內布拉星象盤 (Chinese Wikipedia)
Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "內布拉星象盤" in Chinese language version.
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academia.edu
- Eiland, Murray. Pre-heraldry on the Sangerhausen Disc. The Armiger's News. 2003, 25 (2): 1, 9 –通过Academia.edu.
- Pernicka, Ernst; Adam, Jörg; Borg, Gregor; Brügmann, Gerhard; Bunnefeld, Jan-Heinrich; Kainz, Wolfgang; Klamm, Mechthild; Koiki, Thomas; Meller, Harald; Schwarz, Ralf; Stöllner, Thomas; Wunderlich, Christian-Heinrich; Reichenberger, Alfred. Why the Nebra Sky Disc Dates to the Early Bronze Age. An Overview of the Interdisciplinary Results. Archaeologia Austriaca (Austrian Academy of Sciences). 2020, 104: 89–122. S2CID 229208057. doi:10.1553/archaeologia104s89
. - Meller, Harald. The Nebra Sky Disc – astronomy and time determination as a source of power. Time is power. Who makes time?: 13th Archaeological Conference of Central Germany. Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Halle (Saale). 2021. ISBN 978-3-948618-22-3.
The synchronisation key of the first phase [of the Nebra disc] allowed the longer solar year (approximately 365 days) to be harmonised with the shorter lunar year (around 354 days). Each year in spring, the crescent moon passed close to the Pleiades, appearing with different widths, depending on the lunar phase. The appearance of a 4.5 day-old crescent moon next to the Pleiades, as shown on the Sky Disc, meant that an extra month should have been added, since the solar and lunar years differed by approximately one month after every three years.
- Meller, Harald. The Nebra Sky Disc – astronomy and time determination as a source of power. Time is power. Who makes time?: 13th Archaeological Conference of Central Germany. Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Halle (Saale). 2021. ISBN 978-3-948618-22-3.
- Meller, Harald. The Nebra Sky Disc – astronomy and time determination as a source of power. Time is power. Who makes time?: 13th Archaeological Conference of Central Germany. Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Halle (Saale). 2021: 151–152. ISBN 978-3-948618-22-3.
Zudem vergehen bei einer 4,5 Tage alten Mondsichel nicht wie üblich 29 oder 30 Tage seit dem letzten Neulicht, sondern 32 Tage. Dies korrespondiert mit den 32 Sternen, die auf der Himmelsscheibe in der ersten Phase abgebildet waren, sodass die Schaltregel wohl sogar doppelt verschlüsselt in diesem auf den ersten Blick simplen Bildwerk dargestellt ist. Das große runde Goldobjekt könnte zugleich Vollmond und Sonne repräsentieren. Die 32 Sterne der ersten Phase verkörpern dann 32 Sonnenjahre, denen – zählt man Vollmond / Sonne hinzu – 33 Mondjahre entsprechen (Hansen 2007). English translation: "with a 4.5-day old crescent moon, not 29 or 30 days elapse since the last new light, as is usually the case, but 32 days. This corresponds with the 32 stars that were depicted on the sky disc in the first phase, so that the leap rule is probably even depicted in a doubly coded way in this, at first sight, simple pictorial work. The large round gold object could represent both the full moon and the sun. The 32 stars of the first phase then embody 32 solar years, to which - if one adds the full moon / sun - 33 lunar years correspond (Hansen 2007).
- Meller, Harald. The Nebra Sky Disc – astronomy and time determination as a source of power. Time is power. Who makes time?: 13th Archaeological Conference of Central Germany. Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Halle (Saale). 2021: 151–152. ISBN 978-3-948618-22-3.
- Sommerfeld, Christoph. ... Sterne mal Sterne durch Sonne ist Mond - Bemerkungen über die Nebra-Scheibe. Preaehistorische Zeitschrift. 2012, 87 (1): 110–131. S2CID 163304521. doi:10.1515/pz-2012-0006.
- Sommerfel, Christoph. ... nach Jahr und Tag – Bemerkungen über die Trundholm-Scheiben. Praehistorische Zeitschrift. 2010, 85 (2): 207–242. S2CID 164902130. doi:10.1515/pz.2010.012.
- Herten, Friedel; Waldmann, Georg. Functional principles of early time measurement at Stonehenge and Nebra. Archäologische Informationen. 2018, 41: 275–288.
- Hager, Helen. Targeting celestial bodies – News regarding the “Kalenderstein” (calendar stone) in Leodagger (Lower Austria). PROCEEDINGS PUBLICATIONS OF THE ERBE-SYMPOSIUM 2. 2021.
- Ilon, Gabor. The Golden Treasure from Szent Vid in Velem. Archaeolingua. 2015: 73.
In the Nordic Bronze Age, sets of 7 and 28 appear on the Aspeberget rock carvings, one of which portrays a figure holding a sistrum-like object in its right hand, depicted by twenty-eight cup marks arranged in four rows of seven each. In his study devoted to ancient astronomy, Flemming Kaul suggested that it depicted the four lunar phases and the lunar months
- Rappenglück, Michael. Cosmovisions Put Upon a Disk: Another View of the Nebra Disk. Silva, Fabio; Malville, Kim; Lomsdalen, Tore; Ventura, Frank (编). The Materiality of the Sky: Proceedings of the 22nd Annual SEAC Conference, 2014. Sophia Centre Press. 2016: 58. ISBN 978-1907767-09-8.
- Valavanis, Panos; Nagy, Gregory. The Sun in Greek Culture and Art. The Sun in Myth and Art. Thames & Hudson. 1993: 280–293.
