临床研究阶段 (Chinese Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "临床研究阶段" in Chinese language version.

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adisonline.com

McNeil JJ, Piccenna L, Ronaldson K, et al. The Value of Patient-Centred Registries in Phase IV Drug Surveillance. Pharm Med. 2010, 24 (5): 281–288 [2011-06-17]. S2CID 19091146. doi:10.1007/bf03256826. （原始内容存档于2012-07-07）.

amazon.com

Trevor A, Katzung B, Masters S, Knuidering-Hall M. Chapter 2: Pharmacodynamics. Pharmacology Examination & Board Review 10th. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. 2013: 17 [2017-05-05]. ISBN 978-0-07-178923-3. （原始内容存档于2017-01-16）.

archive.org

Patrick, Graham L. An Introduction to Medical Chemistry. 2009-03: 62. ISBN 9780199234479.
Arcangelo VP, Peterson AM. Pharmacotherapeutics for Advanced Practice: A Practical Approach. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2005. ISBN 978-0-7817-5784-3.

archive.today

McNeil JJ, Piccenna L, Ronaldson K, et al. The Value of Patient-Centred Registries in Phase IV Drug Surveillance. Pharm Med. 2010, 24 (5): 281–288 [2011-06-17]. S2CID 19091146. doi:10.1007/bf03256826. （原始内容存档于2012-07-07）.

bio.org

New Clinical Development Success Rates 2011-2020 Report. BIO, Informa Pharma Intelligence, and QLS Advisors. Feb 2021 [2023-06-19]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-08）.
Clinical Development Success Rates 2006-2015 (PDF). bio.org. [2018-02-11]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-09-12）.

biology-online.org

Genetic polymorphism - Biology-Online Dictionary | Biology-Online Dictionary. September 2020 [2023-06-21]. （原始内容存档于2017-12-25）.

britannica.com

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. half-life. Encyclopedia Britannica. [2023-06-21]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-24）.

cancer.gov

NCI Dictionary. National Cancer Institute. 2011-02-02 [2023-06-19]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-13）.

cancer.org

Types and phases of clinical trials. American Cancer Society. 18 August 2020 [15 September 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-05）.

dictionary.com

“Effectiveness” vs. “Efficacy” vs. “Efficiency”: When To Use Each Word For The Best Results. www.dictionary.com. [2023-06-25]. （原始内容存档于2023-03-29）.

