參宿四 (Chinese Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "參宿四" in Chinese language version.

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67harvard.edu

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aanda.org (Global: 5,591^st place; Chinese: 3,473^rd place)

Kervella, P.; Verhoelst, T.; Ridgway, S. T.; Perrin, G.; et al. The close circumstellar environment of Betelgeuse. Adaptive optics spectro-imaging in the near-IR with VLT/NACO. Astronomy and Astrophysics. September 2009, 504 (1): 115–25 [2010-07-10]. Bibcode:2009A&A...504..115K. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200912521. （原始内容存档于2012-03-23）.
Haubois, X.; Perrin, G.; Lacour, S.; Verhoelst, T.; Meimon, S.; et al. Imaging the spotty surface of Betelgeuse in the H band. Astronomy and Astrophysics. December 2009, 508 (2): pp.923–932 [2007-06-25]. Bibcode:2009A&A...508..923H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200912927. （原始内容存档于2012-04-06）.
Perrin, G.; Ridgway, S. T.; Coudé du Foresto, V.; Mennesson, B.; Traub, W. A.; Lacasse, M. G. Interferometric observations of the supergiant stars α Orionis and α Herculis with FLUOR at IOTA. Astronomy and Astrophysics,. May 2004, 418: 675–85 [2007-08-06]. Bibcode:2004A&A...418..675P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20040052. （原始内容存档于2012-04-06）. Assuming a distance of 197±45pc, an angular distance of 43.33±0.04 mas would equate to a radius of 4.3 AU or 920 R_☉

aavso.org (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

Davis, Kate. Variable Star of the Month: Alpha Orionis. American Association of Variable Star Observers (AAVSO). December 2000 [10 July 2010]. （原始内容存档于2013-02-03）.
Alpha Orionis. Variable Star Index. [2020-02-20].

abc.net.au (Global: 139^th place; Chinese: 367^th place)

Iorio, Kelsie. Is Betelgeuse, the red giant star in the constellation Orion, going to explode?. ABC News. 27 December 2019 [28 December 2019]. （原始内容存档于2022-12-22）.

aramcoworld.com (Global: 9,427^th place; Chinese: low place)

archive.aramcoworld.com

Lebling, James. Arabic in the Sky. Aramco World. September–October 2010: 24–33 [2023-01-15]. （原始内容存档于2023-01-15）.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; Chinese: 4^th place)

Allen, Richard Hinckley. Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning rep. New York, NY: Dover Publications Inc. 1963: 310–12 [1899]. ISBN ((978-0-486-21079-7)) 请检查|isbn=值 (帮助).
MacDonald, John. The Arctic sky: Inuit astronomy, star lore, and legend. Toronto, Ontario/Iqaluit, NWT: Royal Ontario Museum/Nunavut Research Institute. 1998: 52–54, 119. ISBN 978-0-88854-427-8.
Burnham, Robert Jr. Burnham's Celestial Handbook: An observer's guide to the universe beyond the Solar system 2. New York, NY: Courier Dover Publications. 1978: 1290. ISBN 978-0-486-23568-4.
Kaler, James B. The Hundred Greatest Stars. New York, NY: Copernicus Books. 2002: 33. ISBN 978-0-387-95436-3.
Schwarzschild, Martin. Structure and Evolution of the Stars. Princeton University Press. 1958. Bibcode:1958ses..book.....S. ISBN 978-0-486-61479-3.
Dyck, H.M.; Simon, T. Circumstellar dust shell models for Alpha Orionis. Astrophysical Journal. February 1975, 195: 689–693. Bibcode:1975ApJ...195..689D. doi:10.1086/153369.
Buscher, D.F.; Baldwin, J.E.; Warner, P.J.; Haniff, C.A. Detection of a bright feature on the surface of Betelgeuse. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 1990, 245: 7. Bibcode:1990MNRAS.245P...7B.
Wilson, R.W.; Dhillon, V.S.; Haniff, C.A. The changing face of Betelgeuse. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 1997, 291 (4): 819. Bibcode:1997MNRAS.291..819W. doi:10.1093/mnras/291.4.819 .
Tuthill P.G.; Haniff, C.A.; Baldwin, J.E. Hotspots on late-type supergiants. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. March 1997, 285 (3): 529–39. Bibcode:1997MNRAS.285..529T. doi:10.1093/mnras/285.3.529 .
Schwarzschild, Martin. On the scale of Pphotospheric convection in red giants and supergiants. Astrophysical Journal. 1975, 195 (1): 137–44. Bibcode:1975ApJ...195..137S. doi:10.1086/153313.
Cox, A.N. (编). Allen's Astrophysical Quantities. New York: Springer-Verlag. 2000. ISBN 978-0-387-98746-0.
Petersen, Carolyn Collins; Brandt, John C. Hubble Vision: Further adventures with the Hubble Space Telescope 2nd. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 1998: 91–92 [1995]. ISBN 978-0-521-59291-8.
Uitenbroek, Han; Dupree, Andrea K.; Gilliland, Ronald L. Spatially Resolved Hubble Space Telescope Spectra of the Chromosphere of α Orionis. The Astronomical Journal. 1998, 116 (5): 2501–2512. Bibcode:1998AJ....116.2501U. S2CID 117596395. doi:10.1086/300596.
Weiner, J.; Danchi, W.C.; Hale, D.D.S.; McMahon, J.; Townes, C.H.; Monnier, J.D.; Tuthill, P.G. Precision measurements of the diameters of α Orionis and ο Ceti at 11 microns. The Astrophysical Journal. December 2000, 544 (2): 1097–1100. Bibcode:2000ApJ...544.1097W. doi:10.1086/317264 .
Bernat, Andrew P. The circumstellar shells and mass-loss rates of four M supergiants. Astrophysical Journal. 1977, 213: 756–66. Bibcode:1977ApJ...213..756B. S2CID 121146305. doi:10.1086/155205.
Mason, Brian D.; Wycoff, Gary L.; Hartkopf, William I.; Douglass, Geoffrey G.; Worley, Charles E. The 2001 US Naval Observatory Double Star CD-ROM. I. The Washington Double Star Catalog. The Astronomical Journal. 2001, 122 (6): 3466. Bibcode:2001AJ....122.3466M. doi:10.1086/323920 .
Karovska, M.; Nisenson, P.; Noyes, R. On the alpha Orionis triple system. Astrophysical Journal. 1986, 308: 675–85. Bibcode:1986ApJ...308..260K. doi:10.1086/164497.
Wilson, R. W.; Baldwin, J. E.; Buscher, D. F.; Warner, P. J. High-resolution imaging of Betelgeuse and Mira. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 1992, 257 (3): 369–76. Bibcode:1992MNRAS.257..369W. doi:10.1093/mnras/257.3.369 .

arxiv.org (Global: 69^th place; Chinese: 254^th place)

