並系群 (Chinese Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "並系群" in Chinese language version.

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archive.org

Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard S.; Barnes, Robert D. 7 CNIDARIA. Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (7th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson-Brooks/Cole（英语：Cengage）. 2004: 132–148. ISBN 0-03-025982-7. LCCN 2003107287. OCLC 752875516. OL 7271214M.
Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard S.; Barnes, Robert D. 23 GNATHIFERA. Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (7th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson-Brooks/Cole（英语：Cengage）. 2004: 788–806. ISBN 0-03-025982-7. LCCN 2003107287. OCLC 752875516. OL 7271214M.

blackwellpublishing.com

Ridley, Mark. Evolution - A-Z - Paraphyletic group. Evolution. Blackwell Publishing（英语：Blackwell Publishing）. （原始内容存档于2004-09-20）.

books.google.com

Groves, C.P.; Grubb, P. Ungulate Taxonomy (PDF). Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2011: 27–28. ISBN 978-1-4214-0093-8. LCCN 2011008168. OCLC 708357723. OL 25220152M. NLC 003158499. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-12-26）.
Agassiz, Louis. Essay on Classification. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications（英语：Dover Publications）. 2013: 115. ISBN 978-0-486-15135-9. OCLC 868969147. （原始内容存档于2021-09-09）.

bris.ac.uk

palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk

Benton, M.J. Appendix: Classification of the vertebrates. Vertebrate Palaeontology (3rd ed.). Oxford, England: Blackwell Publishing（英语：Blackwell Publishing）. 2005: 389–403 [2021-12-30]. ISBN 0-632-05637-1. LCCN 2003028152. OL 3681987M. NLC 001102922. （原始内容存档于2008-10-19）.

cell.com

Johnson, Brian R.; Borowiec, Marek L.; Chiu, Joanna C.; Lee, Ernest K.; Atallah, Joel; Ward, Philip S. Phylogenomics Resolves Evolutionary Relationships among Ants, Bees, and Wasps (PDF). Current Biology. 2013, 23 (20): 2058–2062. PMID 24094856. S2CID 230835 . doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.08.050 .