doi.org

Amanna, Ian J.; Slifka, Mark K. Successful Vaccines. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 428. Springer International Publishing. 2018: 1–30. ISBN 978-3-030-58003-2. ISSN 0070-217X. PMC 6777997 . PMID 34129355. doi:10.1007/82_2018_102. eISSN 2196-9965. The effect of vaccines on public health is truly remarkable. One study examining the impact of childhood vaccination on the 2001 US birth cohort found that vaccines prevented 33,000 deaths and 14 million cases of disease (Zhou et al. 2005). Among 73 nations supported by the GAVI alliance, mathematical models project that vaccines will prevent 23.3 million deaths from 2011–2020 compared to what would have occurred if there were no vaccines available (Lee et al. 2013). Vaccines have been developed against a wide assortment of human pathogens.
Atanasov AG, Waltenberger B, Pferschy-Wenzig EM, Linder T, Wawrosch C, Uhrin P, et al. Discovery and resupply of pharmacologically active plant-derived natural products: A review. Biotechnology Advances. December 2015, 33 (8): 1582–1614. PMC 4748402 . PMID 26281720. doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.08.001.
McNeil JJ, Piccenna L, Ronaldson K, et al. The Value of Patient-Centred Registries in Phase IV Drug Surveillance. Pharm Med. 2010, 24 (5): 281–288 [2011-06-17]. S2CID 19091146. doi:10.1007/bf03256826. （原始内容存档于2012-07-07）.
Dixit, Vaibhav. A simple model to solve complex drug toxicity problem.. Toxicology Research. 2019, 8 (2): 157–171. PMC 6417485 . PMID 30997019. doi:10.1039/C8TX00261D.
The Lancet. Phase 0 trials: a platform for drug development?. Lancet. July 2009, 374 (9685): 176. PMID 19616703. S2CID 30939770. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61309-X .
Burt, Tal; Young, Graeme; Lee, Wooin; Kusuhara, Hiroyuki; Langer, Oliver; Rowland, Malcolm; Sugiyama, Yuichi. Phase 0/microdosing approaches: time for mainstream application in drug development?. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 2020, 19 (11): 801–818. ISSN 1474-1784. PMID 32901140. doi:10.1038/s41573-020-0080-x  （英语）.
Fisher JA. Feeding and Bleeding: The Institutional Banalization of Risk to Healthy Volunteers in Phase I Pharmaceutical Clinical Trials. Science, Technology, & Human Values. March 2015, 40 (2): 199–226. PMC 4405793 . PMID 25914430. doi:10.1177/0162243914554838.
Van den Eynde BJ, van Baren N, Baurain JF. Is There a Clinical Future for IDO1 Inhibitors After the Failure of Epacadostat in Melanoma?. Annual Review of Cancer Biology. 2020, 4: 241–256. doi:10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030419-033635 .
Lees P, Cunningham FM, Elliott J. Principles of pharmacodynamics and their applications in veterinary pharmacology. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther. 2004, 27 (6): 397–414. PMID 15601436. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2885.2004.00620.x.
Muller PY, Milton MN. The determination and interpretation of the therapeutic index in drug development. Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery. October 2012, 11 (10): 751–61. PMID 22935759. doi:10.1038/nrd3801.
Tetko IV, Bruneau P, Mewes HW, Rohrer DC, Poda GI. Can we estimate the accuracy of ADME-Tox predictions? (PDF). Drug Discovery Today. August 2006, 11 (15–16): 700–707 [2023-05-02]. PMID 16846797. doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2006.06.013. （原始内容 (pre-print)存档于2013-09-12）.
Jianyuan Deng, Jianyuan; Zhu, Xiao; Chen, Zongmeng; Fan, Chun Ho; Kwan, Him Shek; Wong, Chi Ho; Shek, Ka Yi; Zuo, Zhong; Lam, Tai Ning; Xiao Zhu, Zongmeng Chen, Chun Ho Fan, Him Shek Kwan, Chi Ho Wong, Ka Yi Shek, Zhong Zuo & Tai Ning Lam. A Review of Food-Drug Interactions on Oral Drug Absorption. Drugs. 2017-11, 77 (17): 1833–1855 [2023-06-25]. ISSN 1179-1950. doi:10.1007/s40265-017-0832-z. （原始内容存档于2023-06-25）.
Yuan J, Pang H, Tong T, Xi D, Guo W, Mesenbrink P. Seamless Phase IIa/IIb and enhanced dose-finding adaptive design. Journal of Biopharmaceutical Statistics. 2016, 26 (5): 912–23. PMC 5025390 . PMID 26390951. doi:10.1080/10543406.2015.1094807.
Van Norman GA. Phase II trials in drug development and adaptive trial design. JACC. Basic to Translational Science. June 2019, 4 (3): 428–437. PMC 6609997 . PMID 31312766. doi:10.1016/j.jacbts.2019.02.005.
Pallmann P, Bedding AW, Choodari-Oskooei B, Dimairo M, Flight L, Hampson LV, et al. Adaptive designs in clinical trials: why use them, and how to run and report them. BMC Medicine. February 2018, 16 (1): 29. PMC 5830330 . PMID 29490655. doi:10.1186/s12916-018-1017-7.
Lo A, Siah K, Wong C. Estimating probabilities of success of vaccine and other anti-infective therapeutic development programs. Harvard Data Science Review (MIT Press). 14 May 2020, (Special Issue 1 - COVID-19) [11 August 2020]. doi:10.1162/99608f92.e0c150e8 . （原始内容存档于2020-08-11）. we can see that the overall probability of success (PoS) for industry-sponsored vaccine development programs is 39.6%... In contrast, non-industry-sponsored vaccine development programs have an overall PoS of only 6.8%
Wong, Chi Heem; Siah, Kien Wei; Lo, Andrew W. Estimation of clinical trial success rates and related parameters. Biostatistics. 2018-01-31, 20 (2): 273–286 [2023-06-19]. ISSN 1465-4644. PMC 6409418 . PMID 29394327. S2CID 3277297. doi:10.1093/biostatistics/kxx069 . （原始内容存档于2023-06-19）.
Hirsch MS, Watkins J. A Comprehensive Review of Biomarker Use in the Gynecologic Tract Including Differential Diagnoses and Diagnostic Pitfalls. Advances in Anatomic Pathology. May 2020, 27 (3): 164–192. PMID 31149908. S2CID 171094630. doi:10.1097/PAP.0000000000000238.
Arrowsmith J. Trial watch: phase III and submission failures: 2007-2010. Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery. February 2011, 10 (2): 87. PMID 21283095. S2CID 39480483. doi:10.1038/nrd3375.
Sertkaya A, Wong HH, Jessup A, Beleche T. Key cost drivers of pharmaceutical clinical trials in the United States. Clinical Trials. April 2016, 13 (2): 117–26. PMID 26908540. S2CID 24308679. doi:10.1177/1740774515625964.
Tannenbaum C, Sheehan NL. Understanding and preventing drug-drug and drug-gene interactions. Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology. July 2014, 7 (4): 533–44. PMC 4894065 . PMID 24745854. doi:10.1586/17512433.2014.910111.
Holland J. Fixing a broken drug development process. Journal of Commercial Biotechnology. 2013, 19. doi:10.5912/jcb588.
Adams CP, Brantner VV. Estimating the cost of new drug development: is it really 802 million dollars?. Health Affairs. 2006, 25 (2): 420–8. PMID 16522582. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.25.2.420 .