Howell, Steve B.; Ciardi, David R.; Clark, Catherine A.; Hope, Douglas A.; Littlefield, Colin; Furlan, Elise. The Probable Direct-Imaging Detection of the Stellar Companion to Betelgeuse. 2025. arXiv:2507.15794  –通过ArXiv.
Levesque, E.M. The physical properties of red supergiants. Hot and Cool: Bridging gaps in massive star evolution. ASP Conference Series 425. Astronomical Society of the Pacific: 103. June 2010. Bibcode:2010ASPC..425..103L. arXiv:0911.4720 .
Ravi, V.; Wishnow, E.; Lockwood, S.; Townes, C. The many faces of Betelgeuse. Astronomical Society of the Pacific. December 2011, 448: 1025. Bibcode:2011ASPC..448.1025R. arXiv:1012.0377 .
Kervella, P.; Verhoelst, T.; Ridgway, S.T.; Perrin, G.; Lacour, S.; Cami, J.; Haubois, X. The close circumstellar environment of Betelgeuse. Adaptive optics spectro-imaging in the near-IR with VLT/NACO. Astronomy and Astrophysics. September 2009, 504 (1): 115–25. Bibcode:2009A&A...504..115K. S2CID 14278046. arXiv:0907.1843 . doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200912521.
Dolan, Michelle M.; Mathews, Grant J.; Lam, Doan Duc; Lan, Nguyen Quynh; Herczeg, Gregory J.; Dearborn, David S.P. Evolutionary Tracks for Betelgeuse. The Astrophysical Journal. 2017, 819 (1): 7. Bibcode:2016ApJ...819....7D. S2CID 37913442. arXiv:1406.3143v2 . doi:10.3847/0004-637X/819/1/7 .
Dupree, Adrea K.; et al. Spatially resolved ultraviolet spectroscopy of the great dimming of Betelgeuse. The Astrophysical Journal. 13 August 2020, 899 (1): 68. Bibcode:2020ApJ...899...68D. S2CID 221103735. arXiv:2008.04945 . doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aba516.
Levesque, Emily M.; Massey, Philip. Betelgeuse just isn't that cool: Effective temperature alone cannot explain the recent dimming of Betelgeuse. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 24 February 2020, 891 (2). L37. Bibcode:2020ApJ...891L..37L . S2CID 211296241. arXiv:2002.10463 . doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab7935 .
Dharmawardena, Thavisha E.; Mairs, Steve; Scicluna, Peter; Bell, Graham; McDonald, Iain; Menten, Karl; Weiss, Axel; Zijlstra, Albert. Betelgeuse fainter in the submillimeter too: An analysis of JCMT and APEX monitoring during the recent optical minimum. The Astrophysical Journal. 2020-06-29, 897 (1): L9. Bibcode:2020ApJ...897L...9D. ISSN 2041-8213. S2CID 219721417. arXiv:2006.09409 . doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab9ca6.
Montargès M, Cannon E, Lagadec E, et al. A dusty veil shading Betelgeuse during its Great Dimming. Nature. 16 June 2021, 594 (7863): 365–368. Bibcode:2021Natur.594..365M. PMID 34135524. S2CID 235460928. arXiv:2201.10551 . doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03546-8.
Alexeeva, Sofya; Zhao, Gang; Gao, Dong-Yang; Du, Junju; Li, Aigen; Li, Kai; Hu, Shaoming. Spectroscopic evidence for a large spot on the dimming Betelgeuse. Nature Communications. 2021-08-05, 12 (1): 4719. Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.4719A. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 8342547 . PMID 34354072. arXiv:2108.03472 . doi:10.1038/s41467-021-25018-3  （英语）.
Dupree, Andrea K.; Strassmeier, Klaus G.; Calderwood, Thomas; Granzer, Thomas; Weber, Michael; Kravchenko, Kateryna; Matthews, Lynn D.; Montarges, Miguel; Tappin, James; Thompson, William T. The Great Dimming of Betelgeuse: A Surface Mass Ejection and Its Consequences. The Astrophysical Journal. 2022-08-02, 936 (1): 18. Bibcode:2022ApJ...936...18D. S2CID 251280168. arXiv:2208.01676 . doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac7853.
Van Loon, J. Th. Kervella, P. , 编. Betelgeuse and the Red Supergiants. Betelgeuse Workshop 2012. 2013, 60: 307–316. Bibcode:2013EAS....60..307V. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.759.580 . S2CID 118626509. arXiv:1303.0321 . doi:10.1051/eas/1360036.
Montargès, M.; Kervella, P.; Perrin, G.; Chiavassa, A.; Le Bouquin, J.-B.; Aurière, M.; López Ariste, A.; Mathias, P.; Ridgway, S. T.; Lacour, S.; Haubois, X.; Berger, J.-P. The close circumstellar environment of Betelgeuse. IV. VLTI/PIONIER interferometric monitoring of the photosphere. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2016, 588: A130. Bibcode:2016A&A...588A.130M. S2CID 53404211. arXiv:1602.05108 . doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527028.

astronomerstelegram.org (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

Guinan, Edward F.; Wasatonic, Richard J.; Calderwood, Thomas J. ATel #13365 - Updates on the "Fainting" of Betelgeuse. The Astronomer's Telegram. 23 December 2019 [27 December 2019]. （原始内容存档于2019-12-30）.
Guinan, Edward F.; Wasatonic, Richard J. ATel #13439 Betelgeuse Updates – 1 February 2020; 23:20 UT. The Astronomer's Telegram. 1 February 2020 [2 February 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-02-15）.
Guinan, Edward; Wasatonic, Richard; Calderwood, Thomas; Carona, Donald. ATel #13512 – The Fall and Rise in Brightness of Betelgeuse. The Astronomer's Telegram. 22 February 2020 [22 February 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-02-25）.
Gehrz, R.D.; et al. ATel #13518 – Betelgeuse remains steadfast in the infrared. The Astronomer's Telegram. 24 February 2020 [24 February 2020]. （原始内容存档于2022-12-30）.
Sigismondi, Costantino. ATel #13601 – Rapid rising of Betelgeuse's luminosity. The Astronomer's Telegram. 31 March 2020 [1 April 2020]. （原始内容存档于2022-12-22）.
Andrea Dupree; Edward Guinan; William T. Thompson. Photometry of Betelgeuse with the STEREO Mission While in the Glare of the Sun from Earth. Astronomer's Telegram. 28 July 2020 [28 July 2020]. （原始内容存档于2022-12-26）. 已忽略未知参数|collaboration= (帮助)
Sigismondi, Costantino; et al. ATel #13982: Second dust cloud on Betelgeuse. The Astronomer's Telegram. 30 August 2020 [31 August 2020]. （原始内容存档于2022-12-12）.

astronomy.com (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

Carlson, Erika K. Betelguese's bizarre dimming has astronomers scratching their heads. Astronomy. 27 December 2019 [28 December 2019]. （原始内容存档于2022-12-12）.

berkeley.edu (Global: 580^th place; Chinese: 642^nd place)

Sanders, Robert. Red Giant Star Betelgeuse Mysteriously Shrinking. UC Berkeley News. UC Berkeley. 9 June 2009 [18 April 2010]. （原始内容存档于2010-05-27）.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; Chinese: 8^th place)