- Hansen, Rahlf; Rink, Christine. Der minoische Kalender – eine Brücke von Babylon nach Nebra. Orientierung, Navigation und Zeitbestimmung – Wie der Himmel den Lebensraum des Menschen prägt. Nuncius Hamburgensis - Beiträge zur Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften Band 42.. Tredition. 2019: 432–461. ISBN 978-3-7482-1146-4.
- MacGillivray, Joseph. The Minoan Double Axe Goddess and Her Astral Realm. Athanasia. The Earthly, the Celestial and the Underworld in the Mediterranean from the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age. N. Ch. Stampolidis, A. Kanta and A. Giannikouri (eds.). MEDITERRANEAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 2012. ISBN 978-960-7143-40-2.
- Pokutta, Dalia. Food and cooking in the Únětice culture. Boroffka, Nikolaus (编). Carpathian heartlands: studies on the prehistory and history of Transsylvania in European contexts, dedicated to Horia Ciugudean on his 60th birthday. Muzeul Naţional al Unirii. 2016: 143.
- Cahill, Mary. Here comes the sun...: Solar symbolism in Early Bronze Age Ireland
. Archaeology Ireland. Spring 2015, 29 (1): 26–33 –通过Academia.edu. - Lahelma, Antti. The Circumpolar Context of the 'Sun Ship' Motif in South Scandinavian Rock Art. North Meets South: Theoretical Aspects on the Northern and Southern Rock Art Traditions in Scandinavia. Oxbow Books. 2017: 144–171. ISBN 978-1-78570-820-6.
- Massetti, Laura. Antimachus's Enigma: On Erytheia, the Latvian Sun-goddess and a Red Fish. Journal of Indo-European Studies. 2019, 47: 223–240.
synchronic analysis of Greek passages dealing with the journey of Helios reveals that the poetic image of the golden ‘cup, vessel’ hints at the solar boat.
- Hopkins, Joseph S.; Þorgeirsson, Haukur. The Ship in the Field. RMN Newsletter. 2011: 14–18.
- Kristiansen, Kristian. Bridging India and Scandinavia: Institutional Transmission and Elite Conquest during the Bronze Age. InterweavIng worlds: Systemic Interactions in Eurasia, 7th to 1st Millennia BC. Oxbow Books. 2011. ISBN 978-1-84217-998-7.
the twin swords and axes in the Nebra hoard correspond to a widely shared ritual tradition of such depositions, which are the material correlates of the Divine Twins in Bronze Age ritual. This idea is further supported by the Nebra disc that links the Divine Twins (twin axes and swords) and the sun cult together, and thus confirms their intimate relation. ... [the Divine Twins] are also said to represent the morning and evening star, and the twin stars in the constellation of Gemini. This constellation, which belongs in the winter sky, could possibly be identified in the lower part of the Nebra disc, as it consists of 8 stars in a formation much like what we see on the disc.
- Kristiansen, Kristian. Bridging India and Scandinavia: Institutional Transmission and Elite Conquest during the Bronze Age. InterweavIng worlds: Systemic Interactions in Eurasia, 7th to 1st Millennia BC. Oxbow Books. 2011. ISBN 978-1-84217-998-7.
the twin swords and axes in the Nebra hoard correspond to a widely shared ritual tradition of such depositions, which are the material correlates of the Divine Twins in Bronze Age ritual. This idea is further supported by the Nebra disc that links the Divine Twins (twin axes and swords) and the sun cult together, and thus confirms their intimate relation. ... [the Divine Twins] are also said to represent the morning and evening star, and the twin stars in the constellation of Gemini. This constellation, which belongs in the winter sky, could possibly be identified in the lower part of the Nebra disc, as it consists of 8 stars in a formation much like what we see on the disc.
- MacKie, Euan. The Prehistoric Solar Calendar: An Out-of-fashion Idea Revisited with New Evidence. Time and Mind. March 2009, 2 (1): 9–46. S2CID 162360353. doi:10.2752/175169709X374263.
Ker and his colleagues found the pair of acute angles of the basic diamond pattern [of the Bush Barrow lozenge] to be 81°. They realized that this was the angle between midsummer and midwinter sunrises (and sunsets of course) on a low horizon at the latitude of Stonehenge (51.17° N) four thousand years ago. ... The Nebra disc and the Bush Barrow lozenge both seem to be designed to reflect the annual solar cycle at about latitude 51° north, and both have elements in their design which could refer specifically to the solar calendar.
- Gerloff, Sabine. Von Troja an die Saale, von Wessex nach Mykene – Chronologie, Fernverbindungen und Zinnrouten der Frühbronzezeit Mittel- und Westeuropas. Meller, Harald; Bertemes, Francois (编). Der Griff nach den Sternen. Internationales Symposium in Halle (Saale) 16.-21. Februar 2005. Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt – Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Halle (Saale). 2010: 603–639. ISBN 978-3-939414-28-5.
This phase also includes the hoard of Nebra with its famous disc showing gold-plated heavenly bodies. Its plating technique is generally connected to Mycenaean metalwork. It will be shown, however, that this technique together with that of metal inlay had its origins in Britain, where it was already applied to organic material during the first phase of the Early Bronze Age, and flourished during the second and third phases when it was introduced on the continent and used on prestige metalwork.
- Gebhard, Rupert; Krause, Rüdiger. Critical comments on the find complex of the so-called Nebra Sky Disk. Archäologische Informationen. 2020, 43: 325–346. doi:10.11588/ai.2020.1.
agefotostock.com
archaeology.org
- The Nebra Sky Disc. Archaeology. June 2019.