drugbank.ca

Cerivastatin. [2023-06-21]. （原始内容存档于2019-08-20）.

europa.eu

echa.europa.eu

In vitro methods - ECHA. echa.europa.eu. [2023-04-11]. （原始内容存档于2023-03-29）（英国英语）.

ema.europa.eu

EMA. Addressing the Efficacy- Effectiveness gap (PDF). www.ema.europa.eu. EMA. [2023-06-25]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-06-01）.

fda.gov

The drug development process. US Food and Drug Administration. 4 January 2018 [17 August 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-02-22）.
A History of Medical Device Regulation & Oversight in the United States. U.S. Food & Drug Administration. 2018-11-03 [16 March 2019]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-23）.
CDER. Exploratory IND Studies (PDF). Guidance for Industry, Investigators, and Reviewers. Food and Drug Administration. January 2006 [2010-06-15]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2009-07-09）.
Step 3. Clinical research. US Food and Drug Administration. 14 October 2016 [1 February 2017]. （原始内容存档于2019-03-28）.
Guidance for Institutional Review Boards and Clinical Investigators. Food and Drug Administration (United States)|Food and Drug Administration. 1999-03-16 [2007-03-27]. （原始内容存档于2001-05-06）.
FDA. Electronic Regulatory Submission and Review. www.fda.gov. [2023-06-25]. （原始内容存档于2023-06-25）.
Adaptive Designs for Clinical Trials of Drugs and Biologics: Guidance for Industry (PDF). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 1 November 2019 [3 April 2020]. （原始内容存档于2019-12-13）.

accessdata.fda.gov

Vioxx PI (PDF). FDA. [2023-06-21]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2013-08-22）.

genome.gov

Genetic Testing Report-Glossary. National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI). [2017-11-08]. （原始内容存档于2017-12-01）（美国英语）.

inserm.fr

presse.inserm.fr

Launch of a European clinical trial against COVID-19. INSERM. 22 March 2020 [5 April 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-08）. The great strength of this trial is its "adaptive" nature. This means that ineffective experimental treatments can very quickly be dropped and replaced by other molecules that emerge from research efforts. We will therefore be able to make changes in real time, in line with the most recent scientific data, in order to find the best treatment for our patients

isrctn.com

ISRCTN - ISRCTN50189673: A randomised trial of treatments to prevent death in patients hospitalised with COVID-19 (coronavirus). www.isrctn.com. [2023-06-21]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-26）.

medcitynews.com

New drugs failing Phase II and III clinical trials. MedCity News. 2011-06-02 [2023-06-19]. （原始内容存档于2024-03-05）.