Ancient Chinese suggest Betelgeuse is a young star. New Scientist. Vol. 92 no. 1276. Reed Business Information. 22 October 1981: 238. ^{[失效連結]}

caltech.edu (Global: 887^th place; Chinese: 966^th place)

ipac.caltech.edu

Cutri, R.; Skrutskie. M. Very Bright Stars in the 2MASS Point Source Catalog (PSC). The Two Micron All Sky Survey at IPAC. 7 September 2009 [28 December 2011]. （原始内容存档于2011-12-04）.

cam.ac.uk (Global: 670^th place; Chinese: 845^th place)

mrao.cam.ac.uk

Young, John. Surface imaging of Betelgeuse with COAST and the WHT. University of Cambridge. 2006-11-24 [2007-06-21]. （原始内容存档于2007-06-14）. Images of hotspots on the surface of Betelgeuse taken at visible and infra-red wavelengths using high resolution ground-based interferometers

cnet.com (Global: 272^nd place; Chinese: 459^th place)

Erick Mack. Betelgeuse star acting like it's about to explode, even if the odds say it isn't. CNET. 2019-12-27 [2019-12-30]. （原始内容存档于2021-07-29）.

cornell.edu (Global: 332^nd place; Chinese: 526^th place)

astro.cornell.edu

Bernat, David. Aperture masking interferometry. Ask An Astronomer. Cornell University Astronomy. 2008 [15 October 2012]. （原始内容存档于2012-06-17）.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; Chinese: 23^rd place)

