"It served as the capital of the Ottoman Empire from 1413 until 1453 and flourished as an administrative, commercial, and cultural centre." "Edirne" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 27 June 2013
Strauss, Johann. A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the Kanun-ı Esasi and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages. Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif (编). The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy. Würzburg: Orient-Institut Istanbul. 2010: 21–51 [2019-09-15]. （原始内容存档于2019-10-11）. (info page on book互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2019-09-20. at Martin Luther University) // CITED: p. 26 (PDF p. 28): "French had become a sort of semi-official language in the Ottoman Empire in the wake of the Tanzimat reforms. [...] It is true that French was not an ethnic language of the Ottoman Empire. But it was the only Western language which would become increasingly widespread among educated persons in all linguistic communities."
Ottoman Capital Bursa （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Official website of Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Republic of Turkey. Retrieved 26 June 2013.
"It served as the capital of the Ottoman Empire from 1413 until 1453 and flourished as an administrative, commercial, and cultural centre." "Edirne" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 27 June 2013
Strauss, Johann. A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the Kanun-ı Esasi and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages. Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif (编). The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy. Würzburg: Orient-Institut Istanbul. 2010: 21–51 [2019-09-15]. （原始内容存档于2019-10-11）. (info page on book互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2019-09-20. at Martin Luther University) // CITED: p. 26 (PDF p. 28): "French had become a sort of semi-official language in the Ottoman Empire in the wake of the Tanzimat reforms. [...] It is true that French was not an ethnic language of the Ottoman Empire. But it was the only Western language which would become increasingly widespread among educated persons in all linguistic communities."
