Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "公開金鑰認證" in Chinese language version.
the CA/Browser Forum advances industry best practices to improve the ways that certificates are used to the benefit of Internet users and the security of their communications
A Domain Validated SSL certificate is issued after proof that the owner has the right to use their domain is established. This is typically done by the CA sending an email to the domain owner (as listed in a WHOIS database). Once the owner responds, the certificate is issued. [...] The certificate only contains the domain name. Because of the minimal checks performed, this certificate is typically issued quicker than other types of certificates.
The primary objectives of an EV SSL Certificate are to: Identify the legal entity that controls a web site by providing reasonable assurance to the user of an Internet browser that the web site the user is accessing is controlled by a specific legal entity identified in the EV Certificate by name, address of Place of Business, Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Registration and Registration Number or other disambiguating information
Under the Regulation (EC) No 910/2014/EU (eIDAS Regulation), national Trusted Lists have a constitutive effect. In other words, a trust service provider and the trust services it provides will be qualified only if it appears in the Trusted Lists. Consequently, the users (citizens, businesses or public administrations) will benefit from the legal effect associated with a given qualified trust service only if the latter is listed (as qualified) in the Trusted Lists.
A qualified electronic signature shall have the equivalent legal effect of a handwritten signature.
香港郵政在二零零零年成立香港第一家在《電子交易條例》（香港法例第553章）下的認可公共核證機關。現時，香港郵政核證機關發出符合電子交易條例要求的「認可數碼證書」。根據《電子交易條例》，使用該條例下認可的數碼證書作出的數碼簽署與書面的簽署具同等法律效力。
This section presents a profile for public key certificates that will foster interoperability and a reusable PKI. This section is based upon the X.509 v3 certificate format and the standard certificate extensions defined in [X.509]. [...] This section also defines private extensions required to support a PKI for the Internet community.
ACME certificate management must allow the CA to verify, in an automated manner, that the party requesting a certificate has authority over the requested identifiers, including the subject and subject alternative names. The processing must also confirm that the requesting party has access to the private key that corresponds to the public key that will appear in the certificate.
Firefox 會檢驗網站憑證的正確性以及連線的加密強度以確保您的隱私。如果憑證無法被驗證，或連線使用了不夠強的加密演算法，Firefox 會中斷與網站的連線，並顯示下列錯誤頁面……自我簽署的憑證能保護您的資料免受竊聽，但無法讓您確認資料的接收者是誰。常見於無法公開連線的企業內部網路，您可以對這類網站忽略此警告。
綠色鎖頭圖示將另外以綠色字體呈現公司或組織的名稱，代表該網站使用了 Extended Validation (EV) certificate。與其他類型的憑證相較，EV 屬於特別的網站憑證，需完成極繁複的檢驗程序。／在使用 EV 憑證的網站，網站識別鈕會顯示綠色鎖頭、合法的公司或組織的名稱和網站擁有者的位置，因此你可以知道是誰在營運這個網站。舉例來說，網站識別鈕會顯示 mozilla.org 是由 Mozilla 基金會所擁有。
核證機關在確保公開密碼匙基礎建設的有效運作方面擔當重要角色，並作為可信賴的第三方，負責證明電子交易所涉及有關各方的身分。目前，香港有兩間根據《電子交易條例》（第553章）獲得認可的核證機關。根據《電子交易條例》，郵政署署長是認可核證機關，提供香港郵政核證機關服務，而電子核證服務有限公司則是根據《電子交易條例》下核證機關自願認可計劃獲得認可的商營核證機關。
政府於2000年1月制定《電子交易條例》(第553章)（「條例」），並於2004年6月作出修訂。大體上，條例旨在：賦予電子紀錄及電子簽署（請看下文的註釋1）跟紙張文件上的紀錄和簽署同等的法律地位；以及設立核證機關自願認可計劃以加強社會人士對電子交易的信心。（註釋1︰就不涉及政府單位的電子交易而言，任何形式的電子簽署，只要可靠恰當並獲簽署的接受人認同，已能符合法律有關簽署的規定。就涉及政府單位的電子交易而言，有認可數碼證書證明的數碼簽署，便符合法律上的簽署規定。）
The Google Public Key Infrastructure (“Google PKI”), has been established by Google Trust Services, LLC (“Google”), to enable reliable and secure identity authentication, and to facilitate the preservation of confidentiality and integrity of data in electronic transactions.
