Abaev, Vasiliĭ Ivanovich; l'Oriente, Istituto italiano per l'Africa e. Studia iranica et alanica. Istituto italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente. 1998 [2022-05-02]. （原始内容存档于2022-06-17） （俄语）.
brillonline.com
referenceworks.brillonline.com
Barthold, W.; Minorsky, V. Alān. The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume I: A–B. Leiden and New York: Brill: 354. 1986 [2022-05-02]. ISBN 978-90-04-08114-7. （原始内容存档于2022-06-17）.
Halperin, Charles J.. 2000. "The Kipchak Connection: The Ilkhans, the Mamluks and Ayn Jalut". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 63 (2). Cambridge University Press: 235. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1559539 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.
Jessee, Scott, and Anatoly Isaenko. 2013. "The Military Effectiveness of Alan Mercenaries in Byzantium, 1301–1306". In Journal of Medieval Military History: Volume XI, edited by Clifford J. Rogers, Kelly DeVries, and John France, 11:107–132. Boydell & Brewer. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7722/j.ctt31njvf.9.
Rogers, Clifford J., Kelly DeVries, and John France, eds.. 2013. Journal of Medieval Military History: Volume XI. Edited by Clifford J. Rogers, Kelly DeVries, and John France. Vol. 11. Boydell & Brewer. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7722/j.ctt31njvf （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.
关于人种形成（Ethnogenesis），参见Walter Pohl《中世纪之争：问题与著作》“中世纪早期研究中的民族概念” ed. Lester K. Little & Barbara H. Rosenwein, (Blackwell), 1998, pp. 13–24) (在线文本[永久失效連結]).
Schuessler, Axel (2014). "Phonological Notes on Hàn Period Transcriptions of Foreign Names and Words" (PDF) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Studies in Chinese and Sino-Tibetan Linguistics: Dialect, Phonology, Transcription and Text. Language and Linguistics Monograph Series. Taipei, Taiwan: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica (53). p. 268
Hulsewé. A. F .P. (1979) China in Central Asia: The Early Stage 125 BC - AD 23: an annotated translation of chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty. p. 129, n. 316。引于John E. Hill。译者注25.3 & 25.4 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）起草鱼豢《魏略》译稿。引文：“Chavannes (1905)第558页注释5赞成Hirth (1885)139页注释1找到的Yen-ts’ai与斯特拉波所载Αορσοι；他认为这识别被后来的名字‘阿兰’所加强，解释了托勒密的“Alanorsi”。马考特(1905)pp. 240-241不接受，但Pulleyblank (1963)pp. 99 & 220接受，并提到HSPC 70.6b中的“闔蘇”，上古汉语拟作ĥa̱p-sa̱ĥ，可与普林尼VI, 38提到的Abzoae比较（参见Pulleyblank (1968), p. 252）。此外Humbach (1969)pp. 39-40也接受这一联系，但仍有保留意见。”
W. W. Rockhill: The journey of William of Rubruck to the eastern parts of the world, 1253–55, as narrated by himself, with two accounts of the earlier journey of John of Pian de Carpine. tr. from the Latin and ed., with an introductory notice, by William Woodville Rockhill (London: Hakluyt Society, 1900). Acc. to: http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/rubruck.html （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Chaps. IX and XXII.
web.archive.org
Schuessler, Axel (2014). "Phonological Notes on Hàn Period Transcriptions of Foreign Names and Words" (PDF) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Studies in Chinese and Sino-Tibetan Linguistics: Dialect, Phonology, Transcription and Text. Language and Linguistics Monograph Series. Taipei, Taiwan: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica (53). p. 268
Hulsewé. A. F .P. (1979) China in Central Asia: The Early Stage 125 BC - AD 23: an annotated translation of chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty. p. 129, n. 316。引于John E. Hill。译者注25.3 & 25.4 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）起草鱼豢《魏略》译稿。引文：“Chavannes (1905)第558页注释5赞成Hirth (1885)139页注释1找到的Yen-ts’ai与斯特拉波所载Αορσοι；他认为这识别被后来的名字‘阿兰’所加强，解释了托勒密的“Alanorsi”。马考特(1905)pp. 240-241不接受，但Pulleyblank (1963)pp. 99 & 220接受，并提到HSPC 70.6b中的“闔蘇”，上古汉语拟作ĥa̱p-sa̱ĥ，可与普林尼VI, 38提到的Abzoae比较（参见Pulleyblank (1968), p. 252）。此外Humbach (1969)pp. 39-40也接受这一联系，但仍有保留意见。”
Barthold, W.; Minorsky, V. Alān. The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume I: A–B. Leiden and New York: Brill: 354. 1986 [2022-05-02]. ISBN 978-90-04-08114-7. （原始内容存档于2022-06-17）.
Halperin, Charles J.. 2000. "The Kipchak Connection: The Ilkhans, the Mamluks and Ayn Jalut". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 63 (2). Cambridge University Press: 235. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1559539 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.
W. W. Rockhill: The journey of William of Rubruck to the eastern parts of the world, 1253–55, as narrated by himself, with two accounts of the earlier journey of John of Pian de Carpine. tr. from the Latin and ed., with an introductory notice, by William Woodville Rockhill (London: Hakluyt Society, 1900). Acc. to: http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/rubruck.html （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Chaps. IX and XXII.
Rogers, Clifford J., Kelly DeVries, and John France, eds.. 2013. Journal of Medieval Military History: Volume XI. Edited by Clifford J. Rogers, Kelly DeVries, and John France. Vol. 11. Boydell & Brewer. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7722/j.ctt31njvf （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.
Abaev, Vasiliĭ Ivanovich; l'Oriente, Istituto italiano per l'Africa e. Studia iranica et alanica. Istituto italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente. 1998 [2022-05-02]. （原始内容存档于2022-06-17） （俄语）.