doi.org

黃啟東. 以形態、分子與珠芽發育特徵研究臺灣目賊芋的側系群分類 [Paraphyly Study of Remusatia vivipara (Roxb.) Schott (Araceae) by Morphology, Molecular and Bulbil Development Traits] (博士论文). 臺北: 國立臺灣大學生態學與演化生物學研究所. 2015. doi:10.6342/NTU.2015.00008. （原始内容存档于2022-01-09）.
Modesto, S.P.; Anderson, J.S. The Phylogenetic Definition of Reptilia. Systematic Biology（英语：Systematic Biology）. 2004, 53 (5): 815–821. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.507.6893 . PMID 15545258. S2CID 4112111 . doi:10.1080/10635150490503026 .
O'Leary, Maureen A. The Phylogenetic Position of Cetaceans: Further Combined Data Analyses, Comparisons with the Stratigraphic Record and a Discussion of Character Optimization. American Zoologist（英语：Integrative and Comparative Biology）. 2001, 41 (3): 487–506. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.555.8631 . S2CID 198156070 . doi:10.1093/icb/41.3.487 .
Schlegel, Martin; Hülsmann, Norbert. Protists – A textbook example for a paraphyletic taxon. Organisms Diversity & Evolution. 2007, 7 (2): 166–172. ISSN 1439-6092. S2CID 84631175 . doi:10.1016/j.ode.2006.11.001 .
Becker, B.; Marin, B. Streptophyte algae and the origin of embryophytes. Annals of Botany（英语：Annals of Botany）. 2009, 103 (7): 999–1004. JSTOR 43576186. PMC 2707909 . PMID 19273476. S2CID 7018235 . doi:10.1093/aob/mcp044 .
Cox, Cymon J.; Li, Blaise; Foster, Peter G.; Embley, T. Martin; Civáň, Peter. Conflicting Phylogenies for Early Land Plants are Caused by Composition Biases among Synonymous Substitutions. Systematic Biology（英语：Systematic Biology）. 2014, 63 (2): 272–279. PMC 3926305 . PMID 24399481. S2CID 9140429 . doi:10.1093/sysbio/syt109 .
Christenhusz, M.J.M.; Reveal, J.L.; Farjon, A.; Gardner, M.F.; Mill, R.R.; Chase, M.W. A new classification and linear sequence of extant gymnosperms (PDF). Phytotaxa. 2011, 19: 55–70. S2CID 86797396 . doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.3 . （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-03-10）.
Borchiellini, C.; Manuel, M.; Alivon, E.; Boury-Esnault, N.; Vacelet, J.; Le Parco, Y. Sponge paraphyly and the origin of Metazoa. Journal of Evolutionary Biology（英语：Journal of Evolutionary Biology）. 2001, 14 (1): 171–179. PMID 29280585. S2CID 25119754 . doi:10.1046/j.1420-9101.2001.00244.x .
Philippe, H.; Derelle, R.; Lopez, P.; Pick, K.; Borchiellini, C.; Boury-Esnault, N.; Vacelet, J.; Renard, E.; Houliston, E.; Quéinnec, E.; Da Silva, C.; Wincker, P.; Le Guyader, H.; Leys, S.; Jackson, D.J.; Schreiber, F.; Erpenbeck, D.; Morgenstern, B.; Wörheide, G.; Manuel, M. Phylogenomics Revives Traditional Views on Deep Animal Relationships. Current Biology. 2009, 19 (8): 706–712. PMID 19345102. S2CID 15282843 . doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.02.052 .
Martindale, Mark; Finnerty, J.R.; Henry, J.Q. The Radiata and the evolutionary origins of the bilaterian body plan. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution（英语：Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution）. 2002, 24 (3): 358–365. PMID 12220977. S2CID 6570344. doi:10.1016/s1055-7903(02)00208-7.
Stampar, S.N.; Maronna, M.M.; Kitahara, M.V.; Reimer, J.D.; Morandini, A.C. Fast-Evolving Mitochondrial DNA in Ceriantharia: A Reflection of Hexacorallia Paraphyly?. PLOS ONE. 2014, 9 (1): e86612. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...986612S. PMC 3903554 . PMID 24475157. S2CID 11763910 . doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0086612 .
Marques, Antonio C.; Collins, Allen G. Cladistic analysis of Medusozoa and cnidarian evolution. Invertebrate Biology. 2004, 123 (1): 23–42. S2CID 28342963 . doi:10.1111/j.1744-7410.2004.tb00139.x .
Zou, H.; Zhang, J.; Li, W.; Wu, S.; Wang, G. Mitochondrial Genome of the Freshwater Jellyfish Craspedacusta sowerbyi and Phylogenetics of Medusozoa. PLOS ONE. 2012, 7 (12): e51465. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...751465Z. PMC 3519871 . PMID 23240028. S2CID 17907871 . doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051465 .
Zapata, F.; Goetz, F.E.; Smith, S.A.; Howison, M.; Siebert, S.; Church, S.H.; Sanders, S.M.; Ames, C.L.; McFadden, C.S.; France, S.C.; Daly, M.; Collins, A.G.; Haddock, S.H.D.; Dunn, C.W.; Cartwright, P. Phylogenomic Analyses Support Traditional Relationships within Cnidaria. PLOS ONE. 2015, 10 (10): e0139068. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1039068Z. PMC 4605497 . PMID 26465609. S2CID 16364776 . bioRxiv 10.1101/017632 . doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0139068 .
Fedonkin, M.A.; Simonetta, A.; Ivantsov, A.Y. New data on Kimberella, the Vendian mollusc-like organism (White sea region, Russia): palaeoecological and evolutionary implications. Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Komarower, Patricia (编). The Rise and Fall of the Ediacaran Biota. Special publications 286. London: Geological Society. 2007: 157–179. ISBN 978-1-86239233-5. LCCN 2008273095. OCLC 156823511. OL 23157129M.
Butterfield, N.J. Hooking some stem-group "worms": fossil lophotrochozoans in the Burgess Shale. BioEssays（英语：BioEssays）. 2006, 28 (12): 1161–1166. PMID 17120226. S2CID 29130876. doi:10.1002/bies.20507.
Dunn, C.W.; Hejnol, A.; Matus, D.Q.; Pang, K.; Browne, W.E.; Smith, S.A.; Seaver, E.; Rouse, G.W.; Obst, M.; Edgecombe, G.D.; Sørensen, M.V.; Haddock, S.H.D.; Schmidt-Rhaesa, A.; Okusu, A.; Kristensen, R.M.; Wheeler, W.C.; Martindale, M.Q. & Giribet, G. Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life. Nature. 2008, 452 (7188): 745–749. Bibcode:2008Natur.452..745D. PMID 18322464. S2CID 4397099 . doi:10.1038/nature06614.
Webster, Bonnie L.; Copley, Richard R.; Jenner, Ronald A.; Mackenzie-Dodds, Jacqueline A.; Bourlat, Sarah J.; Rota-Stabelli, Omar; Littlewood, D.T.J.; Telford, Maximilian J. Mitogenomics and phylogenomics reveal priapulid worms as extant models of the ancestral Ecdysozoan. Evolution & Development（英语：Evolution & Development）. 2006, 8 (6): 502–510. PMID 17073934. S2CID 22823313. doi:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.00123.x.
Andrew, David R. A new view of insect–crustacean relationships II. Inferences from expressed sequence tags and comparisons with neural cladistics. Arthropod Structure & Development. 2011, 40 (3): 289–302. PMID 21315832. S2CID 29360314. doi:10.1016/j.asd.2011.02.001.
Bjoern, M.; von Reumont, Ronald A.; Jenner, Matthew A.; Wills, Emiliano; Dell'Ampio, Günther; Pass, Ingo; Ebersberger, Benjamin; Meyer, Stefan; Koenemann, Thomas M. Iliffe. Pancrustacean phylogeny in the light of new phylogenomic data: support for Remipedia as the possible sister group of Hexapoda. Molecular Biology and Evolution（英语：Molecular Biology and Evolution）. 2012, 29 (3): 1031–1045. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.460.4464 . PMID 22049065. S2CID 1047649 . doi:10.1093/molbev/msr270 . （原始内容存档于2022-01-09）.
Sharkey, M.J. Phylogeny and classification of Hymenoptera (PDF). Zootaxa. 2007, 1668 (1): 521–548. S2CID 86772806 . doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1668.1.25. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-03-08）. Symphyta and Apocrita have long been considered as suborders of Hymenoptera but since recognition of the paraphyletic nature of the Symphyta (Köningsmann 1977, Rasnitsyn 1988) and the advent of cladistic methods the subordinal classification should be avoided. Likewise the woodwasps are thought to be non-monophyletic, forming a grade that is ancestral relative to Apocrita and Orussidae. The traditional hymenopteran classification is faulty, by cladistic criteria,in the same way as pre-cladistic vertebrate classifications in which groups sharing plesiomorphic characterswere recognized as natural, e.g., fishes were once grouped together as 'Pisces', which excluded tetrapods. [广腰亚目和细腰亚目长期以来一直被认为是膜翅目的两个亚目，但由於认识到广腰亚目的並系性（Köningsmann 1977，Rasnitsyn 1988），加上支序學分類法的出现，这样的亚目分类应當避免。同样的，树蜂（英语：Horntail）被认为是非單系的，形成了一个相对於细腰亚目和尾蜂科（英语：Orussidae）的祖先级别。传统的膜翅目分类是错误的，根据支序学的标准，这种情况与支序学出现之前的脊椎动物分类相同，那时认为具有共同祖徵的类群是自然的，例如鱼类曾被统一归为“鱼纲”，将四足动物排除在外。]
Johnson, Brian R.; Borowiec, Marek L.; Chiu, Joanna C.; Lee, Ernest K.; Atallah, Joel; Ward, Philip S. Phylogenomics Resolves Evolutionary Relationships among Ants, Bees, and Wasps (PDF). Current Biology. 2013, 23 (20): 2058–2062. PMID 24094856. S2CID 230835 . doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.08.050 .
Lindgren, A.R.; Giribet, G.; Nishiguchi, M.K. A combined approach to the phylogeny of Cephalopoda (Mollusca). Cladistics（英语：Cladistics (journal)）. 2004, 20 (5): 454–486. PMID 34892953. S2CID 85975284 . doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2004.00032.x .
Reeder, Tod W.; Townsend, Ted M.; Mulcahy, Daniel G.; Noonan, Brice P.; Wood, Perry L.; Sites, Jack W.; Wiens, John J. Integrated Analyses Resolve Conflicts over Squamate Reptile Phylogeny and Reveal Unexpected Placements for Fossil Taxa. PLOS ONE. 2015, 10 (3): e0118199. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1018199R. PMC 4372529 . PMID 25803280. S2CID 5046152 . doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118199 . hdl:10088/25654.
Kielan-Jaworowska, Z. & Hurum, J. Phylogeny and Systematics of Multituberculate Animals. Palaeontology（英语：Palaeontology）. 2001, 44 (3): 389–429. doi:10.1111/1475-4983.00185 .
Thewissen, J.G.M.; Williams, E.M. The Early Radiations of Cetacea (Mammalia): Evolutionary Pattern and Developmental Correlations. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics（英语：Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics）. 2002, 33: 73–90. JSTOR 3069257. S2CID 85720339. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.33.020602.095426.
Groves, C.P. Systematics of tarsiers and lorises. Primates（英语：Primates (journal)）. 1998, 39 (1): 13–27. S2CID 10869981. doi:10.1007/BF02557740.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Reeder, Tod W.; Townsend, Ted M.; Mulcahy, Daniel G.; Noonan, Brice P.; Wood, Perry L.; Sites, Jack W.; Wiens, John J. Integrated Analyses Resolve Conflicts over Squamate Reptile Phylogeny and Reveal Unexpected Placements for Fossil Taxa. PLOS ONE. 2015, 10 (3): e0118199. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1018199R. PMC 4372529 . PMID 25803280. S2CID 5046152 . doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118199 . hdl:10088/25654.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Stampar, S.N.; Maronna, M.M.; Kitahara, M.V.; Reimer, J.D.; Morandini, A.C. Fast-Evolving Mitochondrial DNA in Ceriantharia: A Reflection of Hexacorallia Paraphyly?. PLOS ONE. 2014, 9 (1): e86612. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...986612S. PMC 3903554 . PMID 24475157. S2CID 11763910 . doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0086612 .
Zou, H.; Zhang, J.; Li, W.; Wu, S.; Wang, G. Mitochondrial Genome of the Freshwater Jellyfish Craspedacusta sowerbyi and Phylogenetics of Medusozoa. PLOS ONE. 2012, 7 (12): e51465. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...751465Z. PMC 3519871 . PMID 23240028. S2CID 17907871 . doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051465 .
Zapata, F.; Goetz, F.E.; Smith, S.A.; Howison, M.; Siebert, S.; Church, S.H.; Sanders, S.M.; Ames, C.L.; McFadden, C.S.; France, S.C.; Daly, M.; Collins, A.G.; Haddock, S.H.D.; Dunn, C.W.; Cartwright, P. Phylogenomic Analyses Support Traditional Relationships within Cnidaria. PLOS ONE. 2015, 10 (10): e0139068. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1039068Z. PMC 4605497 . PMID 26465609. S2CID 16364776 . bioRxiv 10.1101/017632 . doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0139068 .
Dunn, C.W.; Hejnol, A.; Matus, D.Q.; Pang, K.; Browne, W.E.; Smith, S.A.; Seaver, E.; Rouse, G.W.; Obst, M.; Edgecombe, G.D.; Sørensen, M.V.; Haddock, S.H.D.; Schmidt-Rhaesa, A.; Okusu, A.; Kristensen, R.M.; Wheeler, W.C.; Martindale, M.Q. & Giribet, G. Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life. Nature. 2008, 452 (7188): 745–749. Bibcode:2008Natur.452..745D. PMID 18322464. S2CID 4397099 . doi:10.1038/nature06614.
Reeder, Tod W.; Townsend, Ted M.; Mulcahy, Daniel G.; Noonan, Brice P.; Wood, Perry L.; Sites, Jack W.; Wiens, John J. Integrated Analyses Resolve Conflicts over Squamate Reptile Phylogeny and Reveal Unexpected Placements for Fossil Taxa. PLOS ONE. 2015, 10 (3): e0118199. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1018199R. PMC 4372529 . PMID 25803280. S2CID 5046152 . doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118199 . hdl:10088/25654.