Harper, Graham M.; Brown, Alexander; Guinan, Edward F. A New VLA-Hipparcos Distance to Betelgeuse and its Implications (PDF). The Astronomical Journal. April 2008, 135 (4): 1430–40 [2010-07-10]. Bibcode:2008AJ....135.1430H. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/135/4/1430. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2011-07-15）.
Lobel, Alex; Dupree, Andrea K. Modeling the Variable Chromosphere of α Orionis (PDF). The Astrophysical Journal,. 2000, December, 545 (1): 454–74 [2010-07-10]. Bibcode:2000ApJ...545..454L. doi:10.1086/317784. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2011-07-15）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
Kervella, P.; Verhoelst, T.; Ridgway, S. T.; Perrin, G.; et al. The close circumstellar environment of Betelgeuse. Adaptive optics spectro-imaging in the near-IR with VLT/NACO. Astronomy and Astrophysics. September 2009, 504 (1): 115–25 [2010-07-10]. Bibcode:2009A&A...504..115K. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200912521. （原始内容存档于2012-03-23）.
Ramírez, Solange V.; Sellgren, K.; Carr, John S.; Balachandran, Suchitra C.; et al. Stellar Iron Abundances at the Galactic Center (PDF). The Astrophysical Journal,. 2000, July, 537 (1): 205–20 [2010-07-09]. Bibcode:2000ApJ...537..205R. doi:10.1086/309022. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2011-07-15）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
Michelson, A.A.; Pease, F.G. Measurement of the diameter of Alpha Orionis with the interferometer. Astrophysical Journal. 1921, 53 (5): 249–259. Bibcode:1921ApJ....53..249M. S2CID 21969744. doi:10.1086/142603. The 0.047 arcsecond measurement was for a uniform disk. In the article Michelson notes that limb darkening would increase the angular diameter by about 17%, hence 0.055 arcseconds.
Gilliland, Ronald L.; Dupree, Andrea K. First Image of the Surface of a Star with the Hubble Space Telescope (PDF). Astrophysical Journal Letters,. May 1996, 463: L29 [2010-08-01]. Bibcode:1996ApJ...463L..29G. doi:10.1086/310043. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2011-07-15）. 参宿四呈現黃/紅的"影像"或"照片"不是通常所看見的真實的紅巨星影像，而是基於數學方法所生成的影像。其實，這張照片的解析度非常低：整個参宿四的影像在哈伯太空望遠鏡的暗天體照相機上所佔的範圍只有10X10畫素。實際的影像以5倍因素的雙三次曲線內插過度取樣，然後反卷積。
Bonneau, D.; Labeyrie, A. Speckle interferometry: Color-dependent limb darkening evidenced on Alpha Orionis and Omicron Ceti. Astrophysical Journal. 1973, 181: L1. Bibcode:1973ApJ...181L...1B. doi:10.1086/181171.
Sutton, E.C.; Storey, J.W.V.; Betz, A.L.; Townes, C.H.; Spears, D.L. Spatial heterodyne tnterferometry of VY Canis Majoris, Alpha Orionis, Alpha Scorpii, and R Leonis at 11 microns. Astrophysical Journal Letters. 1977, 217: L97–L100. Bibcode:1977ApJ...217L..97S. doi:10.1086/182547.
Bernat, A.P.; Lambert, D.L. Observations of the circumstellar gas shells around Betelgeuse and Antares. Astrophysical Journal. November 1975, 201: L153–L156. Bibcode:1975ApJ...201L.153B. doi:10.1086/181964.
Dyck, H.M.; Simon, T. Circumstellar dust shell models for Alpha Orionis. Astrophysical Journal. February 1975, 195: 689–693. Bibcode:1975ApJ...195..689D. doi:10.1086/153369.
Boesgaard, A.M.; Magnan, C. The circumstellar shell of alpha Orionis from a study of the Fe II emission lines. Astrophysical Journal. June 1975, 198 (1): 369–371, 373–378. Bibcode:1975ApJ...198..369B. doi:10.1086/153612.
Wilson, R.W.; Dhillon, V.S.; Haniff, C.A. The changing face of Betelgeuse. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 1997, 291 (4): 819. Bibcode:1997MNRAS.291..819W. doi:10.1093/mnras/291.4.819 .
Burns, D.; Baldwin, J.E.; Boysen, R.C.; Haniff, C.A.; Lawson, P.R.; MacKay, C.D.; et al. The surface structure and limb-darkening profile of Betelgeuse. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. September 1997, 290 (1): L11–L16. Bibcode:1997MNRAS.290L..11B. doi:10.1093/mnras/290.1.l11 .
Tuthill P.G.; Haniff, C.A.; Baldwin, J.E. Hotspots on late-type supergiants. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. March 1997, 285 (3): 529–39. Bibcode:1997MNRAS.285..529T. doi:10.1093/mnras/285.3.529 .
Schwarzschild, Martin. On the scale of Pphotospheric convection in red giants and supergiants. Astrophysical Journal. 1975, 195 (1): 137–44. Bibcode:1975ApJ...195..137S. doi:10.1086/153313.
Uitenbroek, Han; Dupree, Andrea K.; Gilliland, Ronald L. Spatially Resolved Hubble Space Telescope Spectra of the Chromosphere of α Orionis. The Astronomical Journal. 1998, 116 (5): 2501–2512. Bibcode:1998AJ....116.2501U. S2CID 117596395. doi:10.1086/300596.
Weiner, J.; Danchi, W.C.; Hale, D.D.S.; McMahon, J.; Townes, C.H.; Monnier, J.D.; Tuthill, P.G. Precision measurements of the diameters of α Orionis and ο Ceti at 11 microns. The Astrophysical Journal. December 2000, 544 (2): 1097–1100. Bibcode:2000ApJ...544.1097W. doi:10.1086/317264 .
Townes, C. H.; Wishnow, E. H.; Hale, D. D. S.; Walp, B. A Systematic Change with Time in the Size of Betelgeuse. The Astrophysical Journal Letters,. June 2009, 697, (2,): L127–28 [2007-08-08]. Bibcode:2009ApJ...697L.127T. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/697/2/L127. （原始内容存档于2013-01-27）.
Bernat, Andrew P. The circumstellar shells and mass-loss rates of four M supergiants. Astrophysical Journal. 1977, 213: 756–66. Bibcode:1977ApJ...213..756B. S2CID 121146305. doi:10.1086/155205.
Kervella, P.; Verhoelst, T.; Ridgway, S.T.; Perrin, G.; Lacour, S.; Cami, J.; Haubois, X. The close circumstellar environment of Betelgeuse. Adaptive optics spectro-imaging in the near-IR with VLT/NACO. Astronomy and Astrophysics. September 2009, 504 (1): 115–25. Bibcode:2009A&A...504..115K. S2CID 14278046. arXiv:0907.1843 . doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200912521.
Dolan, Michelle M.; Mathews, Grant J.; Lam, Doan Duc; Lan, Nguyen Quynh; Herczeg, Gregory J.; Dearborn, David S.P. Evolutionary Tracks for Betelgeuse. The Astrophysical Journal. 2017, 819 (1): 7. Bibcode:2016ApJ...819....7D. S2CID 37913442. arXiv:1406.3143v2 . doi:10.3847/0004-637X/819/1/7 .
Dupree, Adrea K.; et al. Spatially resolved ultraviolet spectroscopy of the great dimming of Betelgeuse. The Astrophysical Journal. 13 August 2020, 899 (1): 68. Bibcode:2020ApJ...899...68D. S2CID 221103735. arXiv:2008.04945 . doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aba516.
Levesque, Emily M.; Massey, Philip. Betelgeuse just isn't that cool: Effective temperature alone cannot explain the recent dimming of Betelgeuse. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 24 February 2020, 891 (2). L37. Bibcode:2020ApJ...891L..37L . S2CID 211296241. arXiv:2002.10463 . doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab7935 .
Dharmawardena, Thavisha E.; Mairs, Steve; Scicluna, Peter; Bell, Graham; McDonald, Iain; Menten, Karl; Weiss, Axel; Zijlstra, Albert. Betelgeuse fainter in the submillimeter too: An analysis of JCMT and APEX monitoring during the recent optical minimum. The Astrophysical Journal. 2020-06-29, 897 (1): L9. Bibcode:2020ApJ...897L...9D. ISSN 2041-8213. S2CID 219721417. arXiv:2006.09409 . doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab9ca6.
Montargès M, Cannon E, Lagadec E, et al. A dusty veil shading Betelgeuse during its Great Dimming. Nature. 16 June 2021, 594 (7863): 365–368. Bibcode:2021Natur.594..365M. PMID 34135524. S2CID 235460928. arXiv:2201.10551 . doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03546-8.
Levesque E. Great Dimming of Betelgeuse explained. Nature. 16 June 2021, 594 (7863): 343–344. Bibcode:2021Natur.594..343L. PMID 34135515. S2CID 235459976. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-01526-6.
Alexeeva, Sofya; Zhao, Gang; Gao, Dong-Yang; Du, Junju; Li, Aigen; Li, Kai; Hu, Shaoming. Spectroscopic evidence for a large spot on the dimming Betelgeuse. Nature Communications. 2021-08-05, 12 (1): 4719. Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.4719A. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 8342547 . PMID 34354072. arXiv:2108.03472 . doi:10.1038/s41467-021-25018-3  （英语）.
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Haubois, X.; Perrin, G.; Lacour, S.; Verhoelst, T.; Meimon, S.; et al. Imaging the spotty surface of Betelgeuse in the H band. Astronomy and Astrophysics. December 2009, 508 (2): pp.923–932 [2007-06-25]. Bibcode:2009A&A...508..923H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200912927. （原始内容存档于2012-04-06）.
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Goldberg, Leo. The variability of alpha Orionis (PDF). Astronomical Society of the Pacific (Publications (ISSN 0004-6280)). May 1984, 96: pp. 366–71 [2010-06-10]. Bibcode:1984PASP...96..366G. doi:10.1086/131347. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-10-16）.
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Leighton, Robert B. Transport of Magnetic Fields on the Sun (PDF). Astrophysical Journal,. November 1964, 140: pp. 1547 [2010-06-10]. Bibcode:1964ApJ...140.1547L. doi:10.1086/148058. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-10-16）.
Bonneau, D.; Labeyrie, A. Speckle Interferometry: Color-Dependent Limb Darkening Evidenced on Alpha Orionis and Omicron Ceti (PDF). Astrophysical Journal,. April 1973, 181: L1 [2010-06-10]. Bibcode:1973ApJ...181L...1B. doi:10.1086/181171.
Perrin, G.; Ridgway, S. T.; Coudé du Foresto, V.; Mennesson, B.; Traub, W. A.; Lacasse, M. G. Interferometric observations of the supergiant stars α Orionis and α Herculis with FLUOR at IOTA. Astronomy and Astrophysics,. May 2004, 418: 675–85 [2007-08-06]. Bibcode:2004A&A...418..675P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20040052. （原始内容存档于2012-04-06）. Assuming a distance of 197±45pc, an angular distance of 43.33±0.04 mas would equate to a radius of 4.3 AU or 920 R_☉

earthsky.org (Global: 6,724^th place; Chinese: low place)

Byrd, Deborah. Betelgeuse is 'fainting' but (probably) not about to explode. Earth & Sky. 2019-12-23 [2020-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2022-10-29）.

esa.int (Global: 1,482^nd place; Chinese: 1,517^th place)

Gaia overview. European Space Agency. 2010-05-04 [2010-07-14]. （原始内容存档于2013-06-30）.

eso.org (Global: 3,034^th place; Chinese: 2,034^th place)

Melnick, J.; Petrov R.; Malbet, F. The Sky Through Three Giant Eyes, AMBER Instrument on VLT Delivers a Wealth of Results. European Southern Observatory. 2007-02-23 [2007-08-29]. （原始内容存档于2010-03-23）.

eurekalert.org (Global: 3,538^th place; Chinese: 2,893^rd place)

Dimming Betelgeuse likely isn't cold, just dusty, new study shows (新闻稿). University of Washington. 6 March 2020 [6 March 2020]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-28） –通过EurekAlert!.

forbes.com (Global: 54^th place; Chinese: 88^th place)

Bruce Dorminey. Betelgeuse Has Finally Stopped Dimming, Says Astronomer. Forbes. 17 February 2020 [19 February 2020]. （原始内容存档于2022-12-12）.

