垃圾新闻 (Chinese Wikipedia)
Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "垃圾新闻" in Chinese language version.
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archive.org (Global: 6th place; Chinese: 4th place)
- Tomorrow, Tom; Phillips, Peter; Chomsky, Noam. Censored 2001 : 25 years of censored news and the top censored stories of the year. Internet Archive. New York : Seven Stories. 2001 [2022-08-10].
arxiv.org (Global: 69th place; Chinese: 254th place)
- Burger, Peter; Kanhai, Soeradj; Pleijter, Alexander; Verberne, Suzan. The reach of commercially motivated junk news on Facebook. PLOS ONE. 1 August 2019, 14 (8): e0220446. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1420446B. PMC 6675076
. PMID 31369596. arXiv:1901.07290 . doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0220446 . - Castaldo, Maria. Junk News Bubbles: Modelling the Rise and Fall of Attention in Online Arenas. SSRN Electronic Journal. January 2020: 1–11. arXiv:2004.08863 –通过Research Gate.
cambridge.org (Global: 305th place; Chinese: 511th place)
ebooks.cambridge.org
- Rosillo-Lopez, Cristina. Public Opinion and Politics in the Late Roman Republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2017. ISBN 978-1-316-53515-8. doi:10.1017/9781316535158.004.[失效連結]
degruyter.com (Global: 1,425th place; Chinese: 4,196th place)
- 1. Sexual Slander and Ancient Invective, Abandoned to Lust (Columbia University Press), 2005-12-31: 15–50 [2022-05-13], ISBN 978-0-231-13662-4, doi:10.7312/knus13662-004, （原始内容存档于2022-05-13）
doi.org (Global: 2nd place; Chinese: 23rd place)
doi.org
- Chaniotis, Angelos. Memory, Commemoration & Identity in an Ancient City: The Case of Aphrodisias. Daedalus. April 2016, 145 (2): 88–100. ISSN 0011-5266. S2CID 57569822. doi:10.1162/daed_a_00379.
- Milnor, Kristina. Graffiti and the Literary Landscape in Roman Pompeii. Oxford University Press. 2014-01-30. ISBN 978-0-19-968461-8. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199684618.001.0001.
- Gill, Christopher; Wiseman, T.P. (编). Lies and Fiction in the Ancient World. 1993-01-01. ISBN 9780859893817. doi:10.5949/liverpool/9780859893817.001.0001.
- Gluckman, Max. Papers in Honor of Melville J. Herskovits: Gossip and Scandal. Current Anthropology. June 1963, 4 (3): 307–316. ISSN 0011-3204. S2CID 162361888. doi:10.1086/200378.
- Eidinow, Esther, Identifying Gossip, Envy, Poison, and Death (Oxford University Press), 2015-12-01: 171–179 [2022-05-13], ISBN 978-0-19-956260-2, doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199562602.003.0011
- Paine, Robert. What is Gossip About? An Alternative Hypothesis. Man. June 1967, 2 (2): 278–285 [2022-08-10]. JSTOR 2799493. doi:10.2307/2799493. （原始内容存档于2022-08-10）.
- Rosillo-Lopez, Cristina, Rumours, Gossip and Conversations in Roman Political Life, Public Opinion and Politics in the Late Roman Republic (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 2017: 75–97 [2022-05-13], ISBN 9781316535158, doi:10.1017/9781316535158.004
- 1. Sexual Slander and Ancient Invective, Abandoned to Lust (Columbia University Press), 2005-12-31: 15–50 [2022-05-13], ISBN 978-0-231-13662-4, doi:10.7312/knus13662-004, （原始内容存档于2022-05-13）
- Rosillo-Lopez, Cristina. Public Opinion and Politics in the Late Roman Republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2017. ISBN 978-1-316-53515-8. doi:10.1017/9781316535158.004.[失效連結]
- Gentzkow, Matthew; Shapiro, Jesse M. Competition and Truth in the Market for News. Journal of Economic Perspectives. 2008-03-01, 22 (2): 133–154. ISSN 0895-3309. doi:10.1257/jep.22.2.133.
