伊朗歷史 (Chinese Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "伊朗歷史" in Chinese language version.

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al-islam.org

Islam and Iran: A Historical Study of Mutual Services. Al islam. 2013-03-13 [2020-07-10]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-30）.
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Kushnareva, K. Kh. The Southern Caucasus in Prehistory: Stages of Cultural and Socioeconomic Development from the Eighth to the Second Millennium B.C.. UPenn Museum of Archaeology. 1997 [2020-07-09]. ISBN 978-0-924171-50-5. （原始内容存档于2020-09-13）. , page 44
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Brian Todd Carey, Joshua Allfree, John Cairns. Warfare in the Ancient World （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Pen and Sword, 19 jan. 2006 ISBN 1848846304
Aeschylus; Peter Burian; Alan Shapiro. The Complete Aeschylus: Volume II: Persians and Other Plays. Oxford University Press. 17 February 2009: 18 [2020-07-09]. ISBN 978-0-19-045183-7. （原始内容存档于2020-09-23）.
Kenneth Warren Chase. Firearms: a global history to 1700 illustrated. Cambridge University Press. 2003: 58 [2011-11-28]. ISBN 0-521-82274-2. （原始内容存档于2020-02-26）. Chinggis Khan organized a unit of Chinese catapult specialists in 1214, and these men formed part of the first Mongol army to invade Transoxania in 1219. This was not too early for true firearms, and it was nearly two centuries after catapult-thrown gunpowder bombs had been added to the Chinese arsenal. Chinese siege equipment saw action in Transoxania in 1220 and in the north Caucasus in 1239–40.
David Nicolle, Richard Hook. The Mongol Warlords: Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, Hulegu, Tamerlane illustrated. Brockhampton Press. 1998: 86 [2011-11-28]. ISBN 1-86019-407-9. （原始内容存档于2020-02-26）. Though he was himself a Chinese, he learned his trade from his father, who had accompanied Genghis Khan on his invasion of Muslim Transoxania and Iran. Perhaps the use of gunpowder as a propellant, in other words the invention of true guns, appeared first in the Muslim Middle East, whereas the invention of gunpowder itself was a Chinese achievement
Arnold Pacey. Technology in world civilization: a thousand-year history reprint, illustrated. MIT Press. 1991: 46 [2011-11-28]. ISBN 0-262-66072-5. During the 1250s, the Mongols invaded Iran with 'whole regiments' of Chinese engineers operating trebuchets (catapults) throwing gunpowder bombs. Their progress was rapid and devastating until, after the sack of Baghdad in 1258, they entered Syria. There they met an Islamic army similarly equipped and experienced their first defeat. In 1291, the same sort of weapon was used during the siege of Acre, when the European Crusaders were expelled form Palestine.
Chahryar Adle, Irfan Habib. Ahmad Hasan Dani; Chahryar Adle; Irfan Habib , 编. History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Development in contrast : from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century. Volume 5 of History of Civilizations of Central Asia illustrated. UNESCO. 2003: 474 [2011-11-28]. ISBN 92-3-103876-1. （原始内容存档于2020-02-26）. Indeed, it is possible that gunpowder devices, including Chinese mortar (huochong), had reached Central Asia through the Mongols as early as the thirteenth century.71 Yet the potential remained unexploited; even Sultan Husayn's use of cannon may have had Ottoman inspiration.
Arnold Pacey. Technology in world civilization: a thousand-year history reprint, illustrated. MIT Press. 1991: 46 [2011-11-28]. ISBN 0-262-66072-5. The presence of these individuals in China in the 1270s, and the deployment of Chinese engineers in Iran, mean that there were several routes by which information about gunpowder weapons could pass from the Islamic world to China, or vice versa. Thus when two authors from the eastern Mediterranean region wrote books about gunpowder weapons around the year 1280, it is not surprising that they described bombs, rockets and fire-lances very similar to some types of Chinese weaponry.
Alexander Mikaberidze. Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） ABC-CLIO 2011. p 726
Spencer C. Tucker. "A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） p 739
Ramazan Gadzhimuradovich Abdulatipov. "Russia and the Caucasus: On the Arduous Path to Unity" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Edwin Mellen Press, 2000. p 15
Ronald Grigor Suny. "The Making of the Georgian Nation" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Indiana University Press, 1994. ISBN 978-0253209153 p 55
Ehsan Yar-Shater. Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. 8, parts 4-6 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Routledge & Kegan Paul (original from the University of Michigan) p541
Amīn, ʻAbd al-Amīr Muḥammad. British Interests in the Persian Gulf. Brill Archive. 1 January 1967 [2020-07-10]. （原始内容存档于2019-12-19）.
Donald Rayfield. Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Reaktion Books, 15 feb. 2013 ISBN 1780230702 p 255
Michael Axworthy. Iran: Empire of the Mind: A History from Zoroaster to the Present Day （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Penguin UK, 6 nov. 2008 ISBN 0141903414
Alekseĭ I. Miller. Imperial Rule （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Central European University Press, 2004 ISBN 9639241989 p 204
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Timothy C. Dowling Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） pp 728–729 ABC-CLIO, 2 dec. 2014 ISBN 1598849484
E. Ebel, Robert, Menon, Rajan. Energy and conflict in Central Asia and the Caucasus. Rowman & Littlefield. 2000: 181 [2020-07-10]. ISBN 978-0-7425-0063-1. （原始内容存档于2015-07-13）.
Andreeva, Elena. Russia and Iran in the great game: travelogues and orientalism reprint. Taylor & Francis. 2010: 6 [2020-07-10]. ISBN 978-0-415-78153-4. （原始内容存档于2015-07-13）.
Çiçek, Kemal, Kuran, Ercüment. The Great Ottoman-Turkish Civilisation. University of Michigan. 2000 [2020-07-10]. ISBN 978-975-6782-18-7. （原始内容存档于2015-07-13）.
Ernest Meyer, Karl, Blair Brysac, Shareen. Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia. Basic Books. 2006: 66 [2020-07-10]. ISBN 978-0-465-04576-1. （原始内容存档于2015-07-13）.

britannica.com

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Encyclopædia Britannica, "Seljuq", Online Edition, (LINK （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）): "... Because the Turkish Seljuqs had no Islamic tradition or strong literary heritage of their own, they adopted the cultural language of their Persian instructors in Islam. Literary Persian thus spread to the whole of Iran, and the Arabic language disappeared in that country except in works of religious scholarship ..."
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federatio.org

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