medscape.com

Shamoo AE. The myth of equipoise in phase 1 clinical trials. Medscape Journal of Medicine. 2008, 10 (11): 254 [2023-06-19]. PMC 2605120 . PMID 19099004. （原始内容存档于2019-11-04）.

mit.edu

hdsr.mitpress.mit.edu

Lo A, Siah K, Wong C. Estimating probabilities of success of vaccine and other anti-infective therapeutic development programs. Harvard Data Science Review (MIT Press). 14 May 2020, (Special Issue 1 - COVID-19) [11 August 2020]. doi:10.1162/99608f92.e0c150e8 . （原始内容存档于2020-08-11）. we can see that the overall probability of success (PoS) for industry-sponsored vaccine development programs is 39.6%... In contrast, non-industry-sponsored vaccine development programs have an overall PoS of only 6.8%

nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Amanna, Ian J.; Slifka, Mark K. Successful Vaccines. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 428. Springer International Publishing. 2018: 1–30. ISBN 978-3-030-58003-2. ISSN 0070-217X. PMC 6777997 . PMID 34129355. doi:10.1007/82_2018_102. eISSN 2196-9965. The effect of vaccines on public health is truly remarkable. One study examining the impact of childhood vaccination on the 2001 US birth cohort found that vaccines prevented 33,000 deaths and 14 million cases of disease (Zhou et al. 2005). Among 73 nations supported by the GAVI alliance, mathematical models project that vaccines will prevent 23.3 million deaths from 2011–2020 compared to what would have occurred if there were no vaccines available (Lee et al. 2013). Vaccines have been developed against a wide assortment of human pathogens.
Atanasov AG, Waltenberger B, Pferschy-Wenzig EM, Linder T, Wawrosch C, Uhrin P, et al. Discovery and resupply of pharmacologically active plant-derived natural products: A review. Biotechnology Advances. December 2015, 33 (8): 1582–1614. PMC 4748402 . PMID 26281720. doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.08.001.
Dixit, Vaibhav. A simple model to solve complex drug toxicity problem.. Toxicology Research. 2019, 8 (2): 157–171. PMC 6417485 . PMID 30997019. doi:10.1039/C8TX00261D.
The Lancet. Phase 0 trials: a platform for drug development?. Lancet. July 2009, 374 (9685): 176. PMID 19616703. S2CID 30939770. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61309-X .
Burt, Tal; Young, Graeme; Lee, Wooin; Kusuhara, Hiroyuki; Langer, Oliver; Rowland, Malcolm; Sugiyama, Yuichi. Phase 0/microdosing approaches: time for mainstream application in drug development?. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 2020, 19 (11): 801–818. ISSN 1474-1784. PMID 32901140. doi:10.1038/s41573-020-0080-x  （英语）.
Fisher JA. Feeding and Bleeding: The Institutional Banalization of Risk to Healthy Volunteers in Phase I Pharmaceutical Clinical Trials. Science, Technology, & Human Values. March 2015, 40 (2): 199–226. PMC 4405793 . PMID 25914430. doi:10.1177/0162243914554838.
Lees P, Cunningham FM, Elliott J. Principles of pharmacodynamics and their applications in veterinary pharmacology. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther. 2004, 27 (6): 397–414. PMID 15601436. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2885.2004.00620.x.
Shamoo AE. The myth of equipoise in phase 1 clinical trials. Medscape Journal of Medicine. 2008, 10 (11): 254 [2023-06-19]. PMC 2605120 . PMID 19099004. （原始内容存档于2019-11-04）.
Muller PY, Milton MN. The determination and interpretation of the therapeutic index in drug development. Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery. October 2012, 11 (10): 751–61. PMID 22935759. doi:10.1038/nrd3801.
Tetko IV, Bruneau P, Mewes HW, Rohrer DC, Poda GI. Can we estimate the accuracy of ADME-Tox predictions? (PDF). Drug Discovery Today. August 2006, 11 (15–16): 700–707 [2023-05-02]. PMID 16846797. doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2006.06.013. （原始内容 (pre-print)存档于2013-09-12）.
Yuan J, Pang H, Tong T, Xi D, Guo W, Mesenbrink P. Seamless Phase IIa/IIb and enhanced dose-finding adaptive design. Journal of Biopharmaceutical Statistics. 2016, 26 (5): 912–23. PMC 5025390 . PMID 26390951. doi:10.1080/10543406.2015.1094807.
Van Norman GA. Phase II trials in drug development and adaptive trial design. JACC. Basic to Translational Science. June 2019, 4 (3): 428–437. PMC 6609997 . PMID 31312766. doi:10.1016/j.jacbts.2019.02.005.
Pallmann P, Bedding AW, Choodari-Oskooei B, Dimairo M, Flight L, Hampson LV, et al. Adaptive designs in clinical trials: why use them, and how to run and report them. BMC Medicine. February 2018, 16 (1): 29. PMC 5830330 . PMID 29490655. doi:10.1186/s12916-018-1017-7.
Wong, Chi Heem; Siah, Kien Wei; Lo, Andrew W. Estimation of clinical trial success rates and related parameters. Biostatistics. 2018-01-31, 20 (2): 273–286 [2023-06-19]. ISSN 1465-4644. PMC 6409418 . PMID 29394327. S2CID 3277297. doi:10.1093/biostatistics/kxx069 . （原始内容存档于2023-06-19）.
Hirsch MS, Watkins J. A Comprehensive Review of Biomarker Use in the Gynecologic Tract Including Differential Diagnoses and Diagnostic Pitfalls. Advances in Anatomic Pathology. May 2020, 27 (3): 164–192. PMID 31149908. S2CID 171094630. doi:10.1097/PAP.0000000000000238.
Arrowsmith J. Trial watch: phase III and submission failures: 2007-2010. Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery. February 2011, 10 (2): 87. PMID 21283095. S2CID 39480483. doi:10.1038/nrd3375.
Sertkaya A, Wong HH, Jessup A, Beleche T. Key cost drivers of pharmaceutical clinical trials in the United States. Clinical Trials. April 2016, 13 (2): 117–26. PMID 26908540. S2CID 24308679. doi:10.1177/1740774515625964.
Tannenbaum C, Sheehan NL. Understanding and preventing drug-drug and drug-gene interactions. Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology. July 2014, 7 (4): 533–44. PMC 4894065 . PMID 24745854. doi:10.1586/17512433.2014.910111.
Adams CP, Brantner VV. Estimating the cost of new drug development: is it really 802 million dollars?. Health Affairs. 2006, 25 (2): 420–8. PMID 16522582. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.25.2.420 .