- van der Linden, Sander; Roozenbeek, Jon; Compton, Josh. Inoculating Against Fake News About COVID-19. Frontiers in Psychology. 2020, 11: 566790. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 7644779 . PMID 33192844. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.566790 .
- Bradshaw, Samantha. Disinformation optimised: gaming search engine algorithms to amplify junk news. Internet Policy Review. 2019-12-31, 8 (4) [2022-08-10]. ISSN 2197-6775. S2CID 213329261. doi:10.14763/2019.4.1442. （原始内容存档于2022-05-17）.
- Burger, Peter; Kanhai, Soeradj; Pleijter, Alexander; Verberne, Suzan. The reach of commercially motivated junk news on Facebook. PLOS ONE. 1 August 2019, 14 (8): e0220446. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1420446B. PMC 6675076 . PMID 31369596. arXiv:1901.07290 . doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0220446 .
- Savolainen, Laura; Trilling, Damian; Liotsiou, Dimitra. Delighting and Detesting Engagement: Emotional Politics of Junk News. Social Media + Society. October 2020, 6 (4): 205630512097203 [2022-08-10]. ISSN 2056-3051. S2CID 229457113. doi:10.1177/2056305120972037. （原始内容存档于2020-12-11） （英语）.
dx.doi.org
- Chaniotis, Angelos. Memory, Commemoration & Identity in an Ancient City: The Case of Aphrodisias. Daedalus. April 2016, 145 (2): 88–100. ISSN 0011-5266. S2CID 57569822. doi:10.1162/daed_a_00379.
- Milnor, Kristina. Graffiti and the Literary Landscape in Roman Pompeii. Oxford University Press. 2014-01-30. ISBN 978-0-19-968461-8. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199684618.001.0001.
- Gill, Christopher; Wiseman, T.P. (编). Lies and Fiction in the Ancient World. 1993-01-01. ISBN 9780859893817. doi:10.5949/liverpool/9780859893817.001.0001.
- Gluckman, Max. Papers in Honor of Melville J. Herskovits: Gossip and Scandal. Current Anthropology. June 1963, 4 (3): 307–316. ISSN 0011-3204. S2CID 162361888. doi:10.1086/200378.
- Eidinow, Esther, Identifying Gossip, Envy, Poison, and Death (Oxford University Press), 2015-12-01: 171–179 [2022-05-13], ISBN 978-0-19-956260-2, doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199562602.003.0011
- Rosillo-Lopez, Cristina, Rumours, Gossip and Conversations in Roman Political Life, Public Opinion and Politics in the Late Roman Republic (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 2017: 75–97 [2022-05-13], ISBN 9781316535158, doi:10.1017/9781316535158.004
- Gentzkow, Matthew; Shapiro, Jesse M. Competition and Truth in the Market for News. Journal of Economic Perspectives. 2008-03-01, 22 (2): 133–154. ISSN 0895-3309. doi:10.1257/jep.22.2.133.
harvard.edu (Global: 18th place; Chinese: 57th place)
ui.adsabs.harvard.edu
- Burger, Peter; Kanhai, Soeradj; Pleijter, Alexander; Verberne, Suzan. The reach of commercially motivated junk news on Facebook. PLOS ONE. 1 August 2019, 14 (8): e0220446. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1420446B. PMC 6675076 . PMID 31369596. arXiv:1901.07290 . doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0220446 .
insil.com.au (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)
- Significant Increase in Social Media Usage Under Covid-19: Here's What That Means For Businesses. Insil Homepage. 2020-03-31 [2022-05-22]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-01） （美国英语）.
jstor.org (Global: 26th place; Chinese: 113th place)
- Paine, Robert. What is Gossip About? An Alternative Hypothesis. Man. June 1967, 2 (2): 278–285 [2022-08-10]. JSTOR 2799493. doi:10.2307/2799493. （原始内容存档于2022-08-10）.
