Ekman, Paul, A Life's Persuit.The Semiotic Web, 1986. An International Yearbook, T. A. Sebeok & J. Umiker-Sebeok (Eds.), Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 1987, Pp 3-45. 存档副本(PDF). [2012-09-25]. (原始内容(PDF)存档于2012-07-16).
Matsumoto, David (1992) "More evidence for the universality of a contempt expression". Motivation and Emotion. Springer Netherlands. Volume 16, Number 4 / December, 1992. Abstract[永久失效連結]
Ekman, Paul, A Life's Persuit.The Semiotic Web, 1986. An International Yearbook, T. A. Sebeok & J. Umiker-Sebeok (Eds.), Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 1987, Pp 3-45. 存档副本(PDF). [2012-09-25]. (原始内容(PDF)存档于2012-07-16).