jstor.org

Becker, B.; Marin, B. Streptophyte algae and the origin of embryophytes. Annals of Botany（英语：Annals of Botany）. 2009, 103 (7): 999–1004. JSTOR 43576186. PMC 2707909 . PMID 19273476. S2CID 7018235 . doi:10.1093/aob/mcp044 .
Thewissen, J.G.M.; Williams, E.M. The Early Radiations of Cetacea (Mammalia): Evolutionary Pattern and Developmental Correlations. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics（英语：Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics）. 2002, 33: 73–90. JSTOR 3069257. S2CID 85720339. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.33.020602.095426.

loc.gov

lccn.loc.gov

第二届遗传学名词审定委员会 (编). 遗传学名词 (2版). 北京: 科学出版社. 2006. ISBN 978-7-03-016800-9. LCCN 2009393587. OCLC 71742122. OL 23974572M. NLC 003136637. （并系群，复系）（简体中文）
古生物学名词审定委员会 (编). 古生物学名词 (2版). 北京: 科学出版社. 2009. ISBN 978-7-03-025433-7. LCCN 2010372103. OCLC 886143158. NLC 004299369. （并系[性]，多系[性]）（简体中文）
Benton, M.J. Appendix: Classification of the vertebrates. Vertebrate Palaeontology (3rd ed.). Oxford, England: Blackwell Publishing（英语：Blackwell Publishing）. 2005: 389–403 [2021-12-30]. ISBN 0-632-05637-1. LCCN 2003028152. OL 3681987M. NLC 001102922. （原始内容存档于2008-10-19）.
Groves, C.P.; Grubb, P. Ungulate Taxonomy (PDF). Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2011: 27–28. ISBN 978-1-4214-0093-8. LCCN 2011008168. OCLC 708357723. OL 25220152M. NLC 003158499. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-12-26）.
Linda, Berg. Introductory Botany: Plants, People, and the Environment (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson-Brooks/Cole（英语：Cengage）. 2008: 360. ISBN 978-0495384786. LCCN 2006939406. OCLC 153914481. OL 7651605M.
Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard S.; Barnes, Robert D. 7 CNIDARIA. Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (7th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson-Brooks/Cole（英语：Cengage）. 2004: 132–148. ISBN 0-03-025982-7. LCCN 2003107287. OCLC 752875516. OL 7271214M.
Fedonkin, M.A.; Simonetta, A.; Ivantsov, A.Y. New data on Kimberella, the Vendian mollusc-like organism (White sea region, Russia): palaeoecological and evolutionary implications. Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Komarower, Patricia (编). The Rise and Fall of the Ediacaran Biota. Special publications 286. London: Geological Society. 2007: 157–179. ISBN 978-1-86239233-5. LCCN 2008273095. OCLC 156823511. OL 23157129M.
Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard S.; Barnes, Robert D. 23 GNATHIFERA. Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (7th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson-Brooks/Cole（英语：Cengage）. 2004: 788–806. ISBN 0-03-025982-7. LCCN 2003107287. OCLC 752875516. OL 7271214M.

mapress.com

Christenhusz, M.J.M.; Reveal, J.L.; Farjon, A.; Gardner, M.F.; Mill, R.R.; Chase, M.W. A new classification and linear sequence of extant gymnosperms (PDF). Phytotaxa. 2011, 19: 55–70. S2CID 86797396 . doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.3 . （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-03-10）.
Sharkey, M.J. Phylogeny and classification of Hymenoptera (PDF). Zootaxa. 2007, 1668 (1): 521–548. S2CID 86772806 . doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1668.1.25. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-03-08）. Symphyta and Apocrita have long been considered as suborders of Hymenoptera but since recognition of the paraphyletic nature of the Symphyta (Köningsmann 1977, Rasnitsyn 1988) and the advent of cladistic methods the subordinal classification should be avoided. Likewise the woodwasps are thought to be non-monophyletic, forming a grade that is ancestral relative to Apocrita and Orussidae. The traditional hymenopteran classification is faulty, by cladistic criteria,in the same way as pre-cladistic vertebrate classifications in which groups sharing plesiomorphic characterswere recognized as natural, e.g., fishes were once grouped together as 'Pisces', which excluded tetrapods. [广腰亚目和细腰亚目长期以来一直被认为是膜翅目的两个亚目，但由於认识到广腰亚目的並系性（Köningsmann 1977，Rasnitsyn 1988），加上支序學分類法的出现，这样的亚目分类应當避免。同样的，树蜂（英语：Horntail）被认为是非單系的，形成了一个相对於细腰亚目和尾蜂科（英语：Orussidae）的祖先级别。传统的膜翅目分类是错误的，根据支序学的标准，这种情况与支序学出现之前的脊椎动物分类相同，那时认为具有共同祖徵的类群是自然的，例如鱼类曾被统一归为“鱼纲”，将四足动物排除在外。]

marinemammalscience.org

List of marine mammal species and subspecies. MarineMammalScience.org. Society for Marine Mammalogy（英语：Society for Marine Mammalogy）. 2022-05 [2022-08-09]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-24）.

msu.ru

zmmu.msu.ru

Groves, C.P.; Grubb, P. Ungulate Taxonomy (PDF). Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2011: 27–28. ISBN 978-1-4214-0093-8. LCCN 2011008168. OCLC 708357723. OL 25220152M. NLC 003158499. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-12-26）.

naer.edu.tw

terms.naer.edu.tw

Paraphyletic－並源[的]；並系[的]. 雙語詞彙、學術名詞暨辭書資訊網. 新北: 國家教育研究院. （原始内容存档于2021-12-30）. （繁體中文）

nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Modesto, S.P.; Anderson, J.S. The Phylogenetic Definition of Reptilia. Systematic Biology（英语：Systematic Biology）. 2004, 53 (5): 815–821. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.507.6893 . PMID 15545258. S2CID 4112111 . doi:10.1080/10635150490503026 .
Becker, B.; Marin, B. Streptophyte algae and the origin of embryophytes. Annals of Botany（英语：Annals of Botany）. 2009, 103 (7): 999–1004. JSTOR 43576186. PMC 2707909 . PMID 19273476. S2CID 7018235 . doi:10.1093/aob/mcp044 .
Cox, Cymon J.; Li, Blaise; Foster, Peter G.; Embley, T. Martin; Civáň, Peter. Conflicting Phylogenies for Early Land Plants are Caused by Composition Biases among Synonymous Substitutions. Systematic Biology（英语：Systematic Biology）. 2014, 63 (2): 272–279. PMC 3926305 . PMID 24399481. S2CID 9140429 . doi:10.1093/sysbio/syt109 .
Borchiellini, C.; Manuel, M.; Alivon, E.; Boury-Esnault, N.; Vacelet, J.; Le Parco, Y. Sponge paraphyly and the origin of Metazoa. Journal of Evolutionary Biology（英语：Journal of Evolutionary Biology）. 2001, 14 (1): 171–179. PMID 29280585. S2CID 25119754 . doi:10.1046/j.1420-9101.2001.00244.x .
Philippe, H.; Derelle, R.; Lopez, P.; Pick, K.; Borchiellini, C.; Boury-Esnault, N.; Vacelet, J.; Renard, E.; Houliston, E.; Quéinnec, E.; Da Silva, C.; Wincker, P.; Le Guyader, H.; Leys, S.; Jackson, D.J.; Schreiber, F.; Erpenbeck, D.; Morgenstern, B.; Wörheide, G.; Manuel, M. Phylogenomics Revives Traditional Views on Deep Animal Relationships. Current Biology. 2009, 19 (8): 706–712. PMID 19345102. S2CID 15282843 . doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.02.052 .
Martindale, Mark; Finnerty, J.R.; Henry, J.Q. The Radiata and the evolutionary origins of the bilaterian body plan. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution（英语：Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution）. 2002, 24 (3): 358–365. PMID 12220977. S2CID 6570344. doi:10.1016/s1055-7903(02)00208-7.
Stampar, S.N.; Maronna, M.M.; Kitahara, M.V.; Reimer, J.D.; Morandini, A.C. Fast-Evolving Mitochondrial DNA in Ceriantharia: A Reflection of Hexacorallia Paraphyly?. PLOS ONE. 2014, 9 (1): e86612. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...986612S. PMC 3903554 . PMID 24475157. S2CID 11763910 . doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0086612 .
Zou, H.; Zhang, J.; Li, W.; Wu, S.; Wang, G. Mitochondrial Genome of the Freshwater Jellyfish Craspedacusta sowerbyi and Phylogenetics of Medusozoa. PLOS ONE. 2012, 7 (12): e51465. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...751465Z. PMC 3519871 . PMID 23240028. S2CID 17907871 . doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051465 .
Zapata, F.; Goetz, F.E.; Smith, S.A.; Howison, M.; Siebert, S.; Church, S.H.; Sanders, S.M.; Ames, C.L.; McFadden, C.S.; France, S.C.; Daly, M.; Collins, A.G.; Haddock, S.H.D.; Dunn, C.W.; Cartwright, P. Phylogenomic Analyses Support Traditional Relationships within Cnidaria. PLOS ONE. 2015, 10 (10): e0139068. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1039068Z. PMC 4605497 . PMID 26465609. S2CID 16364776 . bioRxiv 10.1101/017632 . doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0139068 .
Butterfield, N.J. Hooking some stem-group "worms": fossil lophotrochozoans in the Burgess Shale. BioEssays（英语：BioEssays）. 2006, 28 (12): 1161–1166. PMID 17120226. S2CID 29130876. doi:10.1002/bies.20507.
Dunn, C.W.; Hejnol, A.; Matus, D.Q.; Pang, K.; Browne, W.E.; Smith, S.A.; Seaver, E.; Rouse, G.W.; Obst, M.; Edgecombe, G.D.; Sørensen, M.V.; Haddock, S.H.D.; Schmidt-Rhaesa, A.; Okusu, A.; Kristensen, R.M.; Wheeler, W.C.; Martindale, M.Q. & Giribet, G. Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life. Nature. 2008, 452 (7188): 745–749. Bibcode:2008Natur.452..745D. PMID 18322464. S2CID 4397099 . doi:10.1038/nature06614.
Webster, Bonnie L.; Copley, Richard R.; Jenner, Ronald A.; Mackenzie-Dodds, Jacqueline A.; Bourlat, Sarah J.; Rota-Stabelli, Omar; Littlewood, D.T.J.; Telford, Maximilian J. Mitogenomics and phylogenomics reveal priapulid worms as extant models of the ancestral Ecdysozoan. Evolution & Development（英语：Evolution & Development）. 2006, 8 (6): 502–510. PMID 17073934. S2CID 22823313. doi:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.00123.x.
Andrew, David R. A new view of insect–crustacean relationships II. Inferences from expressed sequence tags and comparisons with neural cladistics. Arthropod Structure & Development. 2011, 40 (3): 289–302. PMID 21315832. S2CID 29360314. doi:10.1016/j.asd.2011.02.001.
Bjoern, M.; von Reumont, Ronald A.; Jenner, Matthew A.; Wills, Emiliano; Dell'Ampio, Günther; Pass, Ingo; Ebersberger, Benjamin; Meyer, Stefan; Koenemann, Thomas M. Iliffe. Pancrustacean phylogeny in the light of new phylogenomic data: support for Remipedia as the possible sister group of Hexapoda. Molecular Biology and Evolution（英语：Molecular Biology and Evolution）. 2012, 29 (3): 1031–1045. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.460.4464 . PMID 22049065. S2CID 1047649 . doi:10.1093/molbev/msr270 . （原始内容存档于2022-01-09）.
Johnson, Brian R.; Borowiec, Marek L.; Chiu, Joanna C.; Lee, Ernest K.; Atallah, Joel; Ward, Philip S. Phylogenomics Resolves Evolutionary Relationships among Ants, Bees, and Wasps (PDF). Current Biology. 2013, 23 (20): 2058–2062. PMID 24094856. S2CID 230835 . doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.08.050 .
Lindgren, A.R.; Giribet, G.; Nishiguchi, M.K. A combined approach to the phylogeny of Cephalopoda (Mollusca). Cladistics（英语：Cladistics (journal)）. 2004, 20 (5): 454–486. PMID 34892953. S2CID 85975284 . doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2004.00032.x .
Reeder, Tod W.; Townsend, Ted M.; Mulcahy, Daniel G.; Noonan, Brice P.; Wood, Perry L.; Sites, Jack W.; Wiens, John J. Integrated Analyses Resolve Conflicts over Squamate Reptile Phylogeny and Reveal Unexpected Placements for Fossil Taxa. PLOS ONE. 2015, 10 (3): e0118199. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1018199R. PMC 4372529 . PMID 25803280. S2CID 5046152 . doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118199 . hdl:10088/25654.

nlc.cn

opac.nlc.cn

第二届遗传学名词审定委员会 (编). 遗传学名词 (2版). 北京: 科学出版社. 2006. ISBN 978-7-03-016800-9. LCCN 2009393587. OCLC 71742122. OL 23974572M. NLC 003136637. （并系群，复系）（简体中文）
第二届微生物学名词审定委员会 (编). 微生物学名词 (2版). 北京: 科学出版社. 2012. ISBN 978-7-03-035918-6. OCLC 910353784. OL 37808101M. NLC 006772289. （偏系群）（简体中文）
第二届植物学名词审定委员会 (编). 植物学名词 (2版). 北京: 科学出版社. 2019. ISBN 978-7-03-062178-8. OCLC 1198145621. OL 37808061M. NLC 010446494. （单系[类]群）（简体中文）
古生物学名词审定委员会 (编). 古生物学名词 (2版). 北京: 科学出版社. 2009. ISBN 978-7-03-025433-7. LCCN 2010372103. OCLC 886143158. NLC 004299369. （并系[性]，多系[性]）（简体中文）
Benton, M.J. Appendix: Classification of the vertebrates. Vertebrate Palaeontology (3rd ed.). Oxford, England: Blackwell Publishing（英语：Blackwell Publishing）. 2005: 389–403 [2021-12-30]. ISBN 0-632-05637-1. LCCN 2003028152. OL 3681987M. NLC 001102922. （原始内容存档于2008-10-19）.
Groves, C.P.; Grubb, P. Ungulate Taxonomy (PDF). Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2011: 27–28. ISBN 978-1-4214-0093-8. LCCN 2011008168. OCLC 708357723. OL 25220152M. NLC 003158499. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-12-26）.

ntu.edu.tw

tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw

黃啟東. 以形態、分子與珠芽發育特徵研究臺灣目賊芋的側系群分類 [Paraphyly Study of Remusatia vivipara (Roxb.) Schott (Araceae) by Morphology, Molecular and Bulbil Development Traits] (博士论文). 臺北: 國立臺灣大學生態學與演化生物學研究所. 2015. doi:10.6342/NTU.2015.00008. （原始内容存档于2022-01-09）.