kashgar.com.au (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)
- Kashgar. The Bawdy Graffiti of Pompeii and Herculaneum. Kashgar. [2022-05-22]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-23） （英语）.
lithub.com (Global: 6,241st place; Chinese: low place)
- What Did Gossip Culture Look Like Before the Internet?. Literary Hub. 2022-01-07 [2022-05-13]. （原始内容存档于2022-09-28） （美国英语）.
nih.gov (Global: 4th place; Chinese: 5th place)
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- van der Linden, Sander; Roozenbeek, Jon; Compton, Josh. Inoculating Against Fake News About COVID-19. Frontiers in Psychology. 2020, 11: 566790. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 7644779 . PMID 33192844. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.566790 .
- Burger, Peter; Kanhai, Soeradj; Pleijter, Alexander; Verberne, Suzan. The reach of commercially motivated junk news on Facebook. PLOS ONE. 1 August 2019, 14 (8): e0220446. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1420446B. PMC 6675076 . PMID 31369596. arXiv:1901.07290 . doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0220446 .
outhistory.org (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)
- Essay by Christopher Michael Elias · Sexuality and the Modern American Gossip Magazine: 1879-1950s: by Christopher Michael Elias: · OutHistory: It's About Time. outhistory.org. [2022-05-13]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-12）.
ox.ac.uk (Global: 613th place; Chinese: 708th place)
demtech.oii.ox.ac.uk
- Au, Herbert; Bright, Jonathan; Howard, Philip N. Social Media Junk News: Undermining Lockdown Consensus & Consent (PDF). Oxford Internet Institute. 26 May 2020: 1–3 [22 May 2022]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-07-21）.
- Taylor, Emily; Neudert, Lisa-Maria; Hoffmann, Stacie; Howard, Philip.N. Follow the Money: How the Online Advertising Ecosystem Funds COVID-19 Junk News and Disinformation (PDF). Oxford Internet Institute. 3 August 2020: 1–8 [23 May 2022]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-09-01）.
- Philip N. Howard; Gillian Bolsover; Bence Kollanyi. Junk News and Bots during the U.S. Election: What Were Michigan Voters Sharing Over Twitter? (PDF). [2022-08-10]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-06-19）.
newsaggregator.oii.ox.ac.uk
- News Aggregator | News Aggregator. newsaggregator.oii.ox.ac.uk. [2022-05-13]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-27） （英国英语）."News Aggregator | News Aggregator" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. newsaggregator.oii.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 2022-05-13.
ora.ox.ac.uk
- Howard, P.; Bradshaw, S. The global organization of social media disinformation campaigns. Journal of International Affairs. 2019, 71 (1.5) [2022-08-10]. ISSN 0022-197X. （原始内容存档于2022-08-10） （英语）.
blogs.oii.ox.ac.uk
- Vidya Narayanan; Philip N. Howard; Bence Kollanyi; Mona Elswah Oxford Internet Institut. Russian Involvement and Junk News during Brexit (PDF). [2022-08-11]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-02-04）.
pewresearch.org (Global: 1,418th place; Chinese: 1,994th place)
- Walker, Mason. U.S. newsroom employment has fallen 26% since 2008. Pew Research Center. [2022-05-13]. （原始内容存档于2022-09-26） （美国英语）.
- Shearer, Elisa; Mitchell, Amy. News Use Across Social Media Platforms in 2020. Pew Research Center's Journalism Project. 2021-01-12 [2022-05-13]. （原始内容存档于2022-08-30） （美国英语）.
policyreview.info (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)
- Bradshaw, Samantha. Disinformation optimised: gaming search engine algorithms to amplify junk news. Internet Policy Review. 2019-12-31, 8 (4) [2022-08-10]. ISSN 2197-6775. S2CID 213329261. doi:10.14763/2019.4.1442. （原始内容存档于2022-05-17）.
projectcensored.org (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)
- Censored, Project. Junk Food News - The Project Censored Show. Project Censored. 2019-04-01 [2022-05-22]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-14） （美国英语）.