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; Chinese: 57^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

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Alexeeva, Sofya; Zhao, Gang; Gao, Dong-Yang; Du, Junju; Li, Aigen; Li, Kai; Hu, Shaoming. Spectroscopic evidence for a large spot on the dimming Betelgeuse. Nature Communications. 2021-08-05, 12 (1): 4719. Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.4719A. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 8342547 . PMID 34354072. arXiv:2108.03472 . doi:10.1038/s41467-021-25018-3  （英语）.
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adsabs.harvard.edu

。下表提供了自1920年以來，鉅細靡遺的角直徑測離資料，也包含每項研究基於目前對参宿四的距離估計，197±45 秒差距（Harper et al），所得到的半徑範圍：

Article	年¹	望遠鏡	#	光譜	λ（μm）	∅（mas）²	半徑³ @ 197±45 秒差距	註解
Michelson （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）	1920	威爾遜山	1	可見光	0.575	47.0 ± 4.7	3.2 - 6.3 AU	周邊昏暗 +17% = 55.0
Bonneau （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）	1972	帕洛瑪	8	可見光	0.422-0.719	52.0 - 69.0	3.6 - 9.2 AU	強烈的與∅與λ相關
Balega （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）	1978	ESO	3	可見光	0.405-0.715	45.0 - 67.0	3.1 - 8.6 AU	與波長∅λ無關
Balega （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）	1979	SAO	4	可見光	0.575-0.773	50.0 - 62.0	3.5 - 8.0 AU	與波長∅λ無關
Buscher （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）	1989	WHT	4	可見光	0.633-0.710	54.0 - 61.0	4.0 - 7.9 AU	發現非對稱性/熱點
Wilson （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）	1991	WHT	4	可見光	0.546-0.710	49.0 - 57.0	3.5 - 7.1 AU	確認熱點
Tuthill （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）	1993	WHT	8	可見光	0.633-0.710	43.5 - 54.2	3.2 - 7.0 AU	研究3顆恆星的熱點
Tuthill （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）	1992	WHT	1	NIR	0.902	42.6 ± 0:03	3.0 - 5.6 AU	研究3顆恆星的熱點
Weiner （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）	1999	ISI	2	MIR（N波段）	11.150	54.7 ± 0.3	4.1 - 6.7 AU	周邊昏暗 = 55.2 ± 0.5
Perrin （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）	1997	IOTA	7	NIR（K波段）	2.200	43.33 ± 0.04	3.3 - 5.2 AU	K&L Band,11.5μm data contrast
Haubois （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）	2005	IOTA	6	NIR（H波段）	1.650	44.28 ± 0.15^‡	3.4 - 5.4 AU	Rosseland diameter 45.03 ± 0.12
Hernandez （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）	2006	VLTI	2	NIR（K波段）	2.099-2.198	42:57 ± 0:02	3.2 - 5.2 AU	高精度AMBER的結果
Ohnaka （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）	2008	VLTI	3	NIR（K波段）	2.280-2.310	43.19 ± 0.03	3.3 - 5.2 AU	周邊昏暗43.56 ± 0.06
Townes （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）	1993	ISI	17	MIR（N波段）	11.150	56.00 ± 1.00	4.2 - 6.8 AU	涉及從1993年至2009年17次同一波長，有系統的研究。
	2008	ISI		MIR（N波段）	11.150	47.00 ± 2.00	3.6 - 5.7 AU
	2009	ISI		MIR（N波段）	11.150	48.00 ± 1.00	3.6 - 5.8 AU

Harper （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）	2008	VLA		Also noteworthy, Harper et al in the conclusion of their paper make the following remark: "In a sense, the derived distance of 200 pc is a balance between the 131 pc（425 ly）Hipparcos distance and the radio which tends towards 250 pc（815 ly）"—hence establishing ± 815 ly as the outside distance for the star.

¹除非另有說明，是他最後一年的觀測。 ²除非另有說明，是均勻的盤面測量。 ³半徑的計算使用相同的方法，如同說明#2下的。^‡周邊昏暗測量。

cfa.harvard.edu

Aguilar, David; Pulliam, Christine; Lobel, A. Storms Of Hot And Cold Gas Rage In Betelgeuse's Turbulent Atmosphere. Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. January 6, 9:20 a.m. EST [2010-07-27]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-03）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)

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astroscu.unam.mx

Accurate diameter measurement of Betelgeuse using the VLTI/AMBER instrument. Hernandez Utrera, O.; Chelli, A. (PDF). Revista Mexicana de Astronomía y Astrofísica (Serie de Conferencias). November 2009, 37: 179–80 [2010-08-02]. Bibcode:2009RMxAC..37..179H. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-07-15）.

vlti.org (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

Wittkowski, M. MIDI and AMBER from the user's point of view (PDF). European Southern Observatory VLTI. 2007-02-23 [2007-08-29]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-07-28）.

washingtonpost.com (Global: 34^th place; Chinese: 129^th place)

Kaplan, Sarah. Is Betelgeuse, one of the sky's brightest stars, on the brink of a supernova?. The Washington Post. 27 December 2019v [28 December 2019]. （原始内容存档于2022-01-25）.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; Chinese: 1^st place)

Article	年¹	望遠鏡	#	光譜	λ（μm）	∅（mas）²	半徑³ @ 197±45 秒差距	註解
Michelson （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）	1920	威爾遜山	1	可見光	0.575	47.0 ± 4.7	3.2 - 6.3 AU	周邊昏暗 +17% = 55.0
Bonneau （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）	1972	帕洛瑪	8	可見光	0.422-0.719	52.0 - 69.0	3.6 - 9.2 AU	強烈的與∅與λ相關
Balega （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）	1978	ESO	3	可見光	0.405-0.715	45.0 - 67.0	3.1 - 8.6 AU	與波長∅λ無關
Balega （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）	1979	SAO	4	可見光	0.575-0.773	50.0 - 62.0	3.5 - 8.0 AU	與波長∅λ無關
Buscher （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）	1989	WHT	4	可見光	0.633-0.710	54.0 - 61.0	4.0 - 7.9 AU	發現非對稱性/熱點
Wilson （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）	1991	WHT	4	可見光	0.546-0.710	49.0 - 57.0	3.5 - 7.1 AU	確認熱點
Tuthill （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）	1993	WHT	8	可見光	0.633-0.710	43.5 - 54.2	3.2 - 7.0 AU	研究3顆恆星的熱點
Tuthill （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）	1992	WHT	1	NIR	0.902	42.6 ± 0:03	3.0 - 5.6 AU	研究3顆恆星的熱點
Weiner （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）	1999	ISI	2	MIR（N波段）	11.150	54.7 ± 0.3	4.1 - 6.7 AU	周邊昏暗 = 55.2 ± 0.5
Perrin （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）	1997	IOTA	7	NIR（K波段）	2.200	43.33 ± 0.04	3.3 - 5.2 AU	K&L Band,11.5μm data contrast
Haubois （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）	2005	IOTA	6	NIR（H波段）	1.650	44.28 ± 0.15^‡	3.4 - 5.4 AU	Rosseland diameter 45.03 ± 0.12
Hernandez （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）	2006	VLTI	2	NIR（K波段）	2.099-2.198	42:57 ± 0:02	3.2 - 5.2 AU	高精度AMBER的結果
Ohnaka （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）	2008	VLTI	3	NIR（K波段）	2.280-2.310	43.19 ± 0.03	3.3 - 5.2 AU	周邊昏暗43.56 ± 0.06
Townes （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）	1993	ISI	17	MIR（N波段）	11.150	56.00 ± 1.00	4.2 - 6.8 AU	涉及從1993年至2009年17次同一波長，有系統的研究。
	2008	ISI		MIR（N波段）	11.150	47.00 ± 2.00	3.6 - 5.7 AU
	2009	ISI		MIR（N波段）	11.150	48.00 ± 1.00	3.6 - 5.8 AU

