大爆炸 (Chinese Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "大爆炸" in Chinese language version.

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annualreviews.org

arjournals.annualreviews.org

Bertschinger, E. Simulations of Structure Formation in the Universe. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 1998, 36: 599–654 [2010-06-18]. doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.36.1.599. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-03-09）.

archive.org

Croswell, K. Chapter 9. The Alchemy of the Heavens. Anchor Books. 1995.
Mitton, S. Fred Hoyle: A Life in Science. Aurum Press. 2005: 127.
Christianson, E. Edwin Hubble: Mariner of the Nebulae. New York（NY）: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 1995. ISBN 0374146608.
Milne, E.A. Relativity, Gravitation and World Structure. Oxford（UK）: Oxford University Press. 1935.
LCCN 35-0 – 0
.
Tolman, R.C. Relativity, Thermodynamics, and Cosmology. Oxford（UK）: Clarendon Press. 1934.
LCCN 34-0 – 0
.
Reissued (1987). New York (NY): Dover Publications ISBN 978-0-486-65383-9.
Hawking, S.W.; 乔治·埃利斯. The Large-Scale Structure of Space-Time. Cambridge（UK）: Cambridge University Press. 1973. ISBN 0-521-20016-4.
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Guth, A.H. The Inflationary Universe: Quest for a New Theory of Cosmic Origins. Vintage Books. 1998. ISBN 978-0099959502.
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Peacock, John. Cosmological Physics. Cambridge University Press. 1999. ISBN 0521422701.
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d'Inverno, R. Chapter 23. Introducing Einstein's Relativity. Oxford（UK）: Oxford University Press. 1992. ISBN 0-19-859686-3.
Hawking, S.W.; Ellis, G.F.R. The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time. Cambridge（UK）: Cambridge University Press. 1973. ISBN 0-521-09906-4.
Langlois, D. Brane Cosmology: An Introduction. 2002. arXiv:hep-th/0209261.
Linde, A. Inflationary Theory versus Ekpyrotic/Cyclic Scenario. 2002. arXiv:hep-th/0205259.
Smith, Jonathan C. Pseudoscience and Extraordinary Claims of the Paranormal: A Critical Thinker's Toolkit. John Wiley & Sons. 2011. ISBN 978-1444358940.

arxiv.org

天文学家的测量结果发表在2000年12月的《自然》杂志上，论文标题为《红移量为2.33771的微波背景温度》（The microwave background temperature at the redshift of 2.33771 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）），可以从这里（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）获取ArXiv文档。
Planck Collaboration. Planck 2015 results. XIII. Cosmological parameters (See PDF, page 32, Table 4, Age/Gyr, last column).. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2015, 594: A13. Bibcode:2016A&A...594A..13P. ISSN 0004-6361. arXiv:1502.01589 . doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201525830.
Gibson, C.H. Turbulence And Mixing In The Early Universe. 2001. arXiv:astro-ph/0110012  |class=被忽略 (帮助).
Gibson, C.H. The First Turbulent Combustion. 2005. arXiv:astro-ph/0501416  |class=被忽略 (帮助).
Peebles, P.J.E.; Ratra, Bharat. The Cosmological Constant and Dark Energy. Reviews of Modern Physics. 2003, 75: 559–606. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.75.559. arXiv:astro-ph/0207347.
Spergel, D.N.; et al. Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Three Year Results: Implications for Cosmology. The Journal of Business. 2006 [2010-06-25]. （原始内容存档于2015-03-01）.
C. L. Bennett. Nine-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Final Maps and Results. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement. 2013, 208 (2): 20. Bibcode:2013ApJS..208...20B. arXiv:1212.5225 . doi:10.1088/0067-0049/208/2/20.
Tamara M. Davis and Charles H. Lineweaver, Expanding Confusion: common misconceptions of cosmological horizons and the superluminal expansion of the Universe. astro-ph/0310808 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
P. de Bernardis; et al. A Flat Universe from High-Resolution Maps of the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation. Nature (Nature Publishing Group). 2000, 404: 955–959. arXiv:astro-ph/0004404 . doi:10.1038/35010035.
Steigman, G. Primordial Nucleosynthesis: Successes And Challenges. 2005. arXiv:astro-ph/0511534.
Bertschinger, E. Cosmological Perturbation Theory and Structure Formation. 2001. arXiv:astro-ph/0101009.
Avgoustidis, A.; Luzzi, G.; Martins, C. J. A. P.; Monteiro, A. M. R. V. L. Constraints on the CMB temperature-redshift dependence from SZ and distance measurements. 2011. arXiv:1112.1862v1  [astro-ph.CO].
Fred C. Adams and Gregory Laughlin. A dying universe: the long-term fate and evolution of astrophysical objects. Reviews of Modern Physics. 1997, 69 (2): 337–372. Bibcode:1997RvMP...69..337A. arXiv:astro-ph/9701131 . doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.69.337. .
Caldwell, R.R; Kamionkowski, Marc; Weinberg, Nevin N. Phantom Energy and Cosmic Doomsday. Physical Review Letters. 2003, 91: 071301. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.071301. arXiv:astro-ph/0302506.
Langlois, D. Brane Cosmology: An Introduction. 2002. arXiv:hep-th/0209261.
Linde, A. Inflationary Theory versus Ekpyrotic/Cyclic Scenario. 2002. arXiv:hep-th/0205259.