- Censored, Project. Infotainment Society Junk Food News and News Abuse for 2008-2009 - Junk Food. Project Censored. 2010-06-14 [2022-05-22]. （原始内容存档于2022-08-16） （美国英语）.
randomlengthsnews.com (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)
- You are being redirected.... www.randomlengthsnews.com. [2022-05-13]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-13）.
researchgate.net (Global: 120th place; Chinese: 337th place)
- Castaldo, Maria. Junk News Bubbles: Modelling the Rise and Fall of Attention in Online Arenas. SSRN Electronic Journal. January 2020: 1–11. arXiv:2004.08863 –通过Research Gate.
sagepub.com (Global: 731st place; Chinese: 808th place)
journals.sagepub.com
- Savolainen, Laura; Trilling, Damian; Liotsiou, Dimitra. Delighting and Detesting Engagement: Emotional Politics of Junk News. Social Media + Society. October 2020, 6 (4): 205630512097203 [2022-08-10]. ISSN 2056-3051. S2CID 229457113. doi:10.1177/2056305120972037. （原始内容存档于2020-12-11） （英语）.
semanticscholar.org (Global: 11th place; Chinese: 332nd place)
api.semanticscholar.org
- Chaniotis, Angelos. Memory, Commemoration & Identity in an Ancient City: The Case of Aphrodisias. Daedalus. April 2016, 145 (2): 88–100. ISSN 0011-5266. S2CID 57569822. doi:10.1162/daed_a_00379.
- Gluckman, Max. Papers in Honor of Melville J. Herskovits: Gossip and Scandal. Current Anthropology. June 1963, 4 (3): 307–316. ISSN 0011-3204. S2CID 162361888. doi:10.1086/200378.
- Bradshaw, Samantha. Disinformation optimised: gaming search engine algorithms to amplify junk news. Internet Policy Review. 2019-12-31, 8 (4) [2022-08-10]. ISSN 2197-6775. S2CID 213329261. doi:10.14763/2019.4.1442. （原始内容存档于2022-05-17）.
- Savolainen, Laura; Trilling, Damian; Liotsiou, Dimitra. Delighting and Detesting Engagement: Emotional Politics of Junk News. Social Media + Society. October 2020, 6 (4): 205630512097203 [2022-08-10]. ISSN 2056-3051. S2CID 229457113. doi:10.1177/2056305120972037. （原始内容存档于2020-12-11） （英语）.
shondaland.com (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)
- Zemler, Emily. The History of Gossip Columns. Shondaland. 2022-03-30 [2022-05-13]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-13） （美国英语）.Zemler, Emily (2022-03-30). "The History of Gossip Columns" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Shondaland. Retrieved 2022-05-13.
smartinsights.com (Global: low place; Chinese: 7,203rd place)
- Global social media statistics research summary 2022. Smart Insights. 2022-03-29 [2022-05-22]. （原始内容存档于2022-09-27） （美国英语）.
statista.com (Global: 776th place; Chinese: 1,302nd place)
- cycles, This text provides general information Statista assumes no liability for the information given being complete or correct Due to varying update; Text, Statistics Can Display More up-to-Date Data Than Referenced in the. Topic: Internet usage worldwide. Statista. [2022-05-22]. （原始内容存档于2022-09-27） （英语）.
- Usage of social media as a news source worldwide 2021. Statista. [2022-05-13]. （原始内容存档于2022-08-28） （英语）.
theconversation.com (Global: 928th place; Chinese: 1,898th place)
- Khalili-Mahani, Najmeh. The COVID-19 pandemic pushed social media to become increasingly tribal. The Conversation. [2022-05-22]. （原始内容存档于2022-06-04） （英语）.
theguardian.com (Global: 12th place; Chinese: 60th place)
- Between the covers: how the British fell out of love with magazines. The Guardian. 2019-09-14 [2022-05-13]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-13） （英语）.