In the first phase, the disc showed the night sky with 32 gold stars, including the Pleiades, a gold orb representing the sun or a full moon, and a crescent moon. It served as a reminder of when it was necessary to synchronize the lunar and solar years by inserting a leap month. This phenomenon occurred when the three-and-a-half-day-old moon—the crescent moon on the disc—was visible at the same time as the Pleiades. 'The astronomical rules that are depicted wouldn't be imaginable without decades of intensive observation,' says Harald Meller, director of the State Museum for Prehistory in Halle. 'Until the Sky Disc was discovered, no one thought prehistoric people capable of such precise astronomical knowledge.'
archive.org
- Gold und Kult der Bronzezeit. Germanisches Nationalmuseum, Nuremberg. 2003: 47. ISBN 3-926982-95-0.
- Wilkinson, Richard H. The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. 2003: 148–149, 160. ISBN 978-0-500-05120-7.
arcor.de
home.arcor.de
- Feller, Manfred; Koch, Johannes. Geheimnis der Himmelsscheibe doch nicht gelöst? Warum die angebliche Entschlüsselung der Himmelsscheibe durch R. Hansen und H. Meller falsch ist. （原始内容存档于2016-03-04）.
artsandculture.google.com
- Life and Belief During the Bronze Age" Neues Museum, Berlin. [13 March 2022].
Gold vessels in the Eberswalde hoard bear sun and circular symbols like those on the Berlin gold hat. Some of these contain calendrical information as well. The base of a bowl [from the Eberswalde hoard] is formed from ten, or counting the centre disc, eleven concentric circles topped by a band of 22 circular discs. This corresponds to the number of solar years (10+22=32) and together with the centre disc the number of lunar years (11+22=33) until the solar and lunar calendars are in alignment.
arxiv.org
- Ridderstad, Marianna. Evidence of Minoan astronomy and calendrical practices. 2009. arXiv:0910.4801 [physics.hist-ph].
The scene on the ring [from Mycenae] shows the sun, the moon, and what looks like the Milky Way on the sky, as well as the "Poppy Goddess" seated under a tree [...] The poppy flower of the Minoan 'Poppy Goddess' was associated in Classical Greek art with many goddesses, but, especially, it was the symbol of Demeter, who as the great mother and fertility goddess had a cult that had its origin in Minoan-Mycenaean times [...] as the Palaikastro mould shows, the Poppy Goddess was not only a chthonic fertility goddess, but also the goddess of celestial cycles.
astronomicalheritage.net
www3.astronomicalheritage.net
- Nebra Sky Disc — Bronze Age representation of the sky, Germany. UNESCO Portal to the Heritage of Astronomy.
web.astronomicalheritage.net
- Nebra Sky Disc — Bronze Age representation of the sky, Germany. UNESCO Portal to the Heritage of Astronomy.
astronomy.com
- Joshua Rapp Learn. The Nebra Sky Disk: Is the world's oldest star map really a map at all?. Astronomy Today. May 11, 2021 [30 January 2022].
bbc.co.uk
- Secrets of the Star Disc. BBC Science & Nature. Horizon. January 2004.
bbc.com
- Nebra Sky Disc: British Museum to display world's 'oldest map of stars'. BBC News. 2021-10-17 [2021-10-18] （英国英语）.
books.google.com
- Wolfschmidt, Gudrun (编). Himmelswelten und Kosmovisionen. Tredition. 2020. ISBN 9783347024304.
- Kristiansen, Kristian; Larsson, Thomas B. The rise of Bronze Age society. Cambridge University Press. 2005: 192–193. ISBN 9780521843638.
- West, M.L. Indo-European Poetry and Myth. Oxford University Press. 2007: 207–209. ISBN 9780199280759.
- West, M.L. Indo-European Poetry and Myth. Oxford University Press. 2007: 207–209. ISBN 9780199280759.
- Bleeker, C.J. Hathor and Thoth. Leiden. 1973: 73. ISBN 90-04-03734-9.
brill.com
- Bunnefeld, J.; Becker, J.; Martin, L.; Pausewein, R.; Simon, S.; Meller, H. Baltic Amber in Aššur. Forms and Significance of Amber Exchange between Europe and the Middle East, c.2000–1300 BC. Acta Archaeologica. 2023, 92 (2): 228–243. S2CID 258250358. doi:10.1163/16000390-20210031.
britastro.org
- Moore, Stewart. Which way is up?. British Astronomical Association. [2025-03-30].
diva-portal.org
su.diva-portal.org
- Arrhenius, Birgit. Brisingamen and the Menet necklace. Glaube, Kult und Herrschaft. Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH. 2009: 219–230.
This article discusses the jewellery worn by the goddess Freyja, the Brisingamen. ... its origin may have been the Menet (alternatively Menat or Menit) – originally the necklace of the cow god Hathor which in the Greco-Roman time was taken over by the fertility goddess Isis.
doi.org
- Mentock, Richard. Rethinking the Nebra Sky Disk. Physics Today. November 2021, 74 (11): 10. Bibcode:2021PhT....74k..10M. S2CID 240475208. doi:10.1063/PT.3.4868 .
- Pernicka, Ernst; Adam, Jörg; Borg, Gregor; Brügmann, Gerhard; Bunnefeld, Jan-Heinrich; Kainz, Wolfgang; Klamm, Mechthild; Koiki, Thomas; Meller, Harald; Schwarz, Ralf; Stöllner, Thomas; Wunderlich, Christian-Heinrich; Reichenberger, Alfred. Why the Nebra Sky Disc Dates to the Early Bronze Age. An Overview of the Interdisciplinary Results. Archaeologia Austriaca (Austrian Academy of Sciences). 2020, 104: 89–122. S2CID 229208057. doi:10.1553/archaeologia104s89 .
- Ehser, Anja; Borg, Gregor; Pernicka, Ernst. Provenance of the gold of the Early Bronze Age Nebra Sky Disk, central Germany: geochemical characterization of natural gold from Cornwall. European Journal of Mineralogy. 2011, 23 (6): 895–910 [12 November 2013]. Bibcode:2011EJMin..23..895E. doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2011/0023-2140.