xxx.arxiv.org

A. Melchiorri et. al. A measurement of Omega from the North American test flight of BOOMERANG. Astrophys.J (Institute of Physics). 1999年11月, (536) [2015-05-15]. ^{[失效連結]}

bbc.co.uk

news.bbc.co.uk

'Big bang' astronomer dies. BBC News. 2001-08-22 [2010-06-15]. （原始内容存档于2008-12-08）.

berkeley.edu

astro.berkeley.edu

Perley, D. Determination of the Universe's Age, t_o. University of California Berkeley, Astronomy Department. 2005-02-21 [2012-01-27]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-25）.

books.google.com

Dmitriĭ Sergeevich Gorbunov; V. A. Rubakov. Introduction to the Theory of the Early Universe: Hot Big Bang Theory. World Scientific. 2011. ISBN 978-981-4343-97-8.
Ferris, Timothy. Coming of age in the Milky Way. Morrow. 198: 274, 438 [2010-06-18]. ISBN 9780688058890. （原始内容存档于2020-05-22）. ，引用了Berger, André. The Big bang and Georges Lemaître: proceedings of a symposium in honour of G. Lemaître fifty years after his initiation of big-bang cosmology, Louvainla-Neuve, Belgium, 10-13 October 1983. D. Reidel Pub. Co. 1984: 387 [2010-06-18]. ISBN 9789027718488. （原始内容存档于2020-05-22）.

cam.ac.uk

damtp.cam.ac.uk

The Four Pillars of the Standard Cosmology. [2010-06-18]. （原始内容存档于2009-09-16）.