- Your attention didn't collapse. It was stolen. the Guardian. 2022-01-02 [2022-05-23]. （原始内容存档于2022-09-26） （英语）.
washingtonpost.com (Global: 34th place; Chinese: 129th place)
- Rubin, Jennifer. Politico's junk journalism. Washington Post. 2012-05-03 [2018-01-30]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-09） （美国英语）.
web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; Chinese: 1st place)
- Rubin, Jennifer. Politico's junk journalism. Washington Post. 2012-05-03 [2018-01-30]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-09） （美国英语）.
- You are being redirected.... www.randomlengthsnews.com. [2022-05-13]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-13）.
- Censored, Project. Junk Food News - The Project Censored Show. Project Censored. 2019-04-01 [2022-05-22]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-14） （美国英语）.
- Censored, Project. Infotainment Society Junk Food News and News Abuse for 2008-2009 - Junk Food. Project Censored. 2010-06-14 [2022-05-22]. （原始内容存档于2022-08-16） （美国英语）.
- News Aggregator | News Aggregator. newsaggregator.oii.ox.ac.uk. [2022-05-13]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-27） （英国英语）."News Aggregator | News Aggregator" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. newsaggregator.oii.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 2022-05-13.
- Kashgar. The Bawdy Graffiti of Pompeii and Herculaneum. Kashgar. [2022-05-22]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-23） （英语）.
- Paine, Robert. What is Gossip About? An Alternative Hypothesis. Man. June 1967, 2 (2): 278–285 [2022-08-10]. JSTOR 2799493. doi:10.2307/2799493. （原始内容存档于2022-08-10）.
- 1. Sexual Slander and Ancient Invective, Abandoned to Lust (Columbia University Press), 2005-12-31: 15–50 [2022-05-13], ISBN 978-0-231-13662-4, doi:10.7312/knus13662-004, （原始内容存档于2022-05-13）
- Zemler, Emily. The History of Gossip Columns. Shondaland. 2022-03-30 [2022-05-13]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-13） （美国英语）.Zemler, Emily (2022-03-30). "The History of Gossip Columns" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Shondaland. Retrieved 2022-05-13.
- What Did Gossip Culture Look Like Before the Internet?. Literary Hub. 2022-01-07 [2022-05-13]. （原始内容存档于2022-09-28） （美国英语）.
- Essay by Christopher Michael Elias · Sexuality and the Modern American Gossip Magazine: 1879-1950s: by Christopher Michael Elias: · OutHistory: It's About Time. outhistory.org. [2022-05-13]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-12）.
- Howard, P.; Bradshaw, S. The global organization of social media disinformation campaigns. Journal of International Affairs. 2019, 71 (1.5) [2022-08-10]. ISSN 0022-197X. （原始内容存档于2022-08-10） （英语）.
- Between the covers: how the British fell out of love with magazines. The Guardian. 2019-09-14 [2022-05-13]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-13） （英语）.
- Walker, Mason. U.S. newsroom employment has fallen 26% since 2008. Pew Research Center. [2022-05-13]. （原始内容存档于2022-09-26） （美国英语）.
- cycles, This text provides general information Statista assumes no liability for the information given being complete or correct Due to varying update; Text, Statistics Can Display More up-to-Date Data Than Referenced in the. Topic: Internet usage worldwide. Statista. [2022-05-22]. （原始内容存档于2022-09-27） （英语）.
- Global social media statistics research summary 2022. Smart Insights. 2022-03-29 [2022-05-22]. （原始内容存档于2022-09-27） （美国英语）.
- Usage of social media as a news source worldwide 2021. Statista. [2022-05-13]. （原始内容存档于2022-08-28） （英语）.
- Shearer, Elisa; Mitchell, Amy. News Use Across Social Media Platforms in 2020. Pew Research Center's Journalism Project. 2021-01-12 [2022-05-13]. （原始内容存档于2022-08-30） （美国英语）.
