便秘 (Chinese Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "便秘" in Chinese language version.

refsWebsite

Global rank Chinese rank

23nih.gov

4^th place

5^th place

19web.archive.org

1^st place

13worldcat.org

5^th place

12^th place

13doi.org

2^nd place

23^rd place

2lww.com

2,769^th place

1,362^nd place

1merriam-webster.com

209^th place

356^th place

1mdpi.com

2,912^th place

2,995^th place

1worldgastroenterology.org

low place

1biomedcentral.com

2,747^th place

1,988^th place

1elsevier.com

610^th place

388^th place

1helpwithsmoking.com

low place

1dovepress.com

low place

biomedcentral.com

bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com

Peppas, George; Alexiou, Vangelis G; Mourtzoukou, Eleni; Falagas, Matthew E. Epidemiology of constipation in Europe and Oceania: a systematic review. BMC Gastroenterology. 2008-12, 8 (1): 5 [2021-12-29]. ISSN 1471-230X. PMC 2258300 . PMID 18269746. doi:10.1186/1471-230X-8-5. （原始内容存档于2021-12-29）（英语）.

doi.org

dx.doi.org

Chatoor, Dave; Emmnauel, Anton. Constipation and evacuation disorders. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Gastroenterology. 2009, 23 (4): 517–530 [2021-12-29]. ISSN 1532-1916. PMID 19647687. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2009.05.001. （原始内容存档于2021-12-29）.
American Gastroenterological Association; Bharucha, Adil E.; Dorn, Spencer D.; Lembo, Anthony; Pressman, Amanda. American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement on constipation. Gastroenterology. 2013-01, 144 (1): 211–217 [2021-12-30]. ISSN 1528-0012. PMID 23261064. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2012.10.029. （原始内容存档于2021-12-30）.
Makharia, Archita; Catassi, Carlo; Makharia, Govind. The Overlap between Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity: A Clinical Dilemma. Nutrients. 2015-12-10, 7 (12): 10417–10426 [2021-12-30]. ISSN 2072-6643. PMC 4690093 . PMID 26690475. doi:10.3390/nu7125541. （原始内容存档于2021-12-23）（英语）.
Andromanakos, Nikolaos; Skandalakis, Panayiotis; Troupis, Theodoros; Filippou, Dimitrios. Constipation of anorectal outlet obstruction: pathophysiology, evaluation and management. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2006-04, 21 (4): 638–646 [2021-12-29]. ISSN 0815-9319. PMID 16677147. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04333.x. （原始内容存档于2021-12-29）.
Chatoor, Dave; Emmnauel, Anton. Constipation and evacuation disorders. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Gastroenterology. 2009, 23 (4): 517–530 [2021-12-29]. ISSN 1532-1916. PMID 19647687. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2009.05.001. （原始内容存档于2021-12-29）.
Peppas, George; Alexiou, Vangelis G; Mourtzoukou, Eleni; Falagas, Matthew E. Epidemiology of constipation in Europe and Oceania: a systematic review. BMC Gastroenterology. 2008-12, 8 (1): 5 [2021-12-29]. ISSN 1471-230X. PMC 2258300 . PMID 18269746. doi:10.1186/1471-230X-8-5. （原始内容存档于2021-12-29）（英语）.
Bharucha, Adil E.; Pemberton, John H.; Locke, G. Richard. American Gastroenterological Association Technical Review on Constipation. Gastroenterology. 2013-01, 144 (1): 218–238 [2021-12-29]. PMC 3531555 . PMID 23261065. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2012.10.028. （原始内容存档于2022-01-19）（英语）.
Brenner, Darren M.; Shah, Marmy. Chronic Constipation. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America. 2016-06, 45 (2): 205–216 [2021-12-29]. ISSN 1558-1942. PMID 27261894. doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2016.02.013. （原始内容存档于2021-12-29）.
Andromanakos, Nikolaos; Skandalakis, Panayiotis; Troupis, Theodoros; Filippou, Dimitrios. Constipation of anorectal outlet obstruction: pathophysiology, evaluation and management. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2006-04, 21 (4): 638–646 [2021-12-29]. ISSN 0815-9319. PMID 16677147. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04333.x. （原始内容存档于2021-12-29）.
Patel, Sarah; Doerfler, Bethany; Boutros, Katerine; Ng, Samson; Manuel, Machelle; DeSimone, Elayne. Review of Treatment Options for Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Constipation and Chronic Idiopathic Constipation. International Journal of General Medicine. 2021-04,. Volume 14: 1457–1468 [2021-12-29]. ISSN 1178-7074. PMC 8071080 . PMID 33907450. doi:10.2147/IJGM.S274568. （原始内容存档于2021-12-29）（英语）.
Mendoza, J.; Legido, J.; Rubio, S.; Gisbert, J. P. Systematic review: the adverse effects of sodium phosphate enema. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2007-07-01, 26 (1): 9–20 [2021-12-29]. ISSN 0269-2813. PMID 17555417. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03354.x. （原始内容存档于2021-12-29）.
Son, Heejung; Song, Hyun Jin; Seo, Hyun-Ju; Lee, Heeyoung; Choi, Sun Mi; Lee, Sanghun. The safety and effectiveness of self-administered coffee enema: A systematic review of case reports. Medicine. 2020-09-04, 99 (36). ISSN 0025-7974. PMC 7478478 . PMID 32899046. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000021998 （英语）.
Keum, Bora; Jeen, Yoon Tae; Park, Sung Chul; Seo, Yeon Seok; Kim, Yong Sik; Chun, Hoon Jai; Um, Soon Ho; Kim, Chang Duck; Ryu, Ho Sang. Proctocolitis Caused by Coffee Enemas. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2010-01, 105 (1). ISSN 0002-9270. doi:10.1038/ajg.2009.505 （英语）.