Harper （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）	2008	VLA		Also noteworthy, Harper et al in the conclusion of their paper make the following remark: "In a sense, the derived distance of 200 pc is a balance between the 131 pc（425 ly）Hipparcos distance and the radio which tends towards 250 pc（815 ly）"—hence establishing ± 815 ly as the outside distance for the star.

¹除非另有說明，是他最後一年的觀測。 ²除非另有說明，是均勻的盤面測量。 ³半徑的計算使用相同的方法，如同說明#2下的。^‡周邊昏暗測量。

SIMBAD query result: BETELGEUSE – Semi-regular pulsating Star. Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg. [2007-06-20]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-02）.
Harper, Graham M.; Brown, Alexander; Guinan, Edward F. A New VLA-Hipparcos Distance to Betelgeuse and its Implications (PDF). The Astronomical Journal. April 2008, 135 (4): 1430–40 [2010-07-10]. Bibcode:2008AJ....135.1430H. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/135/4/1430. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2011-07-15）.
Kaler, James B. (Jim). Betelgeuse (Alpha Orionis). Stars website. University of Illinois. [2009-07-19]. （原始内容存档于2019-09-05）.
Lobel, Alex; Dupree, Andrea K. Modeling the Variable Chromosphere of α Orionis (PDF). The Astrophysical Journal,. 2000, December, 545 (1): 454–74 [2010-07-10]. Bibcode:2000ApJ...545..454L. doi:10.1086/317784. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2011-07-15）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
Kervella, P.; Verhoelst, T.; Ridgway, S. T.; Perrin, G.; et al. The close circumstellar environment of Betelgeuse. Adaptive optics spectro-imaging in the near-IR with VLT/NACO. Astronomy and Astrophysics. September 2009, 504 (1): 115–25 [2010-07-10]. Bibcode:2009A&A...504..115K. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200912521. （原始内容存档于2012-03-23）.
Ramírez, Solange V.; Sellgren, K.; Carr, John S.; Balachandran, Suchitra C.; et al. Stellar Iron Abundances at the Galactic Center (PDF). The Astrophysical Journal,. 2000, July, 537 (1): 205–20 [2010-07-09]. Bibcode:2000ApJ...537..205R. doi:10.1086/309022. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2011-07-15）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
Ridpath, Ian. Orion: the meaning of Betelgeuse. Star Tales. [9 September 2021]. （原始内容存档于2023-01-21）.
Lebling, James. Arabic in the Sky. Aramco World. September–October 2010: 24–33 [2023-01-15]. （原始内容存档于2023-01-15）.
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Bulletin of the IAU Working Group on Star Names (PDF). International Astronomical Union (IAU). [28 July 2016]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-04-17） –通过University of Rochester. |volume=被忽略 (帮助)
IAU Catalog of Star Names. IAU Division C Working Group on Star Names (WGSN). International Astronomical Union (IAU). [28 July 2016]. （原始内容存档于2018-07-07） –通过University of Rochester.
Boutsalis, Kelly. Teaching Indigenous Star Stories. The Walrus (The Walrus). 10 August 2020 [6 July 2021]. （原始内容存档于2021-09-28）.
Davis, Kate. Variable Star of the Month: Alpha Orionis. American Association of Variable Star Observers (AAVSO). December 2000 [10 July 2010]. （原始内容存档于2013-02-03）.
Tenn, Joseph S. Martin Schwarzschild 1965. The Bruce Medalists. Astronomical Society of the Pacific (ASP). June 2009 [28 September 2010]. （原始内容存档于2010-10-09）.
Gilliland, Ronald L.; Dupree, Andrea K. First Image of the Surface of a Star with the Hubble Space Telescope (PDF). Astrophysical Journal Letters,. May 1996, 463: L29 [2010-08-01]. Bibcode:1996ApJ...463L..29G. doi:10.1086/310043. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2011-07-15）. 参宿四呈現黃/紅的"影像"或"照片"不是通常所看見的真實的紅巨星影像，而是基於數學方法所生成的影像。其實，這張照片的解析度非常低：整個参宿四的影像在哈伯太空望遠鏡的暗天體照相機上所佔的範圍只有10X10畫素。實際的影像以5倍因素的雙三次曲線內插過度取樣，然後反卷積。
Bernat, David. Aperture masking interferometry. Ask An Astronomer. Cornell University Astronomy. 2008 [15 October 2012]. （原始内容存档于2012-06-17）.
Sanders, Robert. Red Giant Star Betelgeuse Mysteriously Shrinking. UC Berkeley News. UC Berkeley. 9 June 2009 [18 April 2010]. （原始内容存档于2010-05-27）.
Townes, C. H.; Wishnow, E. H.; Hale, D. D. S.; Walp, B. A Systematic Change with Time in the Size of Betelgeuse. The Astrophysical Journal Letters,. June 2009, 697, (2,): L127–28 [2007-08-08]. Bibcode:2009ApJ...697L.127T. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/697/2/L127. （原始内容存档于2013-01-27）.
Guinan, Edward F.; Wasatonic, Richard J.; Calderwood, Thomas J. ATel #13365 - Updates on the "Fainting" of Betelgeuse. The Astronomer's Telegram. 23 December 2019 [27 December 2019]. （原始内容存档于2019-12-30）.
Byrd, Deborah. Betelgeuse is 'fainting' but (probably) not about to explode. Earth & Sky. 2019-12-23 [2020-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2022-10-29）.
Overbye, Dennis. This star looked like it would explode. Maybe it just sneezed. The New York Times. 14 August 2020 [15 August 2020]. （原始内容存档于2022-12-22）. The mysterious dimming of the red supergiant Betelgeuse is the result of a stellar exhalation, astronomers say.
Hubble finds that Betegeuse's mysterious dimming is due to a traumatic outburst (新闻稿). Hubble Space Telescope. 13 August 2020 [2023-02-03]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-03）.
Guinan, Edward F.; Wasatonic, Richard J. ATel #13439 Betelgeuse Updates – 1 February 2020; 23:20 UT. The Astronomer's Telegram. 1 February 2020 [2 February 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-02-15）.
Carlson, Erika K. Betelguese's bizarre dimming has astronomers scratching their heads. Astronomy. 27 December 2019 [28 December 2019]. （原始内容存档于2022-12-12）.
Andrew Griffin. Betelgeuse: Star Is Behaving Strangely And Could Be About To Explode Into A Supernova, Say Astronomers. The Independent. 29 December 2019 [2019-12-30]. （原始内容存档于2021-08-17）.
Erick Mack. Betelgeuse star acting like it's about to explode, even if the odds say it isn't. CNET. 2019-12-27 [2019-12-30]. （原始内容存档于2021-07-29）.
Drake, Nadia. A giant star is acting strange, and astronomers are buzzing. National Geographic Society. 26 December 2019 [26 December 2019]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-08）. The red giant Betelgeuse is the dimmest seen in years, prompting some speculation that the star is about to explode. Here's what we know.
Kaplan, Sarah. Is Betelgeuse, one of the sky's brightest stars, on the brink of a supernova?. The Washington Post. 27 December 2019v [28 December 2019]. （原始内容存档于2022-01-25）.