doi.org

Planck Collaboration. Planck 2015 results. XIII. Cosmological parameters (See PDF, page 32, Table 4, Age/Gyr, last column).. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2015, 594: A13. Bibcode:2016A&A...594A..13P. ISSN 0004-6361. arXiv:1502.01589 . doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201525830.
Hubble, E. A Relation Between Distance and Radial Velocity Among Extra-Galactic Nebulae. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 1929, 15 (3): 168–73 [2010-06-15]. PMC 522427 . PMID 16577160. doi:10.1073/pnas.15.3.168. （原始内容存档于2009-06-18）.
Friedman, A.A. Über die Krümmung des Raumes. Zeitschrift für Physik. 1922, 10: 377–386. doi:10.1007/BF01332580. （德文）
（英语译文见：Friedman, A. On the Curvature of Space. General Relativity and Gravitation. 1999, 31: 1991–2000 [2010-06-15]. doi:10.1023/A:1026751225741. （原始内容存档于2008-02-26）. ）
Lemaître, G. The Evolution of the Universe: Discussion. Nature. 1931, 128: 699–701. doi:10.1038/128704a0.
Peebles, P.J.E.; Ratra, Bharat. The Cosmological Constant and Dark Energy. Reviews of Modern Physics. 2003, 75: 559–606. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.75.559. arXiv:astro-ph/0207347.
Zwicky, F. On the Red Shift of Spectral Lines through Interstellar Space. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 1929, 15 (10): 773–779 [2010-06-15]. PMC 522555 . PMID 16577237. doi:10.1073/pnas.15.10.773. （原始内容存档于2016-06-03）. Full articlePDF（672 KB）
Alpher, R.A.; Bethe, H.; Gamow, G. The Origin of Chemical Elements. Physical Review. 1948, 73: 803 [2010-06-16]. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.73.803. （原始内容存档于2008-02-23）.
Alpher, R.A. Evolution of the Universe. Nature. 1948, 162: 774. doi:10.1045/march2004-featured.collection.
Penzias, A.A.; Wilson, R. W. A Measurement of Excess Antenna Temperature at 4080 Mc/s. Astrophysical Journal. 1965, 142: 419 [2010-06-16]. doi:10.1086/148307. （原始内容存档于2008-02-26）.
Boggess, N.W.; Mather, J. C.; Weiss, R.; Bennett, C. L.; Cheng, E. S.; Dwek, E.; Gulkis, S.; Hauser, M. G.; Janssen, M. A.; et al. The COBE Mission: Its Design and Performance Two Years after the launch. Astrophysical Journal. 1992, 397: 420. doi:10.1086/171797.
C. L. Bennett. Nine-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Final Maps and Results. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement. 2013, 208 (2): 20. Bibcode:2013ApJS..208...20B. arXiv:1212.5225 . doi:10.1088/0067-0049/208/2/20.
Goodman, J. Geocentrism Reexamined. Physical Review D. 1995, 52: 1821. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.52.1821.
Gladders, M.D.; Yee, H. K. C.; Majumdar, Subhabrata; Barrientos, L. Felipe; Hoekstra, Henk; Hall, Patrick B.; Infante, Leopoldo; et al. Cosmological Constraints from the Red-Sequence Cluster Survey. The Astrophysical Journal. 2007, 655 (1): 128–134 [2010-06-18]. doi:10.1086/509909. （原始内容存档于2008-03-07）.
P. de Bernardis; et al. A Flat Universe from High-Resolution Maps of the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation. Nature (Nature Publishing Group). 2000, 404: 955–959. arXiv:astro-ph/0004404 . doi:10.1038/35010035.
A. D. Miller; et al. A Measurement of the Angular Power Spectrum of the Cosmic Microwave Background from l = 100 to 400. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 1999, 524 (1). doi:10.1086/312293.
Bertschinger, E. Simulations of Structure Formation in the Universe. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 1998, 36: 599–654 [2010-06-18]. doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.36.1.599. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-03-09）.
Srianand, R.; Noterdaeme, P.; Ledoux, C.; Petitjean, P. First detection of CO in a high-redshift damped Lyman-α system. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2008, 482 (3): L39. Bibcode:2008A&A...482L..39S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200809727.
Penrose, R. Difficulties with Inflationary Cosmology. Fergus, E.J.（ed） (编). Proceedings of the 14th Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics. New York Academy of Sciences: 249–264. 1989. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb50513.x.
Navabi, A.A.; Riazi, Nematollah. Is the Age Problem Resolved?. Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy. 2003, 24: 3. doi:10.1007/BF03012187.
Yao, W.M.; et al. Review of Particle Physics. Journal of Physics G. 2006, 33: 1–1232. doi:10.1088/0954-3899/33/1/001. Chapter 22: Dark matterPDF（152 KB）
Spergel, D. N. The dark side of the cosmology: dark matter and dark energy. Science. 2015, 347 (6226): 1100–1102. doi:10.1126/science.aaa0980.
Fred C. Adams and Gregory Laughlin. A dying universe: the long-term fate and evolution of astrophysical objects. Reviews of Modern Physics. 1997, 69 (2): 337–372. Bibcode:1997RvMP...69..337A. arXiv:astro-ph/9701131 . doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.69.337. .
Caldwell, R.R; Kamionkowski, Marc; Weinberg, Nevin N. Phantom Energy and Cosmic Doomsday. Physical Review Letters. 2003, 91: 071301. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.071301. arXiv:astro-ph/0302506.
Hartle, J.H.; Hawking, S. Wave Function of the Universe. Physical Review D. 1983, 28: 2960. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.28.2960.
Linde, A. Eternally Existing Self-Reproducing Chaotic Inflationary Universe. Physics Letters B. 1986, 175: 395–400. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(86)90611-8.
Khoury1, J.; Ovrut, B. A.; Seiberg, N.; Steinhardt, P. J.; Turok, N. From big crunch to big bang. Physical Review D. 2002, 65 (8): 086007. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.65.086007.
Tressoldi, Patrizio E. Extraordinary Claims Require Extraordinary Evidence: The Case of Non-Local Perception, a Classical and Bayesian Review of Evidences. Frontiers in Psychology. 2011, 2 (117): 117. PMC 3114207 . PMID 21713069. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00117 .