- Haustein, M. Tin isotopy: a new method for solving old questions. Archaeometry. 2010, 52 (5): 816–832. Bibcode:2010Archa..52..816H. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2010.00515.x.
- Dathe, Henning; Kruger, Harald. Morphometric findings on the Nebra Sky Disc. Time and Mind. 2018, 11 (1): 89–104. S2CID 165508431. doi:10.1080/1751696X.2018.1433358 .
- Bunnefeld, J.; Becker, J.; Martin, L.; Pausewein, R.; Simon, S.; Meller, H. Baltic Amber in Aššur. Forms and Significance of Amber Exchange between Europe and the Middle East, c.2000–1300 BC. Acta Archaeologica. 2023, 92 (2): 228–243. S2CID 258250358. doi:10.1163/16000390-20210031.
- Sommerfeld, Christoph. ... Sterne mal Sterne durch Sonne ist Mond - Bemerkungen über die Nebra-Scheibe. Preaehistorische Zeitschrift. 2012, 87 (1): 110–131. S2CID 163304521. doi:10.1515/pz-2012-0006.
- Sommerfel, Christoph. ... nach Jahr und Tag – Bemerkungen über die Trundholm-Scheiben. Praehistorische Zeitschrift. 2010, 85 (2): 207–242. S2CID 164902130. doi:10.1515/pz.2010.012.
- Menghin, Wilfried. Zahlensymbolik und digitales Rechnersystem in der Ornamentik des Berliner Goldhutes. Acta Praehistorica et Archaeologica. 2008, 40: 157–169. doi:10.11588/apa.2008.0.71505.
- Echassoux, Annie; et al. Rock carvings of the Pleiads in the sacred mont Bego mountain, Tende, Alpes-Maritimes, France. Comptes Rendus Palevol. 2009, 8 (5): 461–469. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2009.03.00 (不活跃 22 February 2025).
- Pasztor, Emilia; Roslund, Curt. An interpretation of the Nebra Disc. Antiquity. 2007, 81 (312): 267–78. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00095168.
- Evans, Arthur. 'The Ring of Nestor': A Glimpse into the Minoan After-World. The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 1925, 45: 11. JSTOR 624904. S2CID 161114626. doi:10.2307/624904. hdl:2027/mdp.39015008678354.
waving lines ... cut off the upper part of the field on the great signet of Mycenae, and contain above their curve a rayed disk and crescent representing the heavenly luminaries. ... the seated Goddess, whose character is there marked by the double-axe as well as by the celestial symbols, holds poppy-heads presented to her by a votary.
- Askitopoulou, Helen; Ramoutsaki, Ioanna A.; Konsolaki, Eleni. Archaeological evidence on the use of opium in the Minoan world. International Congress Series. December 2002, 1242 (3): 23–29. doi:10.1016/S0531-5131(02)00769-0.
- Kristiansen, Kristian; Suchowska-Ducke, Paulina. Connected Histories: the Dynamics of Bronze Age Interaction and Trade 1500–1100 bc. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society (Cambridge University Press). December 2015, 81: 361–392. doi:10.1017/ppr.2015.17 .
- Iversen, Rune. Bronze Age acrobats: Denmark, Egypt, Crete. World Archaeology. 2014, 46 (2): 242–255 [19 December 2021]. S2CID 162668376. doi:10.1080/00438243.2014.886526. （原始内容存档于19 December 2021）.
- Darvill, Timothy. Houses of the holy: Architecture and meaning in the structure of Stonehenge, Wiltshire, UK. Time and Mind. 2016, 9 (2): 89–121. S2CID 164201703. doi:10.1080/1751696X.2016.1171496.
each of the trilithons could be considered conjoined deities, pairs of gods, or an early form of the Divine Twins born at the same time from a single union (Darvill 2006, 144–145). The Great Trilithon to the southwest is the largest and most prominent. It is set astride the principal axis and might cautiously be identified with a pair of deities representing day and night, the sun and moon, summer and winter, life and death, perhaps even the prehistoric equivalents of the twins Apollo and Artemis as they are known in later pantheons across the Old World.
- Pásztor, Emilia, Nebra Disk, Ruggles, Clive L. N. (编), Handbook of Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy, New York: Springer Science+Business Media: 1349–1356, 2015, ISBN 978-1-4614-6140-1, doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6141-8_128
- Dathe, Henning; Kruger, Harald. Morphometric findings on the Nebra Sky Disc. Time and Mind. 2018, 11 (1): 89–104. S2CID 165508431. doi:10.1080/1751696X.2018.1433358 .
The potential observation of the horizon arc described by the Sun during its annual motion is exemplified by another impressive find from the Early Bronze Age: A diamond-shaped gold plaque of extraordinary quality was excavated in a burial under Bush Barrow in Wiltshire, southern England, less than a mile away from Stonehenge. ... Both objects, the Nebra Sky Disc and the Bush Barrow Lozenge, are unique in their appearance, but they may be related in their ritual and possibly astronomical relevance.
- MacKie, Euan. The Prehistoric Solar Calendar: An Out-of-fashion Idea Revisited with New Evidence. Time and Mind. March 2009, 2 (1): 9–46. S2CID 162360353. doi:10.2752/175169709X374263.
Ker and his colleagues found the pair of acute angles of the basic diamond pattern [of the Bush Barrow lozenge] to be 81°. They realized that this was the angle between midsummer and midwinter sunrises (and sunsets of course) on a low horizon at the latitude of Stonehenge (51.17° N) four thousand years ago. ... The Nebra disc and the Bush Barrow lozenge both seem to be designed to reflect the annual solar cycle at about latitude 51° north, and both have elements in their design which could refer specifically to the solar calendar.