dovepress.com

Patel, Sarah; Doerfler, Bethany; Boutros, Katerine; Ng, Samson; Manuel, Machelle; DeSimone, Elayne. Review of Treatment Options for Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Constipation and Chronic Idiopathic Constipation. International Journal of General Medicine. 2021-04,. Volume 14: 1457–1468 [2021-12-29]. ISSN 1178-7074. PMC 8071080 . PMID 33907450. doi:10.2147/IJGM.S274568. （原始内容存档于2021-12-29）（英语）.

elsevier.com

linkinghub.elsevier.com

Bharucha, Adil E.; Pemberton, John H.; Locke, G. Richard. American Gastroenterological Association Technical Review on Constipation. Gastroenterology. 2013-01, 144 (1): 218–238 [2021-12-29]. PMC 3531555 . PMID 23261065. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2012.10.028. （原始内容存档于2022-01-19）（英语）.

helpwithsmoking.com

Nicotine withdrawal symptoms:Constipation. helpwithsmoking.com. 2005 [2009-10-12]. （原始内容存档于2008-05-13）（英语）.

lww.com

journals.lww.com

Son, Heejung; Song, Hyun Jin; Seo, Hyun-Ju; Lee, Heeyoung; Choi, Sun Mi; Lee, Sanghun. The safety and effectiveness of self-administered coffee enema: A systematic review of case reports. Medicine. 2020-09-04, 99 (36). ISSN 0025-7974. PMC 7478478 . PMID 32899046. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000021998 （英语）.
Keum, Bora; Jeen, Yoon Tae; Park, Sung Chul; Seo, Yeon Seok; Kim, Yong Sik; Chun, Hoon Jai; Um, Soon Ho; Kim, Chang Duck; Ryu, Ho Sang. Proctocolitis Caused by Coffee Enemas. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2010-01, 105 (1). ISSN 0002-9270. doi:10.1038/ajg.2009.505 （英语）.

mdpi.com

Makharia, Archita; Catassi, Carlo; Makharia, Govind. The Overlap between Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity: A Clinical Dilemma. Nutrients. 2015-12-10, 7 (12): 10417–10426 [2021-12-30]. ISSN 2072-6643. PMC 4690093 . PMID 26690475. doi:10.3390/nu7125541. （原始内容存档于2021-12-23）（英语）.

merriam-webster.com

Costiveness – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary. [2017-07-29]. （原始内容存档于2010-04-11）.

nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Chatoor, Dave; Emmnauel, Anton. Constipation and evacuation disorders. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Gastroenterology. 2009, 23 (4): 517–530 [2021-12-29]. ISSN 1532-1916. PMID 19647687. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2009.05.001. （原始内容存档于2021-12-29）.
American Gastroenterological Association; Bharucha, Adil E.; Dorn, Spencer D.; Lembo, Anthony; Pressman, Amanda. American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement on constipation. Gastroenterology. 2013-01, 144 (1): 211–217 [2021-12-30]. ISSN 1528-0012. PMID 23261064. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2012.10.029. （原始内容存档于2021-12-30）.
Makharia, Archita; Catassi, Carlo; Makharia, Govind. The Overlap between Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity: A Clinical Dilemma. Nutrients. 2015-12-10, 7 (12): 10417–10426 [2021-12-30]. ISSN 2072-6643. PMC 4690093 . PMID 26690475. doi:10.3390/nu7125541. （原始内容存档于2021-12-23）（英语）.
Andromanakos, Nikolaos; Skandalakis, Panayiotis; Troupis, Theodoros; Filippou, Dimitrios. Constipation of anorectal outlet obstruction: pathophysiology, evaluation and management. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2006-04, 21 (4): 638–646 [2021-12-29]. ISSN 0815-9319. PMID 16677147. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04333.x. （原始内容存档于2021-12-29）.
Chatoor, Dave; Emmnauel, Anton. Constipation and evacuation disorders. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Gastroenterology. 2009, 23 (4): 517–530 [2021-12-29]. ISSN 1532-1916. PMID 19647687. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2009.05.001. （原始内容存档于2021-12-29）.
Peppas, George; Alexiou, Vangelis G; Mourtzoukou, Eleni; Falagas, Matthew E. Epidemiology of constipation in Europe and Oceania: a systematic review. BMC Gastroenterology. 2008-12, 8 (1): 5 [2021-12-29]. ISSN 1471-230X. PMC 2258300 . PMID 18269746. doi:10.1186/1471-230X-8-5. （原始内容存档于2021-12-29）（英语）.
Bharucha, Adil E.; Pemberton, John H.; Locke, G. Richard. American Gastroenterological Association Technical Review on Constipation. Gastroenterology. 2013-01, 144 (1): 218–238 [2021-12-29]. PMC 3531555 . PMID 23261065. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2012.10.028. （原始内容存档于2022-01-19）（英语）.
Dioctyl Sulfosuccinate or Docusate (Calcium or Sodium) for the Prevention or Management of Constipation: A Review of the Clinical Effectiveness. CADTH Rapid Response Reports. Ottawa (ON): Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health. 2014-01-01 [2017-04-20]. PMID 25520993. （原始内容存档于2022-01-19）.
Brenner, Darren M.; Shah, Marmy. Chronic Constipation. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America. 2016-06, 45 (2): 205–216 [2021-12-29]. ISSN 1558-1942. PMID 27261894. doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2016.02.013. （原始内容存档于2021-12-29）.
Andromanakos, Nikolaos; Skandalakis, Panayiotis; Troupis, Theodoros; Filippou, Dimitrios. Constipation of anorectal outlet obstruction: pathophysiology, evaluation and management. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2006-04, 21 (4): 638–646 [2021-12-29]. ISSN 0815-9319. PMID 16677147. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04333.x. （原始内容存档于2021-12-29）.
Patel, Sarah; Doerfler, Bethany; Boutros, Katerine; Ng, Samson; Manuel, Machelle; DeSimone, Elayne. Review of Treatment Options for Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Constipation and Chronic Idiopathic Constipation. International Journal of General Medicine. 2021-04,. Volume 14: 1457–1468 [2021-12-29]. ISSN 1178-7074. PMC 8071080 . PMID 33907450. doi:10.2147/IJGM.S274568. （原始内容存档于2021-12-29）（英语）.
Mendoza, J.; Legido, J.; Rubio, S.; Gisbert, J. P. Systematic review: the adverse effects of sodium phosphate enema. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2007-07-01, 26 (1): 9–20 [2021-12-29]. ISSN 0269-2813. PMID 17555417. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03354.x. （原始内容存档于2021-12-29）.
Son, Heejung; Song, Hyun Jin; Seo, Hyun-Ju; Lee, Heeyoung; Choi, Sun Mi; Lee, Sanghun. The safety and effectiveness of self-administered coffee enema: A systematic review of case reports. Medicine. 2020-09-04, 99 (36). ISSN 0025-7974. PMC 7478478 . PMID 32899046. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000021998 （英语）.

