半总统制 (Chinese Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "半总统制" in Chinese language version.

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22web.archive.org

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10doi.org

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6worldcat.org

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4semanticscholar.org

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4wikipedia.org

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2sinica.edu.tw

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airitilibrary.com

沈有忠. 德國威瑪共和的憲法：一個半總統制的個案研究. 東吳政治學報. 2006-12-01, (4). doi:10.6418/SJPS.200612.0163.

archive.org

Bahro, Horst; Bayerlein, Bernhard H.; Veser, Ernst. Duverger's concept: Semi-presidential government revisited. European Journal of Political Research (quarterly). October 1998, 34 (2): 201–224. S2CID 153349701. doi:10.1111/1475-6765.00405. The conventional analysis of government in democratic countries by political science and constitutional law starts from the traditional types of presidentialism and parliamentarism. There is, however, a general consensus that governments in the various countries work quite differently. This is why some authors have inserted distinctive features into their analytical approaches, at the same time maintaining the general dichotomy. Maurice Duverger, trying to explain the French Fifth Republic, found that this dichotomy was not adequate for this purpose. He therefore resorted to the concept of 'semi-presidential government': The characteristics of the concept are (Duverger 1974: 122, 1978: 28, 1980: 166):
1. the president of the republic is elected by universal suffrage,
2. he possesses quite considerable powers and
3. he has opposite him a prime minister who possesses executive and governmental powers and can stay in office only if parliament does not express its opposition to him.

books.google.com

Beuman, Lydia M. Political Institutions in East Timor: Semi-Presidentialism and Democratisation. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. 2016 [2017-08-18]. ISBN 978-1317362128. LCCN 2015036590. OCLC 983148216. （原始内容存档于2023-03-27） –通过Google Books.
Barrington, Lowell. Comparative Politics: Structures and Choices. Cengage Learning. 2012-01-01 [2023-03-30]. ISBN 978-1111341930. （原始内容存档于2023-03-30） –通过Google Books.
Barrington, Lowell; Bosia, Michael J.; Bruhn, Kathleen; Giaimo, Susan; McHenry, Jr., Dean E. Comparative Politics: Structures and Choices 2nd. Boston, MA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. 2012: 169–170 [2009] [2017-09-09]. ISBN 9781111341930. LCCN 2011942386. （原始内容存档于2023-03-30） –通过Google Books.

cambridge.org

Elgie, Robert. Presidentialism, Parliamentarism and Semi-Presidentialism: Bringing Parties Back In. Government and Opposition. 2011/ed, 46 (3) [2022-08-17]. ISSN 1477-7053. S2CID 145748468. doi:10.1111/j.1477-7053.2011.01345.x. （原始内容存档于2022-01-04）（英语）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)

cia.gov

Poland - The World Factbook. 2021-09-22 [2021-10-08]. （原始内容存档于2021-07-30）.

conseil-constitutionnel.fr

Quelle place la Constitution fait-elle au Président de la République ? | Conseil constitutionnel. www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr. [2023-03-30]. （原始内容存档于2023-05-26）（法语）.

constituteproject.org

Poland 1997 (rev. 2009). www.constituteproject.org. [2021-10-09]. （原始内容存档于2023-06-02）.

danas.rs

Brnabić: Vučić da ima ulogu mentora nad premijerom. Danas. 2017-06-06 [2019-10-16]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-12）（塞尔维亚语）.

dcu.ie

doras.dcu.ie

Elgie, Robert. Presidentialism, Parliamentarism and Semi-Presidentialism: Bringing Parties Back In (PDF). Government and Opposition. 2013-01-02, 46 (3): 392–409 [2023-03-30]. S2CID 145748468. doi:10.1111/j.1477-7053.2011.01345.x. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-10-28）.

webpages.dcu.ie

McMenamin, Iain. Semi-Presidentialism and Democratisation in Poland (PDF). School of Law and Government, Dublin City University. [2017-12-11]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-02-12）.

dn.pt

Gouveia, José Fialho. Serbia chooses first woman to lead government and please EU. Diário de Notícias. 2017-07-07 [2019-10-16]. （原始内容存档于2019-10-16）（西班牙语）.