Under the Regulation (EC) No 910/2014/EU (eIDAS Regulation), national Trusted Lists have a constitutive effect. In other words, a trust service provider and the trust services it provides will be qualified only if it appears in the Trusted Lists. Consequently, the users (citizens, businesses or public administrations) will benefit from the legal effect associated with a given qualified trust service only if the latter is listed (as qualified) in the Trusted Lists.
A qualified electronic signature shall have the equivalent legal effect of a handwritten signature.
核證機關在確保公開密碼匙基礎建設的有效運作方面擔當重要角色，並作為可信賴的第三方，負責證明電子交易所涉及有關各方的身分。目前，香港有兩間根據《電子交易條例》（第553章）獲得認可的核證機關。根據《電子交易條例》，郵政署署長是認可核證機關，提供香港郵政核證機關服務，而電子核證服務有限公司則是根據《電子交易條例》下核證機關自願認可計劃獲得認可的商營核證機關。
政府於2000年1月制定《電子交易條例》(第553章)（「條例」），並於2004年6月作出修訂。大體上，條例旨在：賦予電子紀錄及電子簽署（請看下文的註釋1）跟紙張文件上的紀錄和簽署同等的法律地位；以及設立核證機關自願認可計劃以加強社會人士對電子交易的信心。（註釋1︰就不涉及政府單位的電子交易而言，任何形式的電子簽署，只要可靠恰當並獲簽署的接受人認同，已能符合法律有關簽署的規定。就涉及政府單位的電子交易而言，有認可數碼證書證明的數碼簽署，便符合法律上的簽署規定。）
依法令規定應簽名或蓋章者，經相對人同意，得以電子簽章為之。
Firefox 會檢驗網站憑證的正確性以及連線的加密強度以確保您的隱私。如果憑證無法被驗證，或連線使用了不夠強的加密演算法，Firefox 會中斷與網站的連線，並顯示下列錯誤頁面……自我簽署的憑證能保護您的資料免受竊聽，但無法讓您確認資料的接收者是誰。常見於無法公開連線的企業內部網路，您可以對這類網站忽略此警告。
香港郵政在二零零零年成立香港第一家在《電子交易條例》（香港法例第553章）下的認可公共核證機關。現時，香港郵政核證機關發出符合電子交易條例要求的「認可數碼證書」。根據《電子交易條例》，使用該條例下認可的數碼證書作出的數碼簽署與書面的簽署具同等法律效力。
The Google Public Key Infrastructure (“Google PKI”), has been established by Google Trust Services, LLC (“Google”), to enable reliable and secure identity authentication, and to facilitate the preservation of confidentiality and integrity of data in electronic transactions.
內政部憑證管理中心是電子化政府資訊安全基礎建設計劃之一，是一個我國電子簽章法所謂的「憑證機構」，負責簽發我國滿 18歲以上國民之公鑰憑證， 並提供其他自然人之電子化政府應用服務網路通訊的安全基礎。
This section presents a profile for public key certificates that will foster interoperability and a reusable PKI. This section is based upon the X.509 v3 certificate format and the standard certificate extensions defined in [X.509]. [...] This section also defines private extensions required to support a PKI for the Internet community.
the CA/Browser Forum advances industry best practices to improve the ways that certificates are used to the benefit of Internet users and the security of their communications
ACME certificate management must allow the CA to verify, in an automated manner, that the party requesting a certificate has authority over the requested identifiers, including the subject and subject alternative names. The processing must also confirm that the requesting party has access to the private key that corresponds to the public key that will appear in the certificate.
A Domain Validated SSL certificate is issued after proof that the owner has the right to use their domain is established. This is typically done by the CA sending an email to the domain owner (as listed in a WHOIS database). Once the owner responds, the certificate is issued. [...] The certificate only contains the domain name. Because of the minimal checks performed, this certificate is typically issued quicker than other types of certificates.
The primary objectives of an EV SSL Certificate are to: Identify the legal entity that controls a web site by providing reasonable assurance to the user of an Internet browser that the web site the user is accessing is controlled by a specific legal entity identified in the EV Certificate by name, address of Place of Business, Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Registration and Registration Number or other disambiguating information
綠色鎖頭圖示將另外以綠色字體呈現公司或組織的名稱，代表該網站使用了 Extended Validation (EV) certificate。與其他類型的憑證相較，EV 屬於特別的網站憑證，需完成極繁複的檢驗程序。／在使用 EV 憑證的網站，網站識別鈕會顯示綠色鎖頭、合法的公司或組織的名稱和網站擁有者的位置，因此你可以知道是誰在營運這個網站。舉例來說，網站識別鈕會顯示 mozilla.org 是由 Mozilla 基金會所擁有。