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Jianyuan Deng, Jianyuan; Zhu, Xiao; Chen, Zongmeng; Fan, Chun Ho; Kwan, Him Shek; Wong, Chi Ho; Shek, Ka Yi; Zuo, Zhong; Lam, Tai Ning; Xiao Zhu, Zongmeng Chen, Chun Ho Fan, Him Shek Kwan, Chi Ho Wong, Ka Yi Shek, Zhong Zuo & Tai Ning Lam. A Review of Food-Drug Interactions on Oral Drug Absorption. Drugs. 2017-11, 77 (17): 1833–1855 [2023-06-25]. ISSN 1179-1950. doi:10.1007/s40265-017-0832-z. （原始内容存档于2023-06-25）.

nytimes.com

Fisher, Lawrence. Adverse Diabetes Drug News Sends Warner-Lambert Down. The New York Times. 4 November 1997 [12 December 2012]. （原始内容存档于2023-06-21）.

oup.com

academic.oup.com

Richard Pazdur, R. Response Rates, Survival, and Chemotherapy Trials. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2000-10-04, 92 (19): 1552–1553 [2023-06-25]. （原始内容存档于2023-06-25）.
Wong, Chi Heem; Siah, Kien Wei; Lo, Andrew W. Estimation of clinical trial success rates and related parameters. Biostatistics. 2018-01-31, 20 (2): 273–286 [2023-06-19]. ISSN 1465-4644. PMC 6409418 . PMID 29394327. S2CID 3277297. doi:10.1093/biostatistics/kxx069 . （原始内容存档于2023-06-19）.

recoverytrial.net

RECOVERY Trial. [17 June 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-12）.

rsc.org

pubs.rsc.org

存档副本. [2021-07-27]. （原始内容存档于2021-08-04）.