doi.org

Duverger. A New Political System Model: Semi-Presidential Government. European Journal of Political Research (quarterly). 1980, 8 (2): 165–187. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6765.1980.tb00569.x . The concept of a semi-presidential form of government, as used here, is defined only by the content of the constitution. A political regime is considered as semi-presidential if the constitution which established it, combines three elements: (1) the president of the republic is elected by universal suffrage, (2) he possesses quite considerable powers; (3) he has opposite him, however, a prime minister and ministers who possess executive and governmental power and can stay in office only if the parliament does not show its opposition to them.
Bahro, Horst; Bayerlein, Bernhard H.; Veser, Ernst. Duverger's concept: Semi-presidential government revisited. European Journal of Political Research (quarterly). October 1998, 34 (2): 201–224. S2CID 153349701. doi:10.1111/1475-6765.00405. The conventional analysis of government in democratic countries by political science and constitutional law starts from the traditional types of presidentialism and parliamentarism. There is, however, a general consensus that governments in the various countries work quite differently. This is why some authors have inserted distinctive features into their analytical approaches, at the same time maintaining the general dichotomy. Maurice Duverger, trying to explain the French Fifth Republic, found that this dichotomy was not adequate for this purpose. He therefore resorted to the concept of 'semi-presidential government': The characteristics of the concept are (Duverger 1974: 122, 1978: 28, 1980: 166):
1. the president of the republic is elected by universal suffrage,
2. he possesses quite considerable powers and
3. he has opposite him a prime minister who possesses executive and governmental powers and can stay in office only if parliament does not express its opposition to him.
Elgie, Robert. Presidentialism, Parliamentarism and Semi-Presidentialism: Bringing Parties Back In. Government and Opposition. 2011/ed, 46 (3) [2022-08-17]. ISSN 1477-7053. S2CID 145748468. doi:10.1111/j.1477-7053.2011.01345.x. （原始内容存档于2022-01-04）（英语）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
Elgie, Robert. Presidentialism, Parliamentarism and Semi-Presidentialism: Bringing Parties Back In (PDF). Government and Opposition. 2013-01-02, 46 (3): 392–409 [2023-03-30]. S2CID 145748468. doi:10.1111/j.1477-7053.2011.01345.x. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-10-28）.
Shugart, Matthew Søberg. Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns (PDF). Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies, University of California, San Diego. French Politics. December 2005, 3 (3): 323–351 [2017-10-12]. ISSN 1476-3427. OCLC 6895745903. doi:10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087 . （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-08-31）.
Poulard JV. The French Double Executive and the Experience of Cohabitation (PDF). 政治科學季刊（英语：Political Science Quarterly）. 1990, 105 (2): 243–267 [2017-10-07]. ISSN 0032-3195. JSTOR 2151025 . OCLC 4951242513. doi:10.2307/2151025 . （原始内容存档于2019-08-05）.
Shugart, Matthew Søberg. Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns (PDF). French Politics. December 2005, 3 (3): 323–351 [2017-08-21]. doi:10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087 . （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-08-31）. Even if the president has no discretion in the forming of cabinets or the right to dissolve parliament, his or her constitutional authority can be regarded as 'quite considerable' in Duverger's sense if cabinet legislation approved in parliament can be blocked by the people's elected agent. Such powers are especially relevant if an extraordinary majority is required to override a veto, as in Mongolia, Poland, and Senegal. In these cases, while the government is fully accountable to parliament, it cannot legislate without taking the potentially different policy preferences of the president into account.
Zuba, Krzysztof. Leaders without Leadership: Surrogate Governments in Poland. Europe-Asia Studies. 2019, 72: 33–54. S2CID 211437470. doi:10.1080/09668136.2019.1673321.
沈有忠. 德國威瑪共和的憲法：一個半總統制的個案研究. 東吳政治學報. 2006-12-01, (4). doi:10.6418/SJPS.200612.0163.
問題與研究. wenti.nccu.edu.tw. [2024-07-17]. doi:10.30390/isc.201006_49(2).0004 （中文（臺灣））.

jstor.org

Poulard JV. The French Double Executive and the Experience of Cohabitation (PDF). 政治科學季刊（英语：Political Science Quarterly）. 1990, 105 (2): 243–267 [2017-10-07]. ISSN 0032-3195. JSTOR 2151025 . OCLC 4951242513. doi:10.2307/2151025 . （原始内容存档于2019-08-05）.