harvard.edu

adsabs.harvard.edu

天文学家的测量结果发表在2000年12月的《自然》杂志上，论文标题为《红移量为2.33771的微波背景温度》（The microwave background temperature at the redshift of 2.33771 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）），可以从这里（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）获取ArXiv文档。
Slipher, V.M. The Radial Velocity of the Andromeda Nebula. Lowell Observatory Bulletin: 56–57. [2010-06-15]. （原始内容存档于2008-02-26）.
Slipher, V.M. Spectrographic Observations of Nebulae. Popular Astronomy: 21–24. [2010-06-15]. （原始内容存档于2008-02-26）.
Friedman, A.A. Über die Krümmung des Raumes. Zeitschrift für Physik. 1922, 10: 377–386. doi:10.1007/BF01332580. （德文）
（英语译文见：Friedman, A. On the Curvature of Space. General Relativity and Gravitation. 1999, 31: 1991–2000 [2010-06-15]. doi:10.1023/A:1026751225741. （原始内容存档于2008-02-26）. ）
Lemaître, G. Un univers homogène de masse constante et de rayon croissant rendant compte de la vitesse radiale des nébuleuses extragalactiques. Annals of the Scientific Society of Brussels. 1927, 47A: 41. （法文）
（英语译文见：A Homogeneous Universe of Constant Mass and Growing Radius Accounting for the Radial Velocity of Extragalactic Nebulae. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 1931, 91: 483–490 [2010-06-15]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-02）. ）
Zwicky, F. On the Red Shift of Spectral Lines through Interstellar Space. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 1929, 15 (10): 773–779 [2010-06-15]. PMC 522555 . PMID 16577237. doi:10.1073/pnas.15.10.773. （原始内容存档于2016-06-03）. Full articlePDF（672 KB）
Alpher, R.A.; Bethe, H.; Gamow, G. The Origin of Chemical Elements. Physical Review. 1948, 73: 803 [2010-06-16]. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.73.803. （原始内容存档于2008-02-23）.
Hoyle, F. A New Model for the Expanding Universe. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 1948, 108: 372 [2010-06-16]. （原始内容存档于2008-02-23）.
Penzias, A.A.; Wilson, R. W. A Measurement of Excess Antenna Temperature at 4080 Mc/s. Astrophysical Journal. 1965, 142: 419 [2010-06-16]. doi:10.1086/148307. （原始内容存档于2008-02-26）.
Ivanchik, A.V. The Fine-Structure Constant: A New Observational Limit on Its Cosmological Variation and Some Theoretical Consequences. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 1999, 343: 459 [2010-06-18]. （原始内容存档于2008-02-26）.
Gladders, M.D.; Yee, H. K. C.; Majumdar, Subhabrata; Barrientos, L. Felipe; Hoekstra, Henk; Hall, Patrick B.; Infante, Leopoldo; et al. Cosmological Constraints from the Red-Sequence Cluster Survey. The Astrophysical Journal. 2007, 655 (1): 128–134 [2010-06-18]. doi:10.1086/509909. （原始内容存档于2008-03-07）.