- Gebhard, Rupert; Krause, Rüdiger. Critical comments on the find complex of the so-called Nebra Sky Disk. Archäologische Informationen. 2020, 43: 325–346. doi:10.11588/ai.2020.1.
drentsmuseum.nl
- Nebra Sky Disc （英语）.[永久失效連結]
esa.int
- Cosmic Kiss takes the Nebra Sky Disc to space. European Space Agency. （原始内容存档于31 March 2022）.
europa.eu
euipo.europa.eu
- Himmelsscheibe von Nebra. European Union Intellectual Property Office. 6 May 2011 [4 August 2022].
faz.net
- Himmelsscheibe von Nebra - Eine Komödie der Irrungen. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. March 17, 2005 [2010-05-12] （德语）.
geoscienceworld.org
eurjmin.geoscienceworld.org
- Ehser, Anja; Borg, Gregor; Pernicka, Ernst. Provenance of the gold of the Early Bronze Age Nebra Sky Disk, central Germany: geochemical characterization of natural gold from Cornwall. European Journal of Mineralogy. 2011, 23 (6): 895–910 [12 November 2013]. Bibcode:2011EJMin..23..895E. doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2011/0023-2140.
handle.net
hdl.handle.net
- Evans, Arthur. 'The Ring of Nestor': A Glimpse into the Minoan After-World. The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 1925, 45: 11. JSTOR 624904. S2CID 161114626. doi:10.2307/624904. hdl:2027/mdp.39015008678354.
waving lines ... cut off the upper part of the field on the great signet of Mycenae, and contain above their curve a rayed disk and crescent representing the heavenly luminaries. ... the seated Goddess, whose character is there marked by the double-axe as well as by the celestial symbols, holds poppy-heads presented to her by a votary.
harvard.edu
ui.adsabs.harvard.edu
- Mentock, Richard. Rethinking the Nebra Sky Disk. Physics Today. November 2021, 74 (11): 10. Bibcode:2021PhT....74k..10M. S2CID 240475208. doi:10.1063/PT.3.4868 .
- Ehser, Anja; Borg, Gregor; Pernicka, Ernst. Provenance of the gold of the Early Bronze Age Nebra Sky Disk, central Germany: geochemical characterization of natural gold from Cornwall. European Journal of Mineralogy. 2011, 23 (6): 895–910 [12 November 2013]. Bibcode:2011EJMin..23..895E. doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2011/0023-2140.
- Haustein, M. Tin isotopy: a new method for solving old questions. Archaeometry. 2010, 52 (5): 816–832. Bibcode:2010Archa..52..816H. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2010.00515.x.
chs.harvard.edu
- Homeric Hymn to Demeter. The Center for Hellenic Studies, Harvard University.
Demeter ... she of the golden double-axe
iart.ch
- Arche Nebra Visitor Centre. i art. [17 June 2024].
jstor.org
- Evans, Arthur. 'The Ring of Nestor': A Glimpse into the Minoan After-World. The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 1925, 45: 11. JSTOR 624904. S2CID 161114626. doi:10.2307/624904. hdl:2027/mdp.39015008678354.
waving lines ... cut off the upper part of the field on the great signet of Mycenae, and contain above their curve a rayed disk and crescent representing the heavenly luminaries. ... the seated Goddess, whose character is there marked by the double-axe as well as by the celestial symbols, holds poppy-heads presented to her by a votary.
kalkriese.de
- Himmelsscheibe von Nebra Himmelsscheibe von Nebra. [2009-11-16]. （原始内容存档于2011-07-19） （德语）.
landesmuseum-vorgeschichte.de
- Nebra Sky Disc. Halle State Museum of Prehistory.
- Nebra Sky Disc: The Place of Discovery. Halle State Museum of Prehistory.
- Nebra Sky Disc: Dating. Halle State Museum of Prehistory.
- Nebra Sky Disc: Dating. Halle State Museum of Prehistory.
mnhn.fr
sciencepress.mnhn.fr
- Echassoux, Annie; et al. Rock carvings of the Pleiads in the sacred mont Bego mountain, Tende, Alpes-Maritimes, France. Comptes Rendus Palevol. 2009, 8 (5): 461–469. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2009.03.00 (不活跃 22 February 2025).
oeaw.ac.at
- The Nebra Sky Disc Dates from the Early Bronze Age. Austrian Academy of Sciences. 2020.
rechtsanwaltmoebius.de
- Aktenzeichen: 305 07 066 - S 216/09 Lösch (PDF). Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt Dienststell Jena. 27 July 2010.
researchgate.net
- Hoffmann, Susanne M. Meller, Harald; Reichenberger, Alfred; Risch, Roberto , 编. Das babylonische Astronomie-Kompendium MUL.APIN: Messung von Zeit und Raum. Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle (Saale): 251–275.
- Hoffmann, Susanne. Das babylonische Astronomie-Kompendium MUL.APIN: Messung von Zeit und Raum. Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle (Saale): 251–275.
- Pasztor, Emilia; Roslund, Curt. An interpretation of the Nebra Disc. Antiquity. 2007, 81 (312): 267–78. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00095168.
- Askitopoulou, Helen; Ramoutsaki, Ioanna A.; Konsolaki, Eleni. Archaeological evidence on the use of opium in the Minoan world. International Congress Series. December 2002, 1242 (3): 23–29. doi:10.1016/S0531-5131(02)00769-0.
- Meller, Harald. The Sky Disc of Nebra. Oxford Handbook of the European Bronze Age. Oxford University Press. 2013: 266–269.
sciencing.com
- The difference between solar and lunar years. Sciencing.com. 2018.
semanticscholar.org
api.semanticscholar.org
- Mentock, Richard. Rethinking the Nebra Sky Disk. Physics Today. November 2021, 74 (11): 10. Bibcode:2021PhT....74k..10M. S2CID 240475208. doi:10.1063/PT.3.4868 .