loc.gov

lccn.loc.gov

Beuman, Lydia M. Political Institutions in East Timor: Semi-Presidentialism and Democratisation. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. 2016 [2017-08-18]. ISBN 978-1317362128. LCCN 2015036590. OCLC 983148216. （原始内容存档于2023-03-27） –通过Google Books.
Barrington, Lowell; Bosia, Michael J.; Bruhn, Kathleen; Giaimo, Susan; McHenry, Jr., Dean E. Comparative Politics: Structures and Choices 2nd. Boston, MA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. 2012: 169–170 [2009] [2017-09-09]. ISBN 9781111341930. LCCN 2011942386. （原始内容存档于2023-03-30） –通过Google Books.

nccu.edu.tw

wenti.nccu.edu.tw

問題與研究. wenti.nccu.edu.tw. [2024-07-17]. doi:10.30390/isc.201006_49(2).0004 （中文（臺灣））.

ntu.edu.tw

politics.ntu.edu.tw

吳玉山. 半總統制：全球發展與研究議程. 國立臺灣大學政治學系. 2011-05-02 （中文（臺灣））.

nytimes.com

Surk, Barbara. Serbia Gets Its First Female, and First Openly Gay, Premier. The New York Times. 2017-06-28 [2017-06-30]. ISSN 0362-4331. （原始内容存档于2018-06-29）.

psqonline.org

Poulard JV. The French Double Executive and the Experience of Cohabitation (PDF). 政治科學季刊（英语：Political Science Quarterly）. 1990, 105 (2): 243–267 [2017-10-07]. ISSN 0032-3195. JSTOR 2151025 . OCLC 4951242513. doi:10.2307/2151025 . （原始内容存档于2019-08-05）.

revue-pouvoirs.fr

Duverger, Maurice. Les monarchies républicaines [The Republican Monarchies] (PDF). Pouvoirs, revue française d'études constitutionnelles et politiques. No. 78 (Paris: Éditions du Seuil). September 1996: 107–120 [2016-09-10]. ISBN 2-02-030123-7. ISSN 0152-0768. OCLC 909782158. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2018-10-01）（法语）.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Bahro, Horst; Bayerlein, Bernhard H.; Veser, Ernst. Duverger's concept: Semi-presidential government revisited. European Journal of Political Research (quarterly). October 1998, 34 (2): 201–224. S2CID 153349701. doi:10.1111/1475-6765.00405. The conventional analysis of government in democratic countries by political science and constitutional law starts from the traditional types of presidentialism and parliamentarism. There is, however, a general consensus that governments in the various countries work quite differently. This is why some authors have inserted distinctive features into their analytical approaches, at the same time maintaining the general dichotomy. Maurice Duverger, trying to explain the French Fifth Republic, found that this dichotomy was not adequate for this purpose. He therefore resorted to the concept of 'semi-presidential government': The characteristics of the concept are (Duverger 1974: 122, 1978: 28, 1980: 166):
1. the president of the republic is elected by universal suffrage,
2. he possesses quite considerable powers and
3. he has opposite him a prime minister who possesses executive and governmental powers and can stay in office only if parliament does not express its opposition to him.
Elgie, Robert. Presidentialism, Parliamentarism and Semi-Presidentialism: Bringing Parties Back In. Government and Opposition. 2011/ed, 46 (3) [2022-08-17]. ISSN 1477-7053. S2CID 145748468. doi:10.1111/j.1477-7053.2011.01345.x. （原始内容存档于2022-01-04）（英语）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
Elgie, Robert. Presidentialism, Parliamentarism and Semi-Presidentialism: Bringing Parties Back In (PDF). Government and Opposition. 2013-01-02, 46 (3): 392–409 [2023-03-30]. S2CID 145748468. doi:10.1111/j.1477-7053.2011.01345.x. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-10-28）.
Zuba, Krzysztof. Leaders without Leadership: Surrogate Governments in Poland. Europe-Asia Studies. 2019, 72: 33–54. S2CID 211437470. doi:10.1080/09668136.2019.1673321.

sinica.edu.tw

rchss.sinica.edu.tw

Veser, Ernst. Semi-Presidentialism-Duverger's concept: A New Political System Model (PDF). Journal for Humanities and Social Sciences. 1997, 11 (1): 39–60 [2016-08-21]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2017-02-08）.
Veser, Ernst. Semi-Presidentialism-Duverger's Concept — A New Political System Model (PDF). Department of Education, School of Education, University of Cologne: 39–60. 1997-09-23 [2017-08-21]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2021-04-24）（英语及中文）. Duhamel has developed the approach further: He stresses that the French construction does not correspond to either parliamentary or the presidential form of government, and then develops the distinction of 'système politique' and 'régime constitutionnel'. While the former comprises the exercise of power that results from the dominant institutional practice, the latter is the totality of the rules for the dominant institutional practice of the power. In this way, France appears as 'presidentialist system' endowed with a 'semi-presidential regime' (1983: 587). By this standard he recognizes Duverger's pléiade as semi-presidential regimes, as well as Poland, Romania, Bulgaria and Lithuania (1993: 87).