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Planck Collaboration. Planck 2015 results. XIII. Cosmological parameters (See PDF, page 32, Table 4, Age/Gyr, last column).. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2015, 594: A13. Bibcode:2016A&A...594A..13P. ISSN 0004-6361. arXiv:1502.01589 . doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201525830.
C. L. Bennett. Nine-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Final Maps and Results. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement. 2013, 208 (2): 20. Bibcode:2013ApJS..208...20B. arXiv:1212.5225 . doi:10.1088/0067-0049/208/2/20.
Srianand, R.; Noterdaeme, P.; Ledoux, C.; Petitjean, P. First detection of CO in a high-redshift damped Lyman-α system. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2008, 482 (3): L39. Bibcode:2008A&A...482L..39S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200809727.
Fred C. Adams and Gregory Laughlin. A dying universe: the long-term fate and evolution of astrophysical objects. Reviews of Modern Physics. 1997, 69 (2): 337–372. Bibcode:1997RvMP...69..337A. arXiv:astro-ph/9701131 . doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.69.337. .

iop.org

iopscience.iop.org

A. D. Miller; et al. A Measurement of the Angular Power Spectrum of the Cosmic Microwave Background from l = 100 to 400. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 1999, 524 (1). doi:10.1086/312293.

lbl.gov

pdg.lbl.gov

Yao, W.M.; et al. Review of Particle Physics. Journal of Physics G. 2006, 33: 1–1232. doi:10.1088/0954-3899/33/1/001. Chapter 22: Dark matterPDF（152 KB）

loc.gov

lccn.loc.gov

Milne, E.A. Relativity, Gravitation and World Structure. Oxford（UK）: Oxford University Press. 1935.
LCCN 35-0 – 0
.
Tolman, R.C. Relativity, Thermodynamics, and Cosmology. Oxford（UK）: Clarendon Press. 1934.
LCCN 34-0 – 0
.
Reissued (1987). New York (NY): Dover Publications ISBN 978-0-486-65383-9.

nasa.gov

map.gsfc.nasa.gov

Cosmology: The Study of the Universe. Universe 101: Big Bang Theory. NASA. 2010-12-10 [2017-04-15]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-14）. The prevailing theory about the origin and evolution of our Universe is the so-called Big Bang theory … The second section discusses the classic tests of the Big Bang theory that make it so compelling as the likely valid description of our universe.
Foundations of Big Bang Cosmology. Universe 101: Big Bang Theory. NASA. 2010-12-10 [2017-04-15]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-14）.
Wollack, Edward. Links to Other CMB Experiments. WMAP. NASA. 2015 [2015-05-15]. （原始内容存档于2015-05-10）.
Griswold, Britt. What is the Ultimate Fate of the Universe?. Universe 101 Big Bang Theory. NASA. 2012 [2015-05-16]. （原始内容存档于2019-10-15）.

lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov

Hinshaw, G.; et al. Five-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Data Processing, Sky Maps, and Basic Results (PDF). The Astrophysical Journal. 2008 [2010-06-16]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2013-06-23）.
D. N. Spergel; et al. Three-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Implications for Cosmology (PDF). The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 2007, 170: 377–408 [2015-05-16]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-03-04）.
Spergel, D. N. (WMAP collaboration); et al. Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) three year results: implications for cosmology. March 2006 [2015-05-16]. （原始内容存档于2010-09-24）.

antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov

Hubble, E. A Relation Between Distance and Radial Velocity Among Extra-Galactic Nebulae. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 1929, 15 (3): 168–73 [2010-06-15]. PMC 522427 . PMID 16577160. doi:10.1073/pnas.15.3.168. （原始内容存档于2009-06-18）.

nasa.gov

Naeye, Robert. WMAP Reveals Neutrinos, End of Dark Ages, First Second of Universe. Goddard Space Flight Center. 2008 [2015-05-15]. （原始内容存档于2008-12-04）.

nationalacademies.org

www8.nationalacademies.org

Direct Searches for Dark Matter （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, White paper, The National Academies （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.
Whitepaper: For a Comprehensive Space-Based Dark Energy Mission （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, The National Academies （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.

nationalacademies.org

Direct Searches for Dark Matter （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, White paper, The National Academies （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.
Whitepaper: For a Comprehensive Space-Based Dark Energy Mission （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, The National Academies （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.

nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Hubble, E. A Relation Between Distance and Radial Velocity Among Extra-Galactic Nebulae. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 1929, 15 (3): 168–73 [2010-06-15]. PMC 522427 . PMID 16577160. doi:10.1073/pnas.15.3.168. （原始内容存档于2009-06-18）.
Zwicky, F. On the Red Shift of Spectral Lines through Interstellar Space. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 1929, 15 (10): 773–779 [2010-06-15]. PMC 522555 . PMID 16577237. doi:10.1073/pnas.15.10.773. （原始内容存档于2016-06-03）. Full articlePDF（672 KB）
Tressoldi, Patrizio E. Extraordinary Claims Require Extraordinary Evidence: The Case of Non-Local Perception, a Classical and Bayesian Review of Evidences. Frontiers in Psychology. 2011, 2 (117): 117. PMC 3114207 . PMID 21713069. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00117 .

nobelprize.org

Smoot, G. F. Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation Anisotropies: Their Discovery and Utilization　. Nobel Lecture. Nobel Foundation. 2006 [2008-12-22]. （原始内容存档于2015-09-25）.
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1978. Nobel Foundation. [2008-10-09]. （原始内容存档于2018-12-26）.
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2006 (新闻稿). The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. 2006-10-03 [2015-05-15]. （原始内容存档于2015-05-18）.

pbs.org

People and Discoveries: Big Bang Theory （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, www.pbs.org

pnas.org

Zwicky, F. On the Red Shift of Spectral Lines through Interstellar Space. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 1929, 15 (10): 773–779 [2010-06-15]. PMC 522555 . PMID 16577237. doi:10.1073/pnas.15.10.773. （原始内容存档于2016-06-03）. Full articlePDF（672 KB）

psu.edu

science.psu.edu

Kennedy, B. K. What Happened Before the Big Bang?. 2007 [2007-07-03]. （原始内容存档于2007-07-04）.

space.com

Than, K. Recycled Universe: Theory Could Solve Cosmic Mystery. Space.com. 2006 [2010-06-18]. （原始内容存档于2010-12-24）.

talkorigins.org

Feuerbacher, B. Evidence for the Big Bang. TalkOrigins. 2006-01-25 [2010-06-11]. （原始内容存档于2017-10-18）.

ua.edu

astr.ua.edu

Keel, B. Dark Matter. [2010-06-18]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-05）.

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astro.ucla.edu

Wright, E.L. What is the evidence for the Big Bang?. Frequently Asked Questions in Cosmology. UCLA, Division of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2009-05-09 [2010-06-11]. （原始内容存档于2017-10-01）.
Wright, E.L. Cosmology and Religion. Ned Wright's Cosmology Tutorial. 2009-05-24 [2010-06-18]. （原始内容存档于2019-12-10）.

ucsd.edu

sdcc3.ucsd.edu

Gibson, C.H. The First Turbulent Mixing and Combustion (PDF). IUTAM Turbulent Mixing and Combustion. 2001-01-21 [2010-06-15]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2018-10-04）.

