annalen der Chemie. 1877, 185 (2-3): 151–169. ISSN 0075-4617. doi:10.1002/jlac.18771850204 （英语）.
Organische Chemie. Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft. 1893, 26 (4): 86–97. ISSN 0365-9496. doi:10.1002/cber.18930260412 （英语）.
Coffman, D. D.; Cramer, Richard; Mochel, W. E. Syntheses by Free-radical Reactions. V. A New Synthesis of Carboxylic Acids. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1958-06, 80 (11): 2882–2887 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 0002-7863. doi:10.1021/ja01544a072. （原始内容存档于2020-11-06）（英语）.
Lee, I Y; Nissen, S L; Rosazza, J P. Conversion of beta-methylbutyric acid to beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyric acid by Galactomyces reessii.. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1997-11, 63 (11): 4191–4195. ISSN 0099-2240. PMC 168736 . PMID 9361403.
Ehling, Stefan; Reddy, Todime M. Investigation of the presence of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyric acid and α-hydroxyisocaproic acid in bovine whole milk and fermented dairy products by a validated liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2014-02-19, 62 (7): 1506–1511 [2018-05-28]. ISSN 1520-5118. PMID 24495238. doi:10.1021/jf500026s. （原始内容存档于2019-05-10）.