Iorio, Kelsie. Is Betelgeuse, the red giant star in the constellation Orion, going to explode?. ABC News. 27 December 2019 [28 December 2019]. （原始内容存档于2022-12-22）.
Bruce Dorminey. Betelgeuse Has Finally Stopped Dimming, Says Astronomer. Forbes. 17 February 2020 [19 February 2020]. （原始内容存档于2022-12-12）.
Guinan, Edward; Wasatonic, Richard; Calderwood, Thomas; Carona, Donald. ATel #13512 – The Fall and Rise in Brightness of Betelgeuse. The Astronomer's Telegram. 22 February 2020 [22 February 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-02-25）.
Gehrz, R.D.; et al. ATel #13518 – Betelgeuse remains steadfast in the infrared. The Astronomer's Telegram. 24 February 2020 [24 February 2020]. （原始内容存档于2022-12-30）.
Dimming Betelgeuse likely isn't cold, just dusty, new study shows (新闻稿). University of Washington. 6 March 2020 [6 March 2020]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-28） –通过EurekAlert!.
Sigismondi, Costantino. ATel #13601 – Rapid rising of Betelgeuse's luminosity. The Astronomer's Telegram. 31 March 2020 [1 April 2020]. （原始内容存档于2022-12-22）.
Andrea Dupree; Edward Guinan; William T. Thompson. Photometry of Betelgeuse with the STEREO Mission While in the Glare of the Sun from Earth. Astronomer's Telegram. 28 July 2020 [28 July 2020]. （原始内容存档于2022-12-26）. 已忽略未知参数|collaboration= (帮助)
Sigismondi, Costantino; et al. ATel #13982: Second dust cloud on Betelgeuse. The Astronomer's Telegram. 30 August 2020 [31 August 2020]. （原始内容存档于2022-12-12）.
Montargès M. Imaging the Great Dimming of Betelgeuse. Nature. 16 June 2021 [2023-02-03]. （原始内容存档于2022-12-18）.
Overbye, Dennis. Betelgeuse Merely Burped, Astronomers Conclude – The dramatic dimming of the red supergiant in 2019 was the product of dust, not a prelude to destruction, a new study has found.. The New York Times. 17 June 2021 [17 June 2021]. （原始内容存档于2022-12-20）.
Garner, Rob. Hubble Finds Betelgeuse's Mysterious Dimming Due to Traumatic Outburst. NASA. 2020-08-13 [2022-08-22]. （原始内容存档于2023-01-01）.
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Haubois, X.; Perrin, G.; Lacour, S.; Verhoelst, T.; Meimon, S.; et al. Imaging the spotty surface of Betelgeuse in the H band. Astronomy and Astrophysics. December 2009, 508 (2): pp.923–932 [2007-06-25]. Bibcode:2009A&A...508..923H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200912927. （原始内容存档于2012-04-06）.
Robert Nemiroff (MTU) & Jerry Bonnell (USRA). Betelgeuse Resolved. Today's Astronomy Picture of the Day. 2009-08-05 [2010-11-17]. （原始内容存档于2010-11-21）. Betelgeuse is a candidate to undergo a spectacular supernova explosion almost anytime in the next few thousand years.
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Goldberg, Leo. The variability of alpha Orionis (PDF). Astronomical Society of the Pacific (Publications (ISSN 0004-6280)). May 1984, 96: pp. 366–71 [2010-06-10]. Bibcode:1984PASP...96..366G. doi:10.1086/131347. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-10-16）.
SolStation. Betelgeuse; Release No.: 04-03. Sol Company. [2010-07-20]. （原始内容存档于2016-12-20）.
Freytag, B.; Steffen, M.; Dorch, B. Spots on the surface of Betelgeuse – Results from new 3D stellar convection models. Astronomische Nachrichten,. July 2002, 323 (3/4): pp. 213–19 [2010-07-26]. Bibcode:2002AN....323..213F. doi:10.1002/1521-3994(200208)323:3/4<213::AID-ASNA213>3.0.CO;2-H. （原始内容存档于2022-03-05）.
Leighton, Robert B. Transport of Magnetic Fields on the Sun (PDF). Astrophysical Journal,. November 1964, 140: pp. 1547 [2010-06-10]. Bibcode:1964ApJ...140.1547L. doi:10.1086/148058. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-10-16）.
Aguilar, David; Pulliam, Christine; Lobel, A. Storms Of Hot And Cold Gas Rage In Betelgeuse's Turbulent Atmosphere. Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. January 6, 9:20 a.m. EST [2010-07-27]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-03）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
Perrin, G.; Ridgway, S. T.; Coudé du Foresto, V.; Mennesson, B.; Traub, W. A.; Lacasse, M. G. Interferometric observations of the supergiant stars α Orionis and α Herculis with FLUOR at IOTA. Astronomy and Astrophysics,. May 2004, 418: 675–85 [2007-08-06]. Bibcode:2004A&A...418..675P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20040052. （原始内容存档于2012-04-06）. Assuming a distance of 197±45pc, an angular distance of 43.33±0.04 mas would equate to a radius of 4.3 AU or 920 R_☉
Young, John. Surface imaging of Betelgeuse with COAST and the WHT. University of Cambridge. 2006-11-24 [2007-06-21]. （原始内容存档于2007-06-14）. Images of hotspots on the surface of Betelgeuse taken at visible and infra-red wavelengths using high resolution ground-based interferometers
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Melnick, J.; Petrov R.; Malbet, F. The Sky Through Three Giant Eyes, AMBER Instrument on VLT Delivers a Wealth of Results. European Southern Observatory. 2007-02-23 [2007-08-29]. （原始内容存档于2010-03-23）.
Wittkowski, M. MIDI and AMBER from the user's point of view (PDF). European Southern Observatory VLTI. 2007-02-23 [2007-08-29]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-07-28）.
Accurate diameter measurement of Betelgeuse using the VLTI/AMBER instrument. Hernandez Utrera, O.; Chelli, A. (PDF). Revista Mexicana de Astronomía y Astrofísica (Serie de Conferencias). November 2009, 37: 179–80 [2010-08-02]. Bibcode:2009RMxAC..37..179H. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-07-15）.
Ron Cowen. Betelgeuse shrinks: The red supergiant has lost 15 percent of its size. 2009-06-10 [2011-05-12]. （原始内容存档于2011-06-29）. The shrinkage corresponds to the star contracting by a distance equal to that between Venus and the Sun, researchers reported June 9 at an American Astronomical Society meeting and in the June 1 Astrophysical Journal Letters.
Robert Nemiroff (MTU) & Jerry Bonnell (USRA). Betelgeuse, Betelgeuse, Betelgeuse. Today's Astronomy Picture of the Day. 1999-06-05 [2010-07-10]. （原始内容存档于2010-07-14）.
Robert Nemiroff (MTU) & Jerry Bonnell (USRA). The Spotty Surface of Betelgeuse. Today's Astronomy Picture of the Day. 2010-01-06 [2010-07-18]. （原始内容存档于2010-07-14）. Given the ongoing debate and many uncertainties regarding Betelgeuse's actual size, APOD in 2010 reaffirmed the Jovian orbit as a standard metric for the star's radius.