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Chatoor, Dave; Emmnauel, Anton. Constipation and evacuation disorders. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Gastroenterology. 2009, 23 (4): 517–530 [2021-12-29]. ISSN 1532-1916. PMID 19647687. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2009.05.001. （原始内容存档于2021-12-29）.
American Gastroenterological Association; Bharucha, Adil E.; Dorn, Spencer D.; Lembo, Anthony; Pressman, Amanda. American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement on constipation. Gastroenterology. 2013-01, 144 (1): 211–217 [2021-12-30]. ISSN 1528-0012. PMID 23261064. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2012.10.029. （原始内容存档于2021-12-30）.
Andromanakos, Nikolaos; Skandalakis, Panayiotis; Troupis, Theodoros; Filippou, Dimitrios. Constipation of anorectal outlet obstruction: pathophysiology, evaluation and management. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2006-04, 21 (4): 638–646 [2021-12-29]. ISSN 0815-9319. PMID 16677147. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04333.x. （原始内容存档于2021-12-29）.
Chatoor, Dave; Emmnauel, Anton. Constipation and evacuation disorders. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Gastroenterology. 2009, 23 (4): 517–530 [2021-12-29]. ISSN 1532-1916. PMID 19647687. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2009.05.001. （原始内容存档于2021-12-29）.
Brenner, Darren M.; Shah, Marmy. Chronic Constipation. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America. 2016-06, 45 (2): 205–216 [2021-12-29]. ISSN 1558-1942. PMID 27261894. doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2016.02.013. （原始内容存档于2021-12-29）.
Andromanakos, Nikolaos; Skandalakis, Panayiotis; Troupis, Theodoros; Filippou, Dimitrios. Constipation of anorectal outlet obstruction: pathophysiology, evaluation and management. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2006-04, 21 (4): 638–646 [2021-12-29]. ISSN 0815-9319. PMID 16677147. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04333.x. （原始内容存档于2021-12-29）.
Mendoza, J.; Legido, J.; Rubio, S.; Gisbert, J. P. Systematic review: the adverse effects of sodium phosphate enema. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2007-07-01, 26 (1): 9–20 [2021-12-29]. ISSN 0269-2813. PMID 17555417. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03354.x. （原始内容存档于2021-12-29）.

niddk.nih.gov

Constipation. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. [2021-12-30]. （原始内容存档于2017-03-15）（美国英语）.
Symptoms & Causes of Celiac Disease. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. June 2016 [24 April 2017]. （原始内容存档于2017-04-24）.
Constipation. [2017-04-20]. （原始内容存档于2017-03-15）.