openlibrary.org

第二届遗传学名词审定委员会 (编). 遗传学名词 (2版). 北京: 科学出版社. 2006. ISBN 978-7-03-016800-9. LCCN 2009393587. OCLC 71742122. OL 23974572M. NLC 003136637. （并系群，复系）（简体中文）
第二届微生物学名词审定委员会 (编). 微生物学名词 (2版). 北京: 科学出版社. 2012. ISBN 978-7-03-035918-6. OCLC 910353784. OL 37808101M. NLC 006772289. （偏系群）（简体中文）
第二届植物学名词审定委员会 (编). 植物学名词 (2版). 北京: 科学出版社. 2019. ISBN 978-7-03-062178-8. OCLC 1198145621. OL 37808061M. NLC 010446494. （单系[类]群）（简体中文）
Benton, M.J. Appendix: Classification of the vertebrates. Vertebrate Palaeontology (3rd ed.). Oxford, England: Blackwell Publishing（英语：Blackwell Publishing）. 2005: 389–403 [2021-12-30]. ISBN 0-632-05637-1. LCCN 2003028152. OL 3681987M. NLC 001102922. （原始内容存档于2008-10-19）.
Groves, C.P.; Grubb, P. Ungulate Taxonomy (PDF). Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2011: 27–28. ISBN 978-1-4214-0093-8. LCCN 2011008168. OCLC 708357723. OL 25220152M. NLC 003158499. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-12-26）.
Linda, Berg. Introductory Botany: Plants, People, and the Environment (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson-Brooks/Cole（英语：Cengage）. 2008: 360. ISBN 978-0495384786. LCCN 2006939406. OCLC 153914481. OL 7651605M.
Simpson, Michael George. Plant systematics. Burlington; San Diego; London: Academic Press（英语：Academic Press）. 2006: 139–140. ISBN 978-0-12-644460-5. OL 7329015M. It is now thought that the possession of two cotyledons is an ancestral feature for the taxa of the flowering plants and not an apomorphy for any group within. The 'dicots' ... are paraphyletic ... [目前认为，拥有两个子叶是开花植物类群的祖先特徵，而不是任何类群内部的衍徵。“双子叶植物”……是並系的……]
Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard S.; Barnes, Robert D. 7 CNIDARIA. Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (7th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson-Brooks/Cole（英语：Cengage）. 2004: 132–148. ISBN 0-03-025982-7. LCCN 2003107287. OCLC 752875516. OL 7271214M.
Fedonkin, M.A.; Simonetta, A.; Ivantsov, A.Y. New data on Kimberella, the Vendian mollusc-like organism (White sea region, Russia): palaeoecological and evolutionary implications. Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Komarower, Patricia (编). The Rise and Fall of the Ediacaran Biota. Special publications 286. London: Geological Society. 2007: 157–179. ISBN 978-1-86239233-5. LCCN 2008273095. OCLC 156823511. OL 23157129M.
Scoble, M.J. The Lepidoptera: form, function and diversity (Reprint). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 1995. ISBN 0-19-854952-0. OCLC 639626639. OL 7400889M.
Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard S.; Barnes, Robert D. 23 GNATHIFERA. Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (7th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson-Brooks/Cole（英语：Cengage）. 2004: 788–806. ISBN 0-03-025982-7. LCCN 2003107287. OCLC 752875516. OL 7271214M.

psu.edu

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu

Modesto, S.P.; Anderson, J.S. The Phylogenetic Definition of Reptilia. Systematic Biology（英语：Systematic Biology）. 2004, 53 (5): 815–821. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.507.6893 . PMID 15545258. S2CID 4112111 . doi:10.1080/10635150490503026 .
O'Leary, Maureen A. The Phylogenetic Position of Cetaceans: Further Combined Data Analyses, Comparisons with the Stratigraphic Record and a Discussion of Character Optimization. American Zoologist（英语：Integrative and Comparative Biology）. 2001, 41 (3): 487–506. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.555.8631 . S2CID 198156070 . doi:10.1093/icb/41.3.487 .
Bjoern, M.; von Reumont, Ronald A.; Jenner, Matthew A.; Wills, Emiliano; Dell'Ampio, Günther; Pass, Ingo; Ebersberger, Benjamin; Meyer, Stefan; Koenemann, Thomas M. Iliffe. Pancrustacean phylogeny in the light of new phylogenomic data: support for Remipedia as the possible sister group of Hexapoda. Molecular Biology and Evolution（英语：Molecular Biology and Evolution）. 2012, 29 (3): 1031–1045. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.460.4464 . PMID 22049065. S2CID 1047649 . doi:10.1093/molbev/msr270 . （原始内容存档于2022-01-09）.

reefkeeping.com

Shimek, Ronald L. Nano-Animals, Part I: Rotifers. Reefkeeping. 2006-01. （原始内容存档于2022-03-08）.