slobodnaevropa.org

Karabeg, Omer. Ana Brnabić: Premijerka ili Vučićeva marioneta. Radio Slobodna Evropa (Radio Free Europe). 2018-04-15 [2019-10-16]. （原始内容存档于2019-10-16）（塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语）.

springer.com

link.springer.com

Shugart, Matthew Søberg. Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns (PDF). Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies, University of California, San Diego. French Politics. December 2005, 3 (3): 323–351 [2017-10-12]. ISSN 1476-3427. OCLC 6895745903. doi:10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087 . （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-08-31）.
Shugart, Matthew Søberg. Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns (PDF). French Politics. December 2005, 3 (3): 323–351 [2017-08-21]. doi:10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087 . （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-08-31）. Even if the president has no discretion in the forming of cabinets or the right to dissolve parliament, his or her constitutional authority can be regarded as 'quite considerable' in Duverger's sense if cabinet legislation approved in parliament can be blocked by the people's elected agent. Such powers are especially relevant if an extraordinary majority is required to override a veto, as in Mongolia, Poland, and Senegal. In these cases, while the government is fully accountable to parliament, it cannot legislate without taking the potentially different policy preferences of the president into account.

ssrn.com

papers.ssrn.com

Neto, Octávio Amorim; Lobo, Marina Costa. Between Constitutional Diffusion and Local Politics: Semi-Presidentialism in Portuguese-Speaking Countries (PDF). APSA 2010 Annual Meeting Paper. 2010 [2017-08-18]. SSRN 1644026 . （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-03-26）.

ssrn.com

Neto, Octávio Amorim; Lobo, Marina Costa. Between Constitutional Diffusion and Local Politics: Semi-Presidentialism in Portuguese-Speaking Countries (PDF). APSA 2010 Annual Meeting Paper. 2010 [2017-08-18]. SSRN 1644026 . （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-03-26）.

ucsd.edu

dss.ucsd.edu

Shugart, Matthew Søberg. Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns (PDF). Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies. United States: University of California, San Diego. September 2005 [2017-10-12]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2008-08-19）.
Shugart, Matthew Søberg. Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns (PDF). Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies. September 2005 [2017-08-21]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2008-08-19）.