- Vidya Narayanan; Philip N. Howard; Bence Kollanyi; Mona Elswah Oxford Internet Institut. Russian Involvement and Junk News during Brexit (PDF). [2022-08-11]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-02-04）.
- Significant Increase in Social Media Usage Under Covid-19: Here's What That Means For Businesses. Insil Homepage. 2020-03-31 [2022-05-22]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-01） （美国英语）.
- Khalili-Mahani, Najmeh. The COVID-19 pandemic pushed social media to become increasingly tribal. The Conversation. [2022-05-22]. （原始内容存档于2022-06-04） （英语）.
- Au, Herbert; Bright, Jonathan; Howard, Philip N. Social Media Junk News: Undermining Lockdown Consensus & Consent (PDF). Oxford Internet Institute. 26 May 2020: 1–3 [22 May 2022]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-07-21）.
- Taylor, Emily; Neudert, Lisa-Maria; Hoffmann, Stacie; Howard, Philip.N. Follow the Money: How the Online Advertising Ecosystem Funds COVID-19 Junk News and Disinformation (PDF). Oxford Internet Institute. 3 August 2020: 1–8 [23 May 2022]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-09-01）.
- Philip N. Howard; Gillian Bolsover; Bence Kollanyi. Junk News and Bots during the U.S. Election: What Were Michigan Voters Sharing Over Twitter? (PDF). [2022-08-10]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-06-19）.
- Bradshaw, Samantha. Disinformation optimised: gaming search engine algorithms to amplify junk news. Internet Policy Review. 2019-12-31, 8 (4) [2022-08-10]. ISSN 2197-6775. S2CID 213329261. doi:10.14763/2019.4.1442. （原始内容存档于2022-05-17）.
- Your attention didn't collapse. It was stolen. the Guardian. 2022-01-02 [2022-05-23]. （原始内容存档于2022-09-26） （英语）.
- Savolainen, Laura; Trilling, Damian; Liotsiou, Dimitra. Delighting and Detesting Engagement: Emotional Politics of Junk News. Social Media + Society. October 2020, 6 (4): 205630512097203 [2022-08-10]. ISSN 2056-3051. S2CID 229457113. doi:10.1177/2056305120972037. （原始内容存档于2020-12-11） （英语）.
worldcat.org (Global: 5th place; Chinese: 12th place)
- Chaniotis, Angelos. Memory, Commemoration & Identity in an Ancient City: The Case of Aphrodisias. Daedalus. April 2016, 145 (2): 88–100. ISSN 0011-5266. S2CID 57569822. doi:10.1162/daed_a_00379.
- Gluckman, Max. Papers in Honor of Melville J. Herskovits: Gossip and Scandal. Current Anthropology. June 1963, 4 (3): 307–316. ISSN 0011-3204. S2CID 162361888. doi:10.1086/200378.
- Howard, P.; Bradshaw, S. The global organization of social media disinformation campaigns. Journal of International Affairs. 2019, 71 (1.5) [2022-08-10]. ISSN 0022-197X. （原始内容存档于2022-08-10） （英语）.
- Gentzkow, Matthew; Shapiro, Jesse M. Competition and Truth in the Market for News. Journal of Economic Perspectives. 2008-03-01, 22 (2): 133–154. ISSN 0895-3309. doi:10.1257/jep.22.2.133.
- van der Linden, Sander; Roozenbeek, Jon; Compton, Josh. Inoculating Against Fake News About COVID-19. Frontiers in Psychology. 2020, 11: 566790. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 7644779 . PMID 33192844. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.566790 .
- Bradshaw, Samantha. Disinformation optimised: gaming search engine algorithms to amplify junk news. Internet Policy Review. 2019-12-31, 8 (4) [2022-08-10]. ISSN 2197-6775. S2CID 213329261. doi:10.14763/2019.4.1442. （原始内容存档于2022-05-17）.
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