rickbrusca.com

Brusca, Richard C. Ch 16 Gnathifera (PDF). RickBrusca.com. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-01-09）.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Modesto, S.P.; Anderson, J.S. The Phylogenetic Definition of Reptilia. Systematic Biology（英语：Systematic Biology）. 2004, 53 (5): 815–821. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.507.6893 . PMID 15545258. S2CID 4112111 . doi:10.1080/10635150490503026 .
O'Leary, Maureen A. The Phylogenetic Position of Cetaceans: Further Combined Data Analyses, Comparisons with the Stratigraphic Record and a Discussion of Character Optimization. American Zoologist（英语：Integrative and Comparative Biology）. 2001, 41 (3): 487–506. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.555.8631 . S2CID 198156070 . doi:10.1093/icb/41.3.487 .
Schlegel, Martin; Hülsmann, Norbert. Protists – A textbook example for a paraphyletic taxon. Organisms Diversity & Evolution. 2007, 7 (2): 166–172. ISSN 1439-6092. S2CID 84631175 . doi:10.1016/j.ode.2006.11.001 .
Becker, B.; Marin, B. Streptophyte algae and the origin of embryophytes. Annals of Botany（英语：Annals of Botany）. 2009, 103 (7): 999–1004. JSTOR 43576186. PMC 2707909 . PMID 19273476. S2CID 7018235 . doi:10.1093/aob/mcp044 .
Cox, Cymon J.; Li, Blaise; Foster, Peter G.; Embley, T. Martin; Civáň, Peter. Conflicting Phylogenies for Early Land Plants are Caused by Composition Biases among Synonymous Substitutions. Systematic Biology（英语：Systematic Biology）. 2014, 63 (2): 272–279. PMC 3926305 . PMID 24399481. S2CID 9140429 . doi:10.1093/sysbio/syt109 .
Christenhusz, M.J.M.; Reveal, J.L.; Farjon, A.; Gardner, M.F.; Mill, R.R.; Chase, M.W. A new classification and linear sequence of extant gymnosperms (PDF). Phytotaxa. 2011, 19: 55–70. S2CID 86797396 . doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.3 . （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-03-10）.
Borchiellini, C.; Manuel, M.; Alivon, E.; Boury-Esnault, N.; Vacelet, J.; Le Parco, Y. Sponge paraphyly and the origin of Metazoa. Journal of Evolutionary Biology（英语：Journal of Evolutionary Biology）. 2001, 14 (1): 171–179. PMID 29280585. S2CID 25119754 . doi:10.1046/j.1420-9101.2001.00244.x .
Philippe, H.; Derelle, R.; Lopez, P.; Pick, K.; Borchiellini, C.; Boury-Esnault, N.; Vacelet, J.; Renard, E.; Houliston, E.; Quéinnec, E.; Da Silva, C.; Wincker, P.; Le Guyader, H.; Leys, S.; Jackson, D.J.; Schreiber, F.; Erpenbeck, D.; Morgenstern, B.; Wörheide, G.; Manuel, M. Phylogenomics Revives Traditional Views on Deep Animal Relationships. Current Biology. 2009, 19 (8): 706–712. PMID 19345102. S2CID 15282843 . doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.02.052 .
Martindale, Mark; Finnerty, J.R.; Henry, J.Q. The Radiata and the evolutionary origins of the bilaterian body plan. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution（英语：Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution）. 2002, 24 (3): 358–365. PMID 12220977. S2CID 6570344. doi:10.1016/s1055-7903(02)00208-7.
Stampar, S.N.; Maronna, M.M.; Kitahara, M.V.; Reimer, J.D.; Morandini, A.C. Fast-Evolving Mitochondrial DNA in Ceriantharia: A Reflection of Hexacorallia Paraphyly?. PLOS ONE. 2014, 9 (1): e86612. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...986612S. PMC 3903554 . PMID 24475157. S2CID 11763910 . doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0086612 .
Marques, Antonio C.; Collins, Allen G. Cladistic analysis of Medusozoa and cnidarian evolution. Invertebrate Biology. 2004, 123 (1): 23–42. S2CID 28342963 . doi:10.1111/j.1744-7410.2004.tb00139.x .
Zou, H.; Zhang, J.; Li, W.; Wu, S.; Wang, G. Mitochondrial Genome of the Freshwater Jellyfish Craspedacusta sowerbyi and Phylogenetics of Medusozoa. PLOS ONE. 2012, 7 (12): e51465. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...751465Z. PMC 3519871 . PMID 23240028. S2CID 17907871 . doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051465 .
Zapata, F.; Goetz, F.E.; Smith, S.A.; Howison, M.; Siebert, S.; Church, S.H.; Sanders, S.M.; Ames, C.L.; McFadden, C.S.; France, S.C.; Daly, M.; Collins, A.G.; Haddock, S.H.D.; Dunn, C.W.; Cartwright, P. Phylogenomic Analyses Support Traditional Relationships within Cnidaria. PLOS ONE. 2015, 10 (10): e0139068. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1039068Z. PMC 4605497 . PMID 26465609. S2CID 16364776 . bioRxiv 10.1101/017632 . doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0139068 .
Butterfield, N.J. Hooking some stem-group "worms": fossil lophotrochozoans in the Burgess Shale. BioEssays（英语：BioEssays）. 2006, 28 (12): 1161–1166. PMID 17120226. S2CID 29130876. doi:10.1002/bies.20507.
Dunn, C.W.; Hejnol, A.; Matus, D.Q.; Pang, K.; Browne, W.E.; Smith, S.A.; Seaver, E.; Rouse, G.W.; Obst, M.; Edgecombe, G.D.; Sørensen, M.V.; Haddock, S.H.D.; Schmidt-Rhaesa, A.; Okusu, A.; Kristensen, R.M.; Wheeler, W.C.; Martindale, M.Q. & Giribet, G. Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life. Nature. 2008, 452 (7188): 745–749. Bibcode:2008Natur.452..745D. PMID 18322464. S2CID 4397099 . doi:10.1038/nature06614.
Webster, Bonnie L.; Copley, Richard R.; Jenner, Ronald A.; Mackenzie-Dodds, Jacqueline A.; Bourlat, Sarah J.; Rota-Stabelli, Omar; Littlewood, D.T.J.; Telford, Maximilian J. Mitogenomics and phylogenomics reveal priapulid worms as extant models of the ancestral Ecdysozoan. Evolution & Development（英语：Evolution & Development）. 2006, 8 (6): 502–510. PMID 17073934. S2CID 22823313. doi:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.00123.x.
Andrew, David R. A new view of insect–crustacean relationships II. Inferences from expressed sequence tags and comparisons with neural cladistics. Arthropod Structure & Development. 2011, 40 (3): 289–302. PMID 21315832. S2CID 29360314. doi:10.1016/j.asd.2011.02.001.
Bjoern, M.; von Reumont, Ronald A.; Jenner, Matthew A.; Wills, Emiliano; Dell'Ampio, Günther; Pass, Ingo; Ebersberger, Benjamin; Meyer, Stefan; Koenemann, Thomas M. Iliffe. Pancrustacean phylogeny in the light of new phylogenomic data: support for Remipedia as the possible sister group of Hexapoda. Molecular Biology and Evolution（英语：Molecular Biology and Evolution）. 2012, 29 (3): 1031–1045. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.460.4464 . PMID 22049065. S2CID 1047649 . doi:10.1093/molbev/msr270 . （原始内容存档于2022-01-09）.
Sharkey, M.J. Phylogeny and classification of Hymenoptera (PDF). Zootaxa. 2007, 1668 (1): 521–548. S2CID 86772806 . doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1668.1.25. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-03-08）. Symphyta and Apocrita have long been considered as suborders of Hymenoptera but since recognition of the paraphyletic nature of the Symphyta (Köningsmann 1977, Rasnitsyn 1988) and the advent of cladistic methods the subordinal classification should be avoided. Likewise the woodwasps are thought to be non-monophyletic, forming a grade that is ancestral relative to Apocrita and Orussidae. The traditional hymenopteran classification is faulty, by cladistic criteria,in the same way as pre-cladistic vertebrate classifications in which groups sharing plesiomorphic characterswere recognized as natural, e.g., fishes were once grouped together as 'Pisces', which excluded tetrapods. [广腰亚目和细腰亚目长期以来一直被认为是膜翅目的两个亚目，但由於认识到广腰亚目的並系性（Köningsmann 1977，Rasnitsyn 1988），加上支序學分類法的出现，这样的亚目分类应當避免。同样的，树蜂（英语：Horntail）被认为是非單系的，形成了一个相对於细腰亚目和尾蜂科（英语：Orussidae）的祖先级别。传统的膜翅目分类是错误的，根据支序学的标准，这种情况与支序学出现之前的脊椎动物分类相同，那时认为具有共同祖徵的类群是自然的，例如鱼类曾被统一归为“鱼纲”，将四足动物排除在外。]
Johnson, Brian R.; Borowiec, Marek L.; Chiu, Joanna C.; Lee, Ernest K.; Atallah, Joel; Ward, Philip S. Phylogenomics Resolves Evolutionary Relationships among Ants, Bees, and Wasps (PDF). Current Biology. 2013, 23 (20): 2058–2062. PMID 24094856. S2CID 230835 . doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.08.050 .
Lindgren, A.R.; Giribet, G.; Nishiguchi, M.K. A combined approach to the phylogeny of Cephalopoda (Mollusca). Cladistics（英语：Cladistics (journal)）. 2004, 20 (5): 454–486. PMID 34892953. S2CID 85975284 . doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2004.00032.x .
Reeder, Tod W.; Townsend, Ted M.; Mulcahy, Daniel G.; Noonan, Brice P.; Wood, Perry L.; Sites, Jack W.; Wiens, John J. Integrated Analyses Resolve Conflicts over Squamate Reptile Phylogeny and Reveal Unexpected Placements for Fossil Taxa. PLOS ONE. 2015, 10 (3): e0118199. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1018199R. PMC 4372529 . PMID 25803280. S2CID 5046152 . doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118199 . hdl:10088/25654.
Thewissen, J.G.M.; Williams, E.M. The Early Radiations of Cetacea (Mammalia): Evolutionary Pattern and Developmental Correlations. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics（英语：Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics）. 2002, 33: 73–90. JSTOR 3069257. S2CID 85720339. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.33.020602.095426.
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tabularium.be

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termonline.cn

第二届遗传学名词审定委员会 (编). 遗传学名词 (2版). 北京: 科学出版社. 2006. ISBN 978-7-03-016800-9. LCCN 2009393587. OCLC 71742122. OL 23974572M. NLC 003136637. （并系群，复系）（简体中文）
第二届微生物学名词审定委员会 (编). 微生物学名词 (2版). 北京: 科学出版社. 2012. ISBN 978-7-03-035918-6. OCLC 910353784. OL 37808101M. NLC 006772289. （偏系群）（简体中文）
第二届植物学名词审定委员会 (编). 植物学名词 (2版). 北京: 科学出版社. 2019. ISBN 978-7-03-062178-8. OCLC 1198145621. OL 37808061M. NLC 010446494. （单系[类]群）（简体中文）
古生物学名词审定委员会 (编). 古生物学名词 (2版). 北京: 科学出版社. 2009. ISBN 978-7-03-025433-7. LCCN 2010372103. OCLC 886143158. NLC 004299369. （并系[性]，多系[性]）（简体中文）

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eprints.cs.univie.ac.at

Bjoern, M.; von Reumont, Ronald A.; Jenner, Matthew A.; Wills, Emiliano; Dell'Ampio, Günther; Pass, Ingo; Ebersberger, Benjamin; Meyer, Stefan; Koenemann, Thomas M. Iliffe. Pancrustacean phylogeny in the light of new phylogenomic data: support for Remipedia as the possible sister group of Hexapoda. Molecular Biology and Evolution（英语：Molecular Biology and Evolution）. 2012, 29 (3): 1031–1045. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.460.4464 . PMID 22049065. S2CID 1047649 . doi:10.1093/molbev/msr270 . （原始内容存档于2022-01-09）.