- Pernicka, Ernst; Adam, Jörg; Borg, Gregor; Brügmann, Gerhard; Bunnefeld, Jan-Heinrich; Kainz, Wolfgang; Klamm, Mechthild; Koiki, Thomas; Meller, Harald; Schwarz, Ralf; Stöllner, Thomas; Wunderlich, Christian-Heinrich; Reichenberger, Alfred. Why the Nebra Sky Disc Dates to the Early Bronze Age. An Overview of the Interdisciplinary Results. Archaeologia Austriaca (Austrian Academy of Sciences). 2020, 104: 89–122. S2CID 229208057. doi:10.1553/archaeologia104s89 .
- Dathe, Henning; Kruger, Harald. Morphometric findings on the Nebra Sky Disc. Time and Mind. 2018, 11 (1): 89–104. S2CID 165508431. doi:10.1080/1751696X.2018.1433358 .
- Bunnefeld, J.; Becker, J.; Martin, L.; Pausewein, R.; Simon, S.; Meller, H. Baltic Amber in Aššur. Forms and Significance of Amber Exchange between Europe and the Middle East, c.2000–1300 BC. Acta Archaeologica. 2023, 92 (2): 228–243. S2CID 258250358. doi:10.1163/16000390-20210031.
- Sommerfeld, Christoph. ... Sterne mal Sterne durch Sonne ist Mond - Bemerkungen über die Nebra-Scheibe. Preaehistorische Zeitschrift. 2012, 87 (1): 110–131. S2CID 163304521. doi:10.1515/pz-2012-0006.
- Sommerfel, Christoph. ... nach Jahr und Tag – Bemerkungen über die Trundholm-Scheiben. Praehistorische Zeitschrift. 2010, 85 (2): 207–242. S2CID 164902130. doi:10.1515/pz.2010.012.
- Evans, Arthur. 'The Ring of Nestor': A Glimpse into the Minoan After-World. The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 1925, 45: 11. JSTOR 624904. S2CID 161114626. doi:10.2307/624904. hdl:2027/mdp.39015008678354.
waving lines ... cut off the upper part of the field on the great signet of Mycenae, and contain above their curve a rayed disk and crescent representing the heavenly luminaries. ... the seated Goddess, whose character is there marked by the double-axe as well as by the celestial symbols, holds poppy-heads presented to her by a votary.
- Iversen, Rune. Bronze Age acrobats: Denmark, Egypt, Crete. World Archaeology. 2014, 46 (2): 242–255 [19 December 2021]. S2CID 162668376. doi:10.1080/00438243.2014.886526. （原始内容存档于19 December 2021）.
- Darvill, Timothy. Houses of the holy: Architecture and meaning in the structure of Stonehenge, Wiltshire, UK. Time and Mind. 2016, 9 (2): 89–121. S2CID 164201703. doi:10.1080/1751696X.2016.1171496.
each of the trilithons could be considered conjoined deities, pairs of gods, or an early form of the Divine Twins born at the same time from a single union (Darvill 2006, 144–145). The Great Trilithon to the southwest is the largest and most prominent. It is set astride the principal axis and might cautiously be identified with a pair of deities representing day and night, the sun and moon, summer and winter, life and death, perhaps even the prehistoric equivalents of the twins Apollo and Artemis as they are known in later pantheons across the Old World.
- Dathe, Henning; Kruger, Harald. Morphometric findings on the Nebra Sky Disc. Time and Mind. 2018, 11 (1): 89–104. S2CID 165508431. doi:10.1080/1751696X.2018.1433358 .
The potential observation of the horizon arc described by the Sun during its annual motion is exemplified by another impressive find from the Early Bronze Age: A diamond-shaped gold plaque of extraordinary quality was excavated in a burial under Bush Barrow in Wiltshire, southern England, less than a mile away from Stonehenge. ... Both objects, the Nebra Sky Disc and the Bush Barrow Lozenge, are unique in their appearance, but they may be related in their ritual and possibly astronomical relevance.
- MacKie, Euan. The Prehistoric Solar Calendar: An Out-of-fashion Idea Revisited with New Evidence. Time and Mind. March 2009, 2 (1): 9–46. S2CID 162360353. doi:10.2752/175169709X374263.
Ker and his colleagues found the pair of acute angles of the basic diamond pattern [of the Bush Barrow lozenge] to be 81°. They realized that this was the angle between midsummer and midwinter sunrises (and sunsets of course) on a low horizon at the latitude of Stonehenge (51.17° N) four thousand years ago. ... The Nebra disc and the Bush Barrow lozenge both seem to be designed to reflect the annual solar cycle at about latitude 51° north, and both have elements in their design which could refer specifically to the solar calendar.
stackexchange.com
astronomy.stackexchange.com
- PM 2Ring. Where does the ecliptic cross the horizon during the course of a night?. astronomy.stackexchange.com. [28 May 2024].
tandfonline.com
- Iversen, Rune. Bronze Age acrobats: Denmark, Egypt, Crete. World Archaeology. 2014, 46 (2): 242–255 [19 December 2021]. S2CID 162668376. doi:10.1080/00438243.2014.886526. （原始内容存档于19 December 2021）.