science.org

Kupferschmidt, Kai; Cohen, Jon. WHO launches global megatrial of the four most promising coronavirus treatments. Science (AAAS). 22 March 2020 [2 April 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-09-14）（英语）.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

McNeil JJ, Piccenna L, Ronaldson K, et al. The Value of Patient-Centred Registries in Phase IV Drug Surveillance. Pharm Med. 2010, 24 (5): 281–288 [2011-06-17]. S2CID 19091146. doi:10.1007/bf03256826. （原始内容存档于2012-07-07）.
The Lancet. Phase 0 trials: a platform for drug development?. Lancet. July 2009, 374 (9685): 176. PMID 19616703. S2CID 30939770. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61309-X .
Wong, Chi Heem; Siah, Kien Wei; Lo, Andrew W. Estimation of clinical trial success rates and related parameters. Biostatistics. 2018-01-31, 20 (2): 273–286 [2023-06-19]. ISSN 1465-4644. PMC 6409418 . PMID 29394327. S2CID 3277297. doi:10.1093/biostatistics/kxx069 . （原始内容存档于2023-06-19）.
Hirsch MS, Watkins J. A Comprehensive Review of Biomarker Use in the Gynecologic Tract Including Differential Diagnoses and Diagnostic Pitfalls. Advances in Anatomic Pathology. May 2020, 27 (3): 164–192. PMID 31149908. S2CID 171094630. doi:10.1097/PAP.0000000000000238.
Arrowsmith J. Trial watch: phase III and submission failures: 2007-2010. Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery. February 2011, 10 (2): 87. PMID 21283095. S2CID 39480483. doi:10.1038/nrd3375.
Sertkaya A, Wong HH, Jessup A, Beleche T. Key cost drivers of pharmaceutical clinical trials in the United States. Clinical Trials. April 2016, 13 (2): 117–26. PMID 26908540. S2CID 24308679. doi:10.1177/1740774515625964.

technewslit.com

sciencebusiness.technewslit.com

Kotok, Alan. WHO beginning Covid-19 therapy trial. Technology News: Science and Enterprise. 19 March 2020 [7 April 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-09）.

uci.edu

research.uci.edu

Definition of Human Subject Research. Research Administration, University of California, Irvine. [2012-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2013-04-20）.

un.org

news.un.org

UN health chief announces global 'solidarity trial' to jumpstart search for COVID-19 treatment. United Nations, World Health Organization. 18 March 2020 [2 April 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-03-23）（英语）.

vcclab.org

Tetko IV, Bruneau P, Mewes HW, Rohrer DC, Poda GI. Can we estimate the accuracy of ADME-Tox predictions? (PDF). Drug Discovery Today. August 2006, 11 (15–16): 700–707 [2023-05-02]. PMID 16846797. doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2006.06.013. （原始内容 (pre-print)存档于2013-09-12）.

web.archive.org

The drug development process. US Food and Drug Administration. 4 January 2018 [17 August 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-02-22）.
A History of Medical Device Regulation & Oversight in the United States. U.S. Food & Drug Administration. 2018-11-03 [16 March 2019]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-23）.
International Drug Monitoring : The Role of National Centers (PDF). Who-umc.org. [2015-02-27]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-10-11）.
Definition of Human Subject Research. Research Administration, University of California, Irvine. [2012-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2013-04-20）.
WHO. Clinical trials. www.who.int. WHO. [2023-06-24]. （原始内容存档于2023-10-07）.
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Amanna, Ian J.; Slifka, Mark K. Successful Vaccines. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 428. Springer International Publishing. 2018: 1–30. ISBN 978-3-030-58003-2. ISSN 0070-217X. PMC 6777997 . PMID 34129355. doi:10.1007/82_2018_102. eISSN 2196-9965. The effect of vaccines on public health is truly remarkable. One study examining the impact of childhood vaccination on the 2001 US birth cohort found that vaccines prevented 33,000 deaths and 14 million cases of disease (Zhou et al. 2005). Among 73 nations supported by the GAVI alliance, mathematical models project that vaccines will prevent 23.3 million deaths from 2011–2020 compared to what would have occurred if there were no vaccines available (Lee et al. 2013). Vaccines have been developed against a wide assortment of human pathogens.
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