web.archive.org

Paraphyletic－並源[的]；並系[的]. 雙語詞彙、學術名詞暨辭書資訊網. 新北: 國家教育研究院. （原始内容存档于2021-12-30）. （繁體中文）
黃啟東. 以形態、分子與珠芽發育特徵研究臺灣目賊芋的側系群分類 [Paraphyly Study of Remusatia vivipara (Roxb.) Schott (Araceae) by Morphology, Molecular and Bulbil Development Traits] (博士论文). 臺北: 國立臺灣大學生態學與演化生物學研究所. 2015. doi:10.6342/NTU.2015.00008. （原始内容存档于2022-01-09）.
Biodiversity Terms. 兩岸生物多樣性名詞翻譯查詢編修系統. 臺北: 中央研究院生物多樣性研究中心. （原始内容存档于2022-03-11）. （繁體中文）
Ridley, Mark. Evolution - A-Z - Paraphyletic group. Evolution. Blackwell Publishing（英语：Blackwell Publishing）. （原始内容存档于2004-09-20）.
Bailly, Anatole. Greek-french dictionary online. Tabularium.be. （原始内容存档于2016-10-05）. （法文）
Benton, M.J. Appendix: Classification of the vertebrates. Vertebrate Palaeontology (3rd ed.). Oxford, England: Blackwell Publishing（英语：Blackwell Publishing）. 2005: 389–403 [2021-12-30]. ISBN 0-632-05637-1. LCCN 2003028152. OL 3681987M. NLC 001102922. （原始内容存档于2008-10-19）.
Groves, C.P.; Grubb, P. Ungulate Taxonomy (PDF). Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2011: 27–28. ISBN 978-1-4214-0093-8. LCCN 2011008168. OCLC 708357723. OL 25220152M. NLC 003158499. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-12-26）.
List of marine mammal species and subspecies. MarineMammalScience.org. Society for Marine Mammalogy（英语：Society for Marine Mammalogy）. 2022-05 [2022-08-09]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-24）.
Christenhusz, M.J.M.; Reveal, J.L.; Farjon, A.; Gardner, M.F.; Mill, R.R.; Chase, M.W. A new classification and linear sequence of extant gymnosperms (PDF). Phytotaxa. 2011, 19: 55–70. S2CID 86797396 . doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.3 . （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-03-10）.
Agassiz, Louis. Essay on Classification. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications（英语：Dover Publications）. 2013: 115. ISBN 978-0-486-15135-9. OCLC 868969147. （原始内容存档于2021-09-09）.
Bjoern, M.; von Reumont, Ronald A.; Jenner, Matthew A.; Wills, Emiliano; Dell'Ampio, Günther; Pass, Ingo; Ebersberger, Benjamin; Meyer, Stefan; Koenemann, Thomas M. Iliffe. Pancrustacean phylogeny in the light of new phylogenomic data: support for Remipedia as the possible sister group of Hexapoda. Molecular Biology and Evolution（英语：Molecular Biology and Evolution）. 2012, 29 (3): 1031–1045. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.460.4464 . PMID 22049065. S2CID 1047649 . doi:10.1093/molbev/msr270 . （原始内容存档于2022-01-09）.
Sharkey, M.J. Phylogeny and classification of Hymenoptera (PDF). Zootaxa. 2007, 1668 (1): 521–548. S2CID 86772806 . doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1668.1.25. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-03-08）. Symphyta and Apocrita have long been considered as suborders of Hymenoptera but since recognition of the paraphyletic nature of the Symphyta (Köningsmann 1977, Rasnitsyn 1988) and the advent of cladistic methods the subordinal classification should be avoided. Likewise the woodwasps are thought to be non-monophyletic, forming a grade that is ancestral relative to Apocrita and Orussidae. The traditional hymenopteran classification is faulty, by cladistic criteria,in the same way as pre-cladistic vertebrate classifications in which groups sharing plesiomorphic characterswere recognized as natural, e.g., fishes were once grouped together as 'Pisces', which excluded tetrapods. [广腰亚目和细腰亚目长期以来一直被认为是膜翅目的两个亚目，但由於认识到广腰亚目的並系性（Köningsmann 1977，Rasnitsyn 1988），加上支序學分類法的出现，这样的亚目分类应當避免。同样的，树蜂（英语：Horntail）被认为是非單系的，形成了一个相对於细腰亚目和尾蜂科（英语：Orussidae）的祖先级别。传统的膜翅目分类是错误的，根据支序学的标准，这种情况与支序学出现之前的脊椎动物分类相同，那时认为具有共同祖徵的类群是自然的，例如鱼类曾被统一归为“鱼纲”，将四足动物排除在外。]
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wikipedia.org