- Darvill, Timothy. Houses of the holy: Architecture and meaning in the structure of Stonehenge, Wiltshire, UK. Time and Mind. 2016, 9 (2): 89–121. S2CID 164201703. doi:10.1080/1751696X.2016.1171496.
each of the trilithons could be considered conjoined deities, pairs of gods, or an early form of the Divine Twins born at the same time from a single union (Darvill 2006, 144–145). The Great Trilithon to the southwest is the largest and most prominent. It is set astride the principal axis and might cautiously be identified with a pair of deities representing day and night, the sun and moon, summer and winter, life and death, perhaps even the prehistoric equivalents of the twins Apollo and Artemis as they are known in later pantheons across the Old World.
the-past.com
- The Nebra Sky Disc: decoding a prehistoric vision of the cosmos. The-Past.com. May 2022.
- Symonds, Matthew. The Nebra Sky Disc: decoding a prehistoric vision of the cosmos. The Past. 2022-05-25.
tufts.edu
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- Hesiod, Works and Days (Hes. WD 387). Perseus.tufts.edu.
- Tacitus, Germania. 9. perseus.tufts.edu.
- Herodotus, Histories, 2.156. perseus.tufts.edu.
Apollo and Artemis were (they say) children of Dionysus and Isis, and Leto was made their nurse and preserver; in Egyptian, Apollo is Horus, Demeter Isis, Artemis Bubastis. It was from this legend and no other that Aeschylus son of Euphorion took a notion which is in no poet before him: that Artemis was the daughter of Demeter.
uio.no
duo.uio.no
- Wang, Lan. Freyja and Freyr: Successors of the Sun (Masters论文). University of Oslo: 34–38. 2017.
- Wang, Lan. Freyja and Freyr: Successors of the Sun (Masters论文). University of Oslo: 14, 37. 2017.
unesco.org
en.unesco.org
- Nebra Sky Disc: Nomination. UNESCO Memory of the World.
The Nebra Sky Disc is dated to the early Bronze Age. It was made circa 1800 BC and was in use over several generations until around 1600 BC when it was buried and dedicated to the gods.
- Nebra Sky Disc. UNESCO Memory of the World.
uni-heidelberg.de
journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de
- Hansen, Rahlf; Rink, Christine. Himmelsscheibe, Sonnenwagen und Kalenderhüte - ein Versuch zur bronzezeitlichen Astronomie. Acta Praehistorica et Archaeologica. 2008, 40: 97–98.
- Menghin, Wilfried. Zahlensymbolik und digitales Rechnersystem in der Ornamentik des Berliner Goldhutes. Acta Praehistorica et Archaeologica. 2008, 40: 157–169. doi:10.11588/apa.2008.0.71505.
universityofgalway.ie
researchrepository.universityofgalway.ie
- McVeigh, Thor. Calendars, feasting, cosmology and identities: later Neolithic-early Bronze Age Ireland in European context (PhD论文). University of Galway: 233. 2016.
- McVeigh, Thor. Calendars, feasting, cosmology and identities: later Neolithic-early Bronze Age Ireland in European context (PhD论文). University of Galway: 167–182. 2016.
web.archive.org
- Feller, Manfred; Koch, Johannes. Geheimnis der Himmelsscheibe doch nicht gelöst? Warum die angebliche Entschlüsselung der Himmelsscheibe durch R. Hansen und H. Meller falsch ist. （原始内容存档于2016-03-04）.
- Iversen, Rune. Bronze Age acrobats: Denmark, Egypt, Crete. World Archaeology. 2014, 46 (2): 242–255 [19 December 2021]. S2CID 162668376. doi:10.1080/00438243.2014.886526. （原始内容存档于19 December 2021）.
- Cosmic Kiss takes the Nebra Sky Disc to space. European Space Agency. （原始内容存档于31 March 2022）.
- Himmelsscheibe von Nebra Himmelsscheibe von Nebra. [2009-11-16]. （原始内容存档于2011-07-19） （德语）.
wikimedia.org
upload.wikimedia.org
- Nordemann Czychowski & Partner. Notice of Copyright Violation (DMCA Takedown Notice) (PDF). [24 October 2023].
- Wikimedia Deutschland. Counternotice to the DMCA 512(c) notice filed by Nordemann Czychowski & Partner Rechtsanwältinnen und Rechtsanwälte mbB (ref.: LARC60105) Oct 13th 2023 on behalf of the German State of Saxony-Anhalt regarding depictions of the Sky Disc of Nebra (PDF). [24 October 2023].
wiltshiremuseum.org.uk
- Where did the gold from the time of Stonehenge come from? Analysing the Bush Barrow dagger. Wiltshire Museum. 2019 [26 April 2022].
worldcat.org
- Bohan, Elise; Dinwiddie, Robert; Challoner, Jack; Stuart, Colin; Harvey, Derek; Wragg-Sykes, Rebecca; Chrisp, Peter; Hubbard, Ben; Parker, Phillip. Big History. Foreword by David Christian 1st American. New York: DK. February 2016: 20–21. ISBN 978-1-4654-5443-0. OCLC 940282526. 已忽略未知参数
|collaboration=(帮助) - Garrow, Duncan; Wilkin, Neil. The World of Stonehenge. British Museum Press. June 2022: 147–148. ISBN 9780714123493. OCLC 1297081545.
In its next phase of use, a third gold arc was added to the Sky Disc. Unlike the two solstice arcs, this addition did not serve to mark a particular celestial observation. It appears to be a representation of a 'sun ship'. ... Short feathered lines on each side of the gold sun boat on the Nebra Sky Disc may represent the oars of a crew.
- Garrow, Duncan; Wilkin, Neil. The World of Stonehenge. British Museum Press. June 2022: 144. ISBN 9780714123493. OCLC 1297081545.