webcitation.org (Global: 24^th place; Chinese: 29^th place)

Gaia overview. European Space Agency. 2010-05-04 [2010-07-14]. （原始内容存档于2013-06-30）.
Courtland, Rachel. Betelgeuse: The incredible shrinking star?. New Scientist. Reed Business Information Ltd. 2009-06-10 [2010-09-25]. （原始内容存档于2011-08-24）.

wiley.com (Global: 222^nd place; Chinese: 216^th place)

www3.interscience.wiley.com

Freytag, B.; Steffen, M.; Dorch, B. Spots on the surface of Betelgeuse – Results from new 3D stellar convection models. Astronomische Nachrichten,. July 2002, 323 (3/4): pp. 213–19 [2010-07-26]. Bibcode:2002AN....323..213F. doi:10.1002/1521-3994(200208)323:3/4<213::AID-ASNA213>3.0.CO;2-H. （原始内容存档于2022-03-05）.

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; Chinese: 12^th place)

Dharmawardena, Thavisha E.; Mairs, Steve; Scicluna, Peter; Bell, Graham; McDonald, Iain; Menten, Karl; Weiss, Axel; Zijlstra, Albert. Betelgeuse fainter in the submillimeter too: An analysis of JCMT and APEX monitoring during the recent optical minimum. The Astrophysical Journal. 2020-06-29, 897 (1): L9. Bibcode:2020ApJ...897L...9D. ISSN 2041-8213. S2CID 219721417. arXiv:2006.09409 . doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab9ca6.
Alexeeva, Sofya; Zhao, Gang; Gao, Dong-Yang; Du, Junju; Li, Aigen; Li, Kai; Hu, Shaoming. Spectroscopic evidence for a large spot on the dimming Betelgeuse. Nature Communications. 2021-08-05, 12 (1): 4719. Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.4719A. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 8342547 . PMID 34354072. arXiv:2108.03472 . doi:10.1038/s41467-021-25018-3  （英语）.
Goldberg, L. The variability of alpha Orionis. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. May 1984, 96: 366. Bibcode:1984PASP...96..366G. ISSN 0004-6280. S2CID 121926262. doi:10.1086/131347 （英语）.

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semanticscholar.org (Global: 11th place; Chinese: 332nd place)

api.semanticscholar.org

sonoma.edu (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

phys-astro.sonoma.edu

thewalrus.ca (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

u-strasbg.fr (Global: 1,342nd place; Chinese: 855th place)

vizier.u-strasbg.fr

simbad.u-strasbg.fr

cdsads.u-strasbg.fr

uchicago.edu (Global: 230th place; Chinese: 439th place)

journals.uchicago.edu

unam.mx (Global: 769th place; Chinese: 5,825th place)

astroscu.unam.mx

vlti.org (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

washingtonpost.com (Global: 34th place; Chinese: 129th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; Chinese: 1st place)

webcitation.org (Global: 24th place; Chinese: 29th place)

wiley.com (Global: 222nd place; Chinese: 216th place)

www3.interscience.wiley.com

worldcat.org (Global: 5th place; Chinese: 12th place)

aanda.org (Global: 5,591^st place; Chinese: 3,473^rd place)

abc.net.au (Global: 139^th place; Chinese: 367^th place)

aramcoworld.com (Global: 9,427^th place; Chinese: low place)

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; Chinese: 4^th place)

arxiv.org (Global: 69^th place; Chinese: 254^th place)

berkeley.edu (Global: 580^th place; Chinese: 642^nd place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; Chinese: 8^th place)

caltech.edu (Global: 887^th place; Chinese: 966^th place)

cam.ac.uk (Global: 670^th place; Chinese: 845^th place)

cnet.com (Global: 272^nd place; Chinese: 459^th place)

cornell.edu (Global: 332^nd place; Chinese: 526^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; Chinese: 23^rd place)

earthsky.org (Global: 6,724^th place; Chinese: low place)

esa.int (Global: 1,482^nd place; Chinese: 1,517^th place)

eso.org (Global: 3,034^th place; Chinese: 2,034^th place)

eurekalert.org (Global: 3,538^th place; Chinese: 2,893^rd place)

forbes.com (Global: 54^th place; Chinese: 88^th place)

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; Chinese: 57^th place)

hubblesite.org (Global: 6,632^nd place; Chinese: 4,295^th place)

ianridpath.com (Global: 5,934^th place; Chinese: 8,025^th place)

iau.org (Global: 1,985^th place; Chinese: 2,974^th place)

illinois.edu (Global: 1,349^th place; Chinese: 2,070^th place)

independent.co.uk (Global: 36^th place; Chinese: 153^rd place)

iop.org (Global: 1,725^th place; Chinese: 1,164^th place)

merriam-webster.com (Global: 209^th place; Chinese: 356^th place)

nasa.gov (Global: 75^th place; Chinese: 140^th place)

nationalgeographic.com (Global: 344^th place; Chinese: 408^th place)

nature.com (Global: 234^th place; Chinese: 227^th place)

newscientist.com (Global: 774^th place; Chinese: 706^th place)

nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; Chinese: 5^th place)

nypost.com (Global: 208^th place; Chinese: 695^th place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; Chinese: 31^st place)

physicsworld.com (Global: 6,140^th place; Chinese: 6,647^th place)

psu.edu (Global: 207^th place; Chinese: 628^th place)

rochester.edu (Global: 2,691^st place; Chinese: 5,070^th place)

sciencenews.org (Global: 3,410^th place; Chinese: 3,858^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; Chinese: 332^nd place)

u-strasbg.fr (Global: 1,342^nd place; Chinese: 855^th place)

uchicago.edu (Global: 230^th place; Chinese: 439^th place)

unam.mx (Global: 769^th place; Chinese: 5,825^th place)

washingtonpost.com (Global: 34^th place; Chinese: 129^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; Chinese: 1^st place)

webcitation.org (Global: 24^th place; Chinese: 29^th place)

wiley.com (Global: 222^nd place; Chinese: 216^th place)

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; Chinese: 12^th place)