web.archive.org

Costiveness – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary. [2017-07-29]. （原始内容存档于2010-04-11）.
Chatoor, Dave; Emmnauel, Anton. Constipation and evacuation disorders. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Gastroenterology. 2009, 23 (4): 517–530 [2021-12-29]. ISSN 1532-1916. PMID 19647687. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2009.05.001. （原始内容存档于2021-12-29）.
American Gastroenterological Association; Bharucha, Adil E.; Dorn, Spencer D.; Lembo, Anthony; Pressman, Amanda. American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement on constipation. Gastroenterology. 2013-01, 144 (1): 211–217 [2021-12-30]. ISSN 1528-0012. PMID 23261064. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2012.10.029. （原始内容存档于2021-12-30）.
Constipation. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. [2021-12-30]. （原始内容存档于2017-03-15）（美国英语）.
Symptoms & Causes of Celiac Disease. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. June 2016 [24 April 2017]. （原始内容存档于2017-04-24）.
Makharia, Archita; Catassi, Carlo; Makharia, Govind. The Overlap between Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity: A Clinical Dilemma. Nutrients. 2015-12-10, 7 (12): 10417–10426 [2021-12-30]. ISSN 2072-6643. PMC 4690093 . PMID 26690475. doi:10.3390/nu7125541. （原始内容存档于2021-12-23）（英语）.
Andromanakos, Nikolaos; Skandalakis, Panayiotis; Troupis, Theodoros; Filippou, Dimitrios. Constipation of anorectal outlet obstruction: pathophysiology, evaluation and management. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2006-04, 21 (4): 638–646 [2021-12-29]. ISSN 0815-9319. PMID 16677147. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04333.x. （原始内容存档于2021-12-29）.
Chatoor, Dave; Emmnauel, Anton. Constipation and evacuation disorders. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Gastroenterology. 2009, 23 (4): 517–530 [2021-12-29]. ISSN 1532-1916. PMID 19647687. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2009.05.001. （原始内容存档于2021-12-29）.
Constipation. [2017-04-20]. （原始内容存档于2017-03-15）.
World Gastroenterology Organisation Practice Guidelines: Constipation (PDF). World Gastroenterology Organisation. 2007年 [2009年10月12日]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2009年10月23日）（英语）.
Peppas, George; Alexiou, Vangelis G; Mourtzoukou, Eleni; Falagas, Matthew E. Epidemiology of constipation in Europe and Oceania: a systematic review. BMC Gastroenterology. 2008-12, 8 (1): 5 [2021-12-29]. ISSN 1471-230X. PMC 2258300 . PMID 18269746. doi:10.1186/1471-230X-8-5. （原始内容存档于2021-12-29）（英语）.
Bharucha, Adil E.; Pemberton, John H.; Locke, G. Richard. American Gastroenterological Association Technical Review on Constipation. Gastroenterology. 2013-01, 144 (1): 218–238 [2021-12-29]. PMC 3531555 . PMID 23261065. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2012.10.028. （原始内容存档于2022-01-19）（英语）.
Dioctyl Sulfosuccinate or Docusate (Calcium or Sodium) for the Prevention or Management of Constipation: A Review of the Clinical Effectiveness. CADTH Rapid Response Reports. Ottawa (ON): Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health. 2014-01-01 [2017-04-20]. PMID 25520993. （原始内容存档于2022-01-19）.
Brenner, Darren M.; Shah, Marmy. Chronic Constipation. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America. 2016-06, 45 (2): 205–216 [2021-12-29]. ISSN 1558-1942. PMID 27261894. doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2016.02.013. （原始内容存档于2021-12-29）.
Andromanakos, Nikolaos; Skandalakis, Panayiotis; Troupis, Theodoros; Filippou, Dimitrios. Constipation of anorectal outlet obstruction: pathophysiology, evaluation and management. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2006-04, 21 (4): 638–646 [2021-12-29]. ISSN 0815-9319. PMID 16677147. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04333.x. （原始内容存档于2021-12-29）.
Canan., Avunduk,. Manual of gastroenterology : diagnosis and therapy. Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2008-01-01 [2017-04-20]. ISBN 9780781769747. OCLC 156845844. （原始内容存档于2022-03-16）.
Nicotine withdrawal symptoms:Constipation. helpwithsmoking.com. 2005 [2009-10-12]. （原始内容存档于2008-05-13）（英语）.
Patel, Sarah; Doerfler, Bethany; Boutros, Katerine; Ng, Samson; Manuel, Machelle; DeSimone, Elayne. Review of Treatment Options for Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Constipation and Chronic Idiopathic Constipation. International Journal of General Medicine. 2021-04,. Volume 14: 1457–1468 [2021-12-29]. ISSN 1178-7074. PMC 8071080 . PMID 33907450. doi:10.2147/IJGM.S274568. （原始内容存档于2021-12-29）（英语）.
Mendoza, J.; Legido, J.; Rubio, S.; Gisbert, J. P. Systematic review: the adverse effects of sodium phosphate enema. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2007-07-01, 26 (1): 9–20 [2021-12-29]. ISSN 0269-2813. PMID 17555417. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03354.x. （原始内容存档于2021-12-29）.