- Garrow, Duncan; Wilkin, Neil. The World of Stonehenge. British Museum Press. June 2022: 145–147. ISBN 9780714123493. OCLC 1297081545.
both the gold arcs [on the Nebra disc] occupy a very precise angle of between 82 and 83 degrees, a figure that is well beyond the error expected if a right angle was intended. The reason for this seems to be connected to observations of the sun. The arcs mark the full range of points on the horizon at which the sun sets and rises in a solar year. The terminal of each arc inscribes the summer solstice sunrise and sunset and the winter solstice sunrise and sunset as seen from the latitude of the Mittelberg 3,600 years ago. ... The marking of solstice sunrise and sunset at monuments such as Stonehenge was about the expression of religious and symbolic ideas linking the monument to the cycles of the cosmos. The same concerns were probably true of the Sky Disc, which had the benefit of being a portable and possesable object.
- Bohan, Elise; Dinwiddie, Robert; Challoner, Jack; Stuart, Colin; Harvey, Derek; Wragg-Sykes, Rebecca; Chrisp, Peter; Hubbard, Ben; Parker, Phillip. Big History. Foreword by David Christian 1st American. New York: DK. February 2016: 21. ISBN 978-1-4654-5443-0. OCLC 940282526. 已忽略未知参数
|collaboration=(帮助) - Garrow, Duncan; Wilkin, Neil. The World of Stonehenge. British Museum Press. June 2022: 145–147. ISBN 9780714123493. OCLC 1297081545.
(on the disc) there is a distinctive rosette of seven stars clustered between the full and crescent moons. These are identified as the Pleiades or Seven Sisters, recognised by many world cultures as calendar stars, since they are last seen in the night sky in March and only reappear again in October. ... The path of the sun provides a measure of the time of day and year, while the moon can do the same in measuring out months and weeks based on its regular cycles. A problem arises, however, when it comes to equating the solar and lunar years. The former is eleven days longer than the later and after three years the difference is equivalent to about a month. To bring the two calendars into harmony a rule is needed. The first written record of such a rule comes from a Babylonian cuneiform tablet dating to the seventh or sixth centuries BC, which advises to add a leap month every third year if no new moon appears next to the Pleiades in the spring but rather a crescent moon a few days old. That arrangement of heavenly bodies is precisely what the Sky Disc seems to show, reflecting an ingenious materialisation of a complex astronomical and calendrical rule without the need for writing.
- Wolfschmidt, Gudrun. Astronomy in Culture -- Cultures of Astronomy. Astronomie in der Kultur -- Kulturen der Astronomie. Featuring the Proceedings of the Splinter Meeting at the Annual Conference of the Astronomische Gesellschaft, Sept. 14-16, 2021. Nuncius Hamburgensis; Vol. 57.. Susanne M. Hoffmann, Susanne M. Hoffmann, Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Tredition GmbH Hamburg. Ahrensburg. 2022. ISBN 978-3-347-71293-5. OCLC 1351570492.
- Bohan, Elise; Dinwiddie, Robert; Challoner, Jack; Stuart, Colin; Harvey, Derek; Wragg-Sykes, Rebecca; Chrisp, Peter; Hubbard, Ben; Parker, Phillip. Big History. Foreword by David Christian 1st American. New York: DK. February 2016: 20. ISBN 978-1-4654-5443-0. OCLC 940282526. 已忽略未知参数
|collaboration=(帮助) - Garrow, Duncan; Wilkin, Neil. The World of Stonehenge. British Museum Press. June 2022: 145. ISBN 9780714123493. OCLC 1297081545.
The Greek poet Hesiod, writing in c. 700 BC, noted that '[w]hen the Pleiades rise it is the time to use the sickle, but the plough when they are setting'. Their disappearance and appearance has been seen historically as a marker of the beginning and end of the farming year in Europe [...] In the region of Germany where the disc was found, the Pleiades is last seen in the sky on 10 March, alongside the young, crescent moon. The full moon accompanies the reappearance of the constellation on 17 October. On the disc, the Pleiades is tellingly placed between the crescent and full moons, suggesting an awareness of this celestial rhythm.
- Garrow, Duncan; Wilkin, Neil. The World of Stonehenge. British Museum Press. June 2022: 147–148. ISBN 9780714123493. OCLC 1297081545.
In its next phase of use, a third gold arc was added to the Sky Disc. Unlike the two solstice arcs, this addition did not serve to mark a particular celestial observation. It appears to be a representation of a 'sun ship'. ... Short feathered lines on each side of the gold sun boat on the Nebra Sky Disc may represent the oars of a crew.
worldhistory.org
- Haughton, Brian. The Nebra Sky Disk - Ancient Map of the Stars. World History Encyclopedia. 2011.
wp.com
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- The Nebra Sky Disc: decoding a prehistoric vision of the cosmos. the-past.com. 25 May 2022.
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- Meller, Harald. Concepts of cosmos in the world of Stonehenge (British Museum 2022).
- Concepts of cosmos in the world of Stonehenge. British Museum. 2022.
- Meller, Harald. The World of the Nebra Sky Disc: The Caergwrle Ship. Halle State Museum of Prehistory. 2022.
- The World of the Nebra Sky Disc: The Nors Boats. Halle State Museum of Prehistory. 2022.
- The Sky Disc of Nebra: A window to the Bronze Age world in Europe and beyond. (Ernst Pernicka). HEAS. 2022.
- Concepts of cosmos in the world of Stonehenge. British Museum Events. 2023.
- Stonehenge's Richest Man: The Bush Barrow Chieftain (British Museum 2022).
The point at the top and the bottom [of the Bush Barrow gold lozenge] has a very precise angle of 81 degrees. That's the same angle between where the sun rises at midwinter and midsummer solstices, so it has an astronomical importance. And the very finely detailed embossed decoration, particularly around the outer border, is laid out to a tolerance of less than half a millimetre. What that tells us is they understood astronomy, geometry and mathematics, 4,000 years ago.