web.archive.org

天文学家的测量结果发表在2000年12月的《自然》杂志上，论文标题为《红移量为2.33771的微波背景温度》（The microwave background temperature at the redshift of 2.33771 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）），可以从这里（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）获取ArXiv文档。
Cosmology: The Study of the Universe. Universe 101: Big Bang Theory. NASA. 2010-12-10 [2017-04-15]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-14）. The prevailing theory about the origin and evolution of our Universe is the so-called Big Bang theory … The second section discusses the classic tests of the Big Bang theory that make it so compelling as the likely valid description of our universe.
Feuerbacher, B. Evidence for the Big Bang. TalkOrigins. 2006-01-25 [2010-06-11]. （原始内容存档于2017-10-18）.
Wright, E.L. What is the evidence for the Big Bang?. Frequently Asked Questions in Cosmology. UCLA, Division of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2009-05-09 [2010-06-11]. （原始内容存档于2017-10-01）.
Foundations of Big Bang Cosmology. Universe 101: Big Bang Theory. NASA. 2010-12-10 [2017-04-15]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-14）.
Hubble, E. A Relation Between Distance and Radial Velocity Among Extra-Galactic Nebulae. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 1929, 15 (3): 168–73 [2010-06-15]. PMC 522427 . PMID 16577160. doi:10.1073/pnas.15.3.168. （原始内容存档于2009-06-18）.
Gibson, C.H. The First Turbulent Mixing and Combustion (PDF). IUTAM Turbulent Mixing and Combustion. 2001-01-21 [2010-06-15]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2018-10-04）.
'Big bang' astronomer dies. BBC News. 2001-08-22 [2010-06-15]. （原始内容存档于2008-12-08）.
Slipher, V.M. The Radial Velocity of the Andromeda Nebula. Lowell Observatory Bulletin: 56–57. [2010-06-15]. （原始内容存档于2008-02-26）.
Slipher, V.M. Spectrographic Observations of Nebulae. Popular Astronomy: 21–24. [2010-06-15]. （原始内容存档于2008-02-26）.
Friedman, A.A. Über die Krümmung des Raumes. Zeitschrift für Physik. 1922, 10: 377–386. doi:10.1007/BF01332580. （德文）
（英语译文见：Friedman, A. On the Curvature of Space. General Relativity and Gravitation. 1999, 31: 1991–2000 [2010-06-15]. doi:10.1023/A:1026751225741. （原始内容存档于2008-02-26）. ）
Lemaître, G. Un univers homogène de masse constante et de rayon croissant rendant compte de la vitesse radiale des nébuleuses extragalactiques. Annals of the Scientific Society of Brussels. 1927, 47A: 41. （法文）
（英语译文见：A Homogeneous Universe of Constant Mass and Growing Radius Accounting for the Radial Velocity of Extragalactic Nebulae. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 1931, 91: 483–490 [2010-06-15]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-02）. ）
Zwicky, F. On the Red Shift of Spectral Lines through Interstellar Space. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 1929, 15 (10): 773–779 [2010-06-15]. PMC 522555 . PMID 16577237. doi:10.1073/pnas.15.10.773. （原始内容存档于2016-06-03）. Full articlePDF（672 KB）
Alpher, R.A.; Bethe, H.; Gamow, G. The Origin of Chemical Elements. Physical Review. 1948, 73: 803 [2010-06-16]. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.73.803. （原始内容存档于2008-02-23）.
Hoyle, F. A New Model for the Expanding Universe. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 1948, 108: 372 [2010-06-16]. （原始内容存档于2008-02-23）.
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Spergel, D.N.; et al. Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Three Year Results: Implications for Cosmology. The Journal of Business. 2006 [2010-06-25]. （原始内容存档于2015-03-01）.
Ivanchik, A.V. The Fine-Structure Constant: A New Observational Limit on Its Cosmological Variation and Some Theoretical Consequences. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 1999, 343: 459 [2010-06-18]. （原始内容存档于2008-02-26）.