worldcat.org

Chatoor, Dave; Emmnauel, Anton. Constipation and evacuation disorders. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Gastroenterology. 2009, 23 (4): 517–530 [2021-12-29]. ISSN 1532-1916. PMID 19647687. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2009.05.001. （原始内容存档于2021-12-29）.
American Gastroenterological Association; Bharucha, Adil E.; Dorn, Spencer D.; Lembo, Anthony; Pressman, Amanda. American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement on constipation. Gastroenterology. 2013-01, 144 (1): 211–217 [2021-12-30]. ISSN 1528-0012. PMID 23261064. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2012.10.029. （原始内容存档于2021-12-30）.
Makharia, Archita; Catassi, Carlo; Makharia, Govind. The Overlap between Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity: A Clinical Dilemma. Nutrients. 2015-12-10, 7 (12): 10417–10426 [2021-12-30]. ISSN 2072-6643. PMC 4690093 . PMID 26690475. doi:10.3390/nu7125541. （原始内容存档于2021-12-23）（英语）.
Andromanakos, Nikolaos; Skandalakis, Panayiotis; Troupis, Theodoros; Filippou, Dimitrios. Constipation of anorectal outlet obstruction: pathophysiology, evaluation and management. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2006-04, 21 (4): 638–646 [2021-12-29]. ISSN 0815-9319. PMID 16677147. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04333.x. （原始内容存档于2021-12-29）.
Chatoor, Dave; Emmnauel, Anton. Constipation and evacuation disorders. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Gastroenterology. 2009, 23 (4): 517–530 [2021-12-29]. ISSN 1532-1916. PMID 19647687. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2009.05.001. （原始内容存档于2021-12-29）.
Peppas, George; Alexiou, Vangelis G; Mourtzoukou, Eleni; Falagas, Matthew E. Epidemiology of constipation in Europe and Oceania: a systematic review. BMC Gastroenterology. 2008-12, 8 (1): 5 [2021-12-29]. ISSN 1471-230X. PMC 2258300 . PMID 18269746. doi:10.1186/1471-230X-8-5. （原始内容存档于2021-12-29）（英语）.
Brenner, Darren M.; Shah, Marmy. Chronic Constipation. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America. 2016-06, 45 (2): 205–216 [2021-12-29]. ISSN 1558-1942. PMID 27261894. doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2016.02.013. （原始内容存档于2021-12-29）.
Andromanakos, Nikolaos; Skandalakis, Panayiotis; Troupis, Theodoros; Filippou, Dimitrios. Constipation of anorectal outlet obstruction: pathophysiology, evaluation and management. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2006-04, 21 (4): 638–646 [2021-12-29]. ISSN 0815-9319. PMID 16677147. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04333.x. （原始内容存档于2021-12-29）.
Canan., Avunduk,. Manual of gastroenterology : diagnosis and therapy. Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2008-01-01 [2017-04-20]. ISBN 9780781769747. OCLC 156845844. （原始内容存档于2022-03-16）.
Patel, Sarah; Doerfler, Bethany; Boutros, Katerine; Ng, Samson; Manuel, Machelle; DeSimone, Elayne. Review of Treatment Options for Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Constipation and Chronic Idiopathic Constipation. International Journal of General Medicine. 2021-04,. Volume 14: 1457–1468 [2021-12-29]. ISSN 1178-7074. PMC 8071080 . PMID 33907450. doi:10.2147/IJGM.S274568. （原始内容存档于2021-12-29）（英语）.
Mendoza, J.; Legido, J.; Rubio, S.; Gisbert, J. P. Systematic review: the adverse effects of sodium phosphate enema. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2007-07-01, 26 (1): 9–20 [2021-12-29]. ISSN 0269-2813. PMID 17555417. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03354.x. （原始内容存档于2021-12-29）.
Son, Heejung; Song, Hyun Jin; Seo, Hyun-Ju; Lee, Heeyoung; Choi, Sun Mi; Lee, Sanghun. The safety and effectiveness of self-administered coffee enema: A systematic review of case reports. Medicine. 2020-09-04, 99 (36). ISSN 0025-7974. PMC 7478478 . PMID 32899046. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000021998 （英语）.
Keum, Bora; Jeen, Yoon Tae; Park, Sung Chul; Seo, Yeon Seok; Kim, Yong Sik; Chun, Hoon Jai; Um, Soon Ho; Kim, Chang Duck; Ryu, Ho Sang. Proctocolitis Caused by Coffee Enemas. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2010-01, 105 (1). ISSN 0002-9270. doi:10.1038/ajg.2009.505 （英语）.

worldgastroenterology.org

World Gastroenterology Organisation Practice Guidelines: Constipation (PDF). World Gastroenterology Organisation. 2007年 [2009年10月12日]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2009年10月23日）（英语）.