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Ridley, Mark. Evolution - A-Z - Paraphyletic group. Evolution. Blackwell Publishing（英语：Blackwell Publishing）. （原始内容存档于2004-09-20）.
Benton, M.J. Appendix: Classification of the vertebrates. Vertebrate Palaeontology (3rd ed.). Oxford, England: Blackwell Publishing（英语：Blackwell Publishing）. 2005: 389–403 [2021-12-30]. ISBN 0-632-05637-1. LCCN 2003028152. OL 3681987M. NLC 001102922. （原始内容存档于2008-10-19）.
Modesto, S.P.; Anderson, J.S. The Phylogenetic Definition of Reptilia. Systematic Biology（英语：Systematic Biology）. 2004, 53 (5): 815–821. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.507.6893 . PMID 15545258. S2CID 4112111 . doi:10.1080/10635150490503026 .
O'Leary, Maureen A. The Phylogenetic Position of Cetaceans: Further Combined Data Analyses, Comparisons with the Stratigraphic Record and a Discussion of Character Optimization. American Zoologist（英语：Integrative and Comparative Biology）. 2001, 41 (3): 487–506. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.555.8631 . S2CID 198156070 . doi:10.1093/icb/41.3.487 .
List of marine mammal species and subspecies. MarineMammalScience.org. Society for Marine Mammalogy（英语：Society for Marine Mammalogy）. 2022-05 [2022-08-09]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-24）.
Linda, Berg. Introductory Botany: Plants, People, and the Environment (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson-Brooks/Cole（英语：Cengage）. 2008: 360. ISBN 978-0495384786. LCCN 2006939406. OCLC 153914481. OL 7651605M.
Becker, B.; Marin, B. Streptophyte algae and the origin of embryophytes. Annals of Botany（英语：Annals of Botany）. 2009, 103 (7): 999–1004. JSTOR 43576186. PMC 2707909 . PMID 19273476. S2CID 7018235 . doi:10.1093/aob/mcp044 .
Cox, Cymon J.; Li, Blaise; Foster, Peter G.; Embley, T. Martin; Civáň, Peter. Conflicting Phylogenies for Early Land Plants are Caused by Composition Biases among Synonymous Substitutions. Systematic Biology（英语：Systematic Biology）. 2014, 63 (2): 272–279. PMC 3926305 . PMID 24399481. S2CID 9140429 . doi:10.1093/sysbio/syt109 .
Simpson, Michael George. Plant systematics. Burlington; San Diego; London: Academic Press（英语：Academic Press）. 2006: 139–140. ISBN 978-0-12-644460-5. OL 7329015M. It is now thought that the possession of two cotyledons is an ancestral feature for the taxa of the flowering plants and not an apomorphy for any group within. The 'dicots' ... are paraphyletic ... [目前认为，拥有两个子叶是开花植物类群的祖先特徵，而不是任何类群内部的衍徵。“双子叶植物”……是並系的……]
Agassiz, Louis. Essay on Classification. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications（英语：Dover Publications）. 2013: 115. ISBN 978-0-486-15135-9. OCLC 868969147. （原始内容存档于2021-09-09）.
Borchiellini, C.; Manuel, M.; Alivon, E.; Boury-Esnault, N.; Vacelet, J.; Le Parco, Y. Sponge paraphyly and the origin of Metazoa. Journal of Evolutionary Biology（英语：Journal of Evolutionary Biology）. 2001, 14 (1): 171–179. PMID 29280585. S2CID 25119754 . doi:10.1046/j.1420-9101.2001.00244.x .
Martindale, Mark; Finnerty, J.R.; Henry, J.Q. The Radiata and the evolutionary origins of the bilaterian body plan. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution（英语：Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution）. 2002, 24 (3): 358–365. PMID 12220977. S2CID 6570344. doi:10.1016/s1055-7903(02)00208-7.
Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard S.; Barnes, Robert D. 7 CNIDARIA. Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (7th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson-Brooks/Cole（英语：Cengage）. 2004: 132–148. ISBN 0-03-025982-7. LCCN 2003107287. OCLC 752875516. OL 7271214M.
Butterfield, N.J. Hooking some stem-group "worms": fossil lophotrochozoans in the Burgess Shale. BioEssays（英语：BioEssays）. 2006, 28 (12): 1161–1166. PMID 17120226. S2CID 29130876. doi:10.1002/bies.20507.
Webster, Bonnie L.; Copley, Richard R.; Jenner, Ronald A.; Mackenzie-Dodds, Jacqueline A.; Bourlat, Sarah J.; Rota-Stabelli, Omar; Littlewood, D.T.J.; Telford, Maximilian J. Mitogenomics and phylogenomics reveal priapulid worms as extant models of the ancestral Ecdysozoan. Evolution & Development（英语：Evolution & Development）. 2006, 8 (6): 502–510. PMID 17073934. S2CID 22823313. doi:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.00123.x.
Bjoern, M.; von Reumont, Ronald A.; Jenner, Matthew A.; Wills, Emiliano; Dell'Ampio, Günther; Pass, Ingo; Ebersberger, Benjamin; Meyer, Stefan; Koenemann, Thomas M. Iliffe. Pancrustacean phylogeny in the light of new phylogenomic data: support for Remipedia as the possible sister group of Hexapoda. Molecular Biology and Evolution（英语：Molecular Biology and Evolution）. 2012, 29 (3): 1031–1045. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.460.4464 . PMID 22049065. S2CID 1047649 . doi:10.1093/molbev/msr270 . （原始内容存档于2022-01-09）.
Sharkey, M.J. Phylogeny and classification of Hymenoptera (PDF). Zootaxa. 2007, 1668 (1): 521–548. S2CID 86772806 . doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1668.1.25. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-03-08）. Symphyta and Apocrita have long been considered as suborders of Hymenoptera but since recognition of the paraphyletic nature of the Symphyta (Köningsmann 1977, Rasnitsyn 1988) and the advent of cladistic methods the subordinal classification should be avoided. Likewise the woodwasps are thought to be non-monophyletic, forming a grade that is ancestral relative to Apocrita and Orussidae. The traditional hymenopteran classification is faulty, by cladistic criteria,in the same way as pre-cladistic vertebrate classifications in which groups sharing plesiomorphic characterswere recognized as natural, e.g., fishes were once grouped together as 'Pisces', which excluded tetrapods. [广腰亚目和细腰亚目长期以来一直被认为是膜翅目的两个亚目，但由於认识到广腰亚目的並系性（Köningsmann 1977，Rasnitsyn 1988），加上支序學分類法的出现，这样的亚目分类应當避免。同样的，树蜂（英语：Horntail）被认为是非單系的，形成了一个相对於细腰亚目和尾蜂科（英语：Orussidae）的祖先级别。传统的膜翅目分类是错误的，根据支序学的标准，这种情况与支序学出现之前的脊椎动物分类相同，那时认为具有共同祖徵的类群是自然的，例如鱼类曾被统一归为“鱼纲”，将四足动物排除在外。]
Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard S.; Barnes, Robert D. 23 GNATHIFERA. Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (7th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson-Brooks/Cole（英语：Cengage）. 2004: 788–806. ISBN 0-03-025982-7. LCCN 2003107287. OCLC 752875516. OL 7271214M.
Lindgren, A.R.; Giribet, G.; Nishiguchi, M.K. A combined approach to the phylogeny of Cephalopoda (Mollusca). Cladistics（英语：Cladistics (journal)）. 2004, 20 (5): 454–486. PMID 34892953. S2CID 85975284 . doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2004.00032.x .
Kielan-Jaworowska, Z. & Hurum, J. Phylogeny and Systematics of Multituberculate Animals. Palaeontology（英语：Palaeontology）. 2001, 44 (3): 389–429. doi:10.1111/1475-4983.00185 .
Thewissen, J.G.M.; Williams, E.M. The Early Radiations of Cetacea (Mammalia): Evolutionary Pattern and Developmental Correlations. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics（英语：Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics）. 2002, 33: 73–90. JSTOR 3069257. S2CID 85720339. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.33.020602.095426.
Groves, C.P. Systematics of tarsiers and lorises. Primates（英语：Primates (journal)）. 1998, 39 (1): 13–27. S2CID 10869981. doi:10.1007/BF02557740.

worldcat.org

第二届遗传学名词审定委员会 (编). 遗传学名词 (2版). 北京: 科学出版社. 2006. ISBN 978-7-03-016800-9. LCCN 2009393587. OCLC 71742122. OL 23974572M. NLC 003136637. （并系群，复系）（简体中文）
第二届微生物学名词审定委员会 (编). 微生物学名词 (2版). 北京: 科学出版社. 2012. ISBN 978-7-03-035918-6. OCLC 910353784. OL 37808101M. NLC 006772289. （偏系群）（简体中文）
第二届植物学名词审定委员会 (编). 植物学名词 (2版). 北京: 科学出版社. 2019. ISBN 978-7-03-062178-8. OCLC 1198145621. OL 37808061M. NLC 010446494. （单系[类]群）（简体中文）
古生物学名词审定委员会 (编). 古生物学名词 (2版). 北京: 科学出版社. 2009. ISBN 978-7-03-025433-7. LCCN 2010372103. OCLC 886143158. NLC 004299369. （并系[性]，多系[性]）（简体中文）
Bailly, Anatole. Abrégé du dictionnaire grec français. Paris: Hachette. 1981-01-01. ISBN 978-2-01003528-9. OCLC 461974285. （法文）
Groves, C.P.; Grubb, P. Ungulate Taxonomy (PDF). Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2011: 27–28. ISBN 978-1-4214-0093-8. LCCN 2011008168. OCLC 708357723. OL 25220152M. NLC 003158499. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-12-26）.
Linda, Berg. Introductory Botany: Plants, People, and the Environment (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson-Brooks/Cole（英语：Cengage）. 2008: 360. ISBN 978-0495384786. LCCN 2006939406. OCLC 153914481. OL 7651605M.
Schlegel, Martin; Hülsmann, Norbert. Protists – A textbook example for a paraphyletic taxon. Organisms Diversity & Evolution. 2007, 7 (2): 166–172. ISSN 1439-6092. S2CID 84631175 . doi:10.1016/j.ode.2006.11.001 .
Agassiz, Louis. Essay on Classification. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications（英语：Dover Publications）. 2013: 115. ISBN 978-0-486-15135-9. OCLC 868969147. （原始内容存档于2021-09-09）.
Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard S.; Barnes, Robert D. 7 CNIDARIA. Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (7th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson-Brooks/Cole（英语：Cengage）. 2004: 132–148. ISBN 0-03-025982-7. LCCN 2003107287. OCLC 752875516. OL 7271214M.
Fedonkin, M.A.; Simonetta, A.; Ivantsov, A.Y. New data on Kimberella, the Vendian mollusc-like organism (White sea region, Russia): palaeoecological and evolutionary implications. Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Komarower, Patricia (编). The Rise and Fall of the Ediacaran Biota. Special publications 286. London: Geological Society. 2007: 157–179. ISBN 978-1-86239233-5. LCCN 2008273095. OCLC 156823511. OL 23157129M.
Scoble, M.J. The Lepidoptera: form, function and diversity (Reprint). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 1995. ISBN 0-19-854952-0. OCLC 639626639. OL 7400889M.
Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard S.; Barnes, Robert D. 23 GNATHIFERA. Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (7th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson-Brooks/Cole（英语：Cengage）. 2004: 788–806. ISBN 0-03-025982-7. LCCN 2003107287. OCLC 752875516. OL 7271214M.