Tamara M. Davis and Charles H. Lineweaver, Expanding Confusion: common misconceptions of cosmological horizons and the superluminal expansion of the Universe. astro-ph/0310808 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Gladders, M.D.; Yee, H. K. C.; Majumdar, Subhabrata; Barrientos, L. Felipe; Hoekstra, Henk; Hall, Patrick B.; Infante, Leopoldo; et al. Cosmological Constraints from the Red-Sequence Cluster Survey. The Astrophysical Journal. 2007, 655 (1): 128–134 [2010-06-18]. doi:10.1086/509909. （原始内容存档于2008-03-07）.
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The Nobel Prize in Physics 2006 (新闻稿). The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. 2006-10-03 [2015-05-15]. （原始内容存档于2015-05-18）.
Naeye, Robert. WMAP Reveals Neutrinos, End of Dark Ages, First Second of Universe. Goddard Space Flight Center. 2008 [2015-05-15]. （原始内容存档于2008-12-04）.
Wollack, Edward. Links to Other CMB Experiments. WMAP. NASA. 2015 [2015-05-15]. （原始内容存档于2015-05-10）.
Bertschinger, E. Simulations of Structure Formation in the Universe. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 1998, 36: 599–654 [2010-06-18]. doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.36.1.599. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-03-09）.
Perley, D. Determination of the Universe's Age, t_o. University of California Berkeley, Astronomy Department. 2005-02-21 [2012-01-27]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-25）.
Direct Searches for Dark Matter （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, White paper, The National Academies （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.
Whitepaper: For a Comprehensive Space-Based Dark Energy Mission （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, The National Academies （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.
D. N. Spergel; et al. Three-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Implications for Cosmology (PDF). The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 2007, 170: 377–408 [2015-05-16]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-03-04）.
Keel, B. Dark Matter. [2010-06-18]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-05）.
Spergel, D. N. (WMAP collaboration); et al. Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) three year results: implications for cosmology. March 2006 [2015-05-16]. （原始内容存档于2010-09-24）.
Griswold, Britt. What is the Ultimate Fate of the Universe?. Universe 101 Big Bang Theory. NASA. 2012 [2015-05-16]. （原始内容存档于2019-10-15）.
Than, K. Recycled Universe: Theory Could Solve Cosmic Mystery. Space.com. 2006 [2010-06-18]. （原始内容存档于2010-12-24）.
Kennedy, B. K. What Happened Before the Big Bang?. 2007 [2007-07-03]. （原始内容存档于2007-07-04）.
People and Discoveries: Big Bang Theory （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, www.pbs.org
Ferris, Timothy. Coming of age in the Milky Way. Morrow. 198: 274, 438 [2010-06-18]. ISBN 9780688058890. （原始内容存档于2020-05-22）. ，引用了Berger, André. The Big bang and Georges Lemaître: proceedings of a symposium in honour of G. Lemaître fifty years after his initiation of big-bang cosmology, Louvainla-Neuve, Belgium, 10-13 October 1983. D. Reidel Pub. Co. 1984: 387 [2010-06-18]. ISBN 9789027718488. （原始内容存档于2020-05-22）.
Wright, E.L. Cosmology and Religion. Ned Wright's Cosmology Tutorial. 2009-05-24 [2010-06-18]. （原始内容存档于2019-12-10）.

webcitation.org

Hinshaw, G.; et al. Five-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Data Processing, Sky Maps, and Basic Results (PDF). The Astrophysical Journal. 2008 [2010-06-16]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2013-06-23）.

wikipedia.org

en.wikipedia.org

这里忽略了量级约为0.1%的偶极各向异性（英语：dipole anisotropy），它来源于太阳系在辐射场中的本动速度。

worldcat.org

Planck Collaboration. Planck 2015 results. XIII. Cosmological parameters (See PDF, page 32, Table 4, Age/Gyr, last column).. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2015, 594: A13. Bibcode:2016A&A...594A..13P. ISSN 0004-6361. arXiv:1502.01589 . doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201525830.