web.archive.org

Veser, Ernst. Semi-Presidentialism-Duverger's concept: A New Political System Model (PDF). Journal for Humanities and Social Sciences. 1997, 11 (1): 39–60 [2016-08-21]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2017-02-08）.
Duverger, Maurice. Les monarchies républicaines [The Republican Monarchies] (PDF). Pouvoirs, revue française d'études constitutionnelles et politiques. No. 78 (Paris: Éditions du Seuil). September 1996: 107–120 [2016-09-10]. ISBN 2-02-030123-7. ISSN 0152-0768. OCLC 909782158. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2018-10-01）（法语）.
Elgie, Robert. Presidentialism, Parliamentarism and Semi-Presidentialism: Bringing Parties Back In. Government and Opposition. 2011/ed, 46 (3) [2022-08-17]. ISSN 1477-7053. S2CID 145748468. doi:10.1111/j.1477-7053.2011.01345.x. （原始内容存档于2022-01-04）（英语）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
Elgie, Robert. Presidentialism, Parliamentarism and Semi-Presidentialism: Bringing Parties Back In (PDF). Government and Opposition. 2013-01-02, 46 (3): 392–409 [2023-03-30]. S2CID 145748468. doi:10.1111/j.1477-7053.2011.01345.x. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-10-28）.
Neto, Octávio Amorim; Lobo, Marina Costa. Between Constitutional Diffusion and Local Politics: Semi-Presidentialism in Portuguese-Speaking Countries (PDF). APSA 2010 Annual Meeting Paper. 2010 [2017-08-18]. SSRN 1644026 . （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-03-26）.
Beuman, Lydia M. Political Institutions in East Timor: Semi-Presidentialism and Democratisation. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. 2016 [2017-08-18]. ISBN 978-1317362128. LCCN 2015036590. OCLC 983148216. （原始内容存档于2023-03-27） –通过Google Books.
McMenamin, Iain. Semi-Presidentialism and Democratisation in Poland (PDF). School of Law and Government, Dublin City University. [2017-12-11]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-02-12）.
Poland 1997 (rev. 2009). www.constituteproject.org. [2021-10-09]. （原始内容存档于2023-06-02）.
Poland - The World Factbook. 2021-09-22 [2021-10-08]. （原始内容存档于2021-07-30）.
Shugart, Matthew Søberg. Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns (PDF). Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies. United States: University of California, San Diego. September 2005 [2017-10-12]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2008-08-19）.
Shugart, Matthew Søberg. Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns (PDF). Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies, University of California, San Diego. French Politics. December 2005, 3 (3): 323–351 [2017-10-12]. ISSN 1476-3427. OCLC 6895745903. doi:10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087 . （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-08-31）.
Poulard JV. The French Double Executive and the Experience of Cohabitation (PDF). 政治科學季刊（英语：Political Science Quarterly）. 1990, 105 (2): 243–267 [2017-10-07]. ISSN 0032-3195. JSTOR 2151025 . OCLC 4951242513. doi:10.2307/2151025 . （原始内容存档于2019-08-05）.
Quelle place la Constitution fait-elle au Président de la République ? | Conseil constitutionnel. www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr. [2023-03-30]. （原始内容存档于2023-05-26）（法语）.
Barrington, Lowell. Comparative Politics: Structures and Choices. Cengage Learning. 2012-01-01 [2023-03-30]. ISBN 978-1111341930. （原始内容存档于2023-03-30） –通过Google Books.
Barrington, Lowell; Bosia, Michael J.; Bruhn, Kathleen; Giaimo, Susan; McHenry, Jr., Dean E. Comparative Politics: Structures and Choices 2nd. Boston, MA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. 2012: 169–170 [2009] [2017-09-09]. ISBN 9781111341930. LCCN 2011942386. （原始内容存档于2023-03-30） –通过Google Books.
Veser, Ernst. Semi-Presidentialism-Duverger's Concept — A New Political System Model (PDF). Department of Education, School of Education, University of Cologne: 39–60. 1997-09-23 [2017-08-21]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2021-04-24）（英语及中文）. Duhamel has developed the approach further: He stresses that the French construction does not correspond to either parliamentary or the presidential form of government, and then develops the distinction of 'système politique' and 'régime constitutionnel'. While the former comprises the exercise of power that results from the dominant institutional practice, the latter is the totality of the rules for the dominant institutional practice of the power. In this way, France appears as 'presidentialist system' endowed with a 'semi-presidential regime' (1983: 587). By this standard he recognizes Duverger's pléiade as semi-presidential regimes, as well as Poland, Romania, Bulgaria and Lithuania (1993: 87).
Shugart, Matthew Søberg. Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns (PDF). Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies. September 2005 [2017-08-21]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2008-08-19）.
Shugart, Matthew Søberg. Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns (PDF). French Politics. December 2005, 3 (3): 323–351 [2017-08-21]. doi:10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087 . （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-08-31）. Even if the president has no discretion in the forming of cabinets or the right to dissolve parliament, his or her constitutional authority can be regarded as 'quite considerable' in Duverger's sense if cabinet legislation approved in parliament can be blocked by the people's elected agent. Such powers are especially relevant if an extraordinary majority is required to override a veto, as in Mongolia, Poland, and Senegal. In these cases, while the government is fully accountable to parliament, it cannot legislate without taking the potentially different policy preferences of the president into account.
Surk, Barbara. Serbia Gets Its First Female, and First Openly Gay, Premier. The New York Times. 2017-06-28 [2017-06-30]. ISSN 0362-4331. （原始内容存档于2018-06-29）.
Gouveia, José Fialho. Serbia chooses first woman to lead government and please EU. Diário de Notícias. 2017-07-07 [2019-10-16]. （原始内容存档于2019-10-16）（西班牙语）.
Karabeg, Omer. Ana Brnabić: Premijerka ili Vučićeva marioneta. Radio Slobodna Evropa (Radio Free Europe). 2018-04-15 [2019-10-16]. （原始内容存档于2019-10-16）（塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语）.
Brnabić: Vučić da ima ulogu mentora nad premijerom. Danas. 2017-06-06 [2019-10-16]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-12）（塞尔维亚语）.

wikipedia.org

de.wikipedia.org

Veser, Ernst. Semi-Presidentialism-Duverger's concept: A New Political System Model (PDF). Journal for Humanities and Social Sciences. 1997, 11 (1): 39–60 [2016-08-21]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2017-02-08）.
Bahro, Horst; Bayerlein, Bernhard H.; Veser, Ernst. Duverger's concept: Semi-presidential government revisited. European Journal of Political Research (quarterly). October 1998, 34 (2): 201–224. S2CID 153349701. doi:10.1111/1475-6765.00405. The conventional analysis of government in democratic countries by political science and constitutional law starts from the traditional types of presidentialism and parliamentarism. There is, however, a general consensus that governments in the various countries work quite differently. This is why some authors have inserted distinctive features into their analytical approaches, at the same time maintaining the general dichotomy. Maurice Duverger, trying to explain the French Fifth Republic, found that this dichotomy was not adequate for this purpose. He therefore resorted to the concept of 'semi-presidential government': The characteristics of the concept are (Duverger 1974: 122, 1978: 28, 1980: 166):
1. the president of the republic is elected by universal suffrage,
2. he possesses quite considerable powers and
3. he has opposite him a prime minister who possesses executive and governmental powers and can stay in office only if parliament does not express its opposition to him.
Veser, Ernst. Semi-Presidentialism-Duverger's Concept — A New Political System Model (PDF). Department of Education, School of Education, University of Cologne: 39–60. 1997-09-23 [2017-08-21]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2021-04-24）（英语及中文）. Duhamel has developed the approach further: He stresses that the French construction does not correspond to either parliamentary or the presidential form of government, and then develops the distinction of 'système politique' and 'régime constitutionnel'. While the former comprises the exercise of power that results from the dominant institutional practice, the latter is the totality of the rules for the dominant institutional practice of the power. In this way, France appears as 'presidentialist system' endowed with a 'semi-presidential regime' (1983: 587). By this standard he recognizes Duverger's pléiade as semi-presidential regimes, as well as Poland, Romania, Bulgaria and Lithuania (1993: 87).

en.wikipedia.org

Poulard JV. The French Double Executive and the Experience of Cohabitation (PDF). 政治科學季刊（英语：Political Science Quarterly）. 1990, 105 (2): 243–267 [2017-10-07]. ISSN 0032-3195. JSTOR 2151025 . OCLC 4951242513. doi:10.2307/2151025 . （原始内容存档于2019-08-05）.

worldcat.org

Duverger, Maurice. Les monarchies républicaines [The Republican Monarchies] (PDF). Pouvoirs, revue française d'études constitutionnelles et politiques. No. 78 (Paris: Éditions du Seuil). September 1996: 107–120 [2016-09-10]. ISBN 2-02-030123-7. ISSN 0152-0768. OCLC 909782158. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2018-10-01）（法语）.
Elgie, Robert. Presidentialism, Parliamentarism and Semi-Presidentialism: Bringing Parties Back In. Government and Opposition. 2011/ed, 46 (3) [2022-08-17]. ISSN 1477-7053. S2CID 145748468. doi:10.1111/j.1477-7053.2011.01345.x. （原始内容存档于2022-01-04）（英语）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
Beuman, Lydia M. Political Institutions in East Timor: Semi-Presidentialism and Democratisation. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. 2016 [2017-08-18]. ISBN 978-1317362128. LCCN 2015036590. OCLC 983148216. （原始内容存档于2023-03-27） –通过Google Books.
Shugart, Matthew Søberg. Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns (PDF). Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies, University of California, San Diego. French Politics. December 2005, 3 (3): 323–351 [2017-10-12]. ISSN 1476-3427. OCLC 6895745903. doi:10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087 . （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-08-31）.
Poulard JV. The French Double Executive and the Experience of Cohabitation (PDF). 政治科學季刊（英语：Political Science Quarterly）. 1990, 105 (2): 243–267 [2017-10-07]. ISSN 0032-3195. JSTOR 2151025 . OCLC 4951242513. doi:10.2307/2151025 . （原始内容存档于2019-08-05）.
Surk, Barbara. Serbia Gets Its First Female, and First Openly Gay, Premier. The New York Times. 2017-06-28 [2017-06-30]. ISSN 0362-4331. （原始内容存档于2018-06-29）.