女性化激素疗法 (Chinese Wikipedia)

Apgar BS, Greenberg G. Using progestins in clinical practice. Am Fam Physician. 2000-10, 62 (8): 1839–46, 1849–50 [2022-01-14]. PMID 11057840. （原始内容存档于2022-04-21）.

archive.org

Levy A, Crown A, Reid R. Endocrine intervention for transsexuals. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf). 2003-10, 59 (4): 409–18. PMID 14510900. S2CID 24493388. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.2003.01821.x.
Lauritzen C. Clinical use of oestrogens and progestogens. Maturitas. 1990-09, 12 (3): 199–214. PMID 2215269. doi:10.1016/0378-5122(90)90004-P.
Ockrim JL, Lalani EN, Laniado ME, Carter SS, Abel PD. Transdermal estradiol therapy for advanced prostate cancer--forward to the past?. J. Urol. 2003-05, 169 (5): 1735–7. PMID 12686820. doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000061024.75334.40.
de Lignières B, Silberstein S. Pharmacodynamics of oestrogens and progestogens. Cephalalgia. 2000-04, 20 (3): 200–7. PMID 10997774. S2CID 40392817. doi:10.1046/j.1468-2982.2000.00042.x.
Koch UJ, Lorenz F, Danehl K, Ericsson R, Hasan SH, Keyserlingk DV, Lübke K, Mehring M, Römmler A, Schwartz U, Hammerstein J. Continuous oral low-dosage cyproterone acetate for fertility regulation in the male? A trend analysis in 15 volunteers. Contraception. 1976, 14 (2): 117–35. PMID 949890. doi:10.1016/0010-7824(76)90081-0.
Wang C, Yeung KK. Use of low-dosage oral cyproterone acetate as a male contraceptive. Contraception. 1980, 21 (3): 245–72. PMID 6771091. doi:10.1016/0010-7824(80)90005-0.
Moltz L, Römmler A, Post K, Schwartz U, Hammerstein J. Medium dose cyproterone acetate (CPA): effects on hormone secretion and on spermatogenesis in men. Contraception. 1980-04, 21 (4): 393–413. PMID 6771095. doi:10.1016/s0010-7824(80)80017-5.
Wenderoth, U. K.; Jacobi, G. H. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues for palliation of carcinoma of the prostate. World Journal of Urology. 1983, 1 (1): 40–48. ISSN 0724-4983. S2CID 23447326. doi:10.1007/BF00326861.
Schröder, Fritz H.; Radlmaier, Albert. Steroidal Antiandrogens. V. Craig Jordan; Barrington J. A. Furr (编). Hormone Therapy in Breast and Prostate Cancer. Humana Press. 2009: 325–346. ISBN 978-1-60761-471-5. doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-152-7_15. 如前所述，CPA会导致血浆睾酮水平的不完全抑制，降低约70%并保持在去势值的三倍左右。[Rennie等人]发现CPA与极低剂量（0.1 mg/d）的DES联合使用可以非常有效地去除血浆睾酮和组织中的双氢睾酮雄激素。[...]该方案结合了两种化合物的睾酮降低作用，因此只需少量雌激素即可将血浆睾酮降低至接近去势水平。（CPA, as mentioned earlier, leads to an incomplete suppression of plasma testosterone levels, which decrease by about 70% and remain at about three times castration values. [Rennie et al.] found that the combination of CPA with an extremely low dose (0.1 mg/d) of DES led to a very effective withdrawal of androgens in terms of plasma testosterone and tissue dihydrotestosterone. [...] this regimen combines the testosterone-reducing effects of two compounds, therefore, only small amounts of estrogen are required to bring down plasma testosterone to approximately castrate levels.）
Caubet JF, Tosteson TD, Dong EW, Naylon EM, Whiting GW, Ernstoff MS, Ross SD. Maximum androgen blockade in advanced prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of published randomized controlled trials using nonsteroidal antiandrogens. Urology. 1997-01, 49 (1): 71–8. PMID 9000189. doi:10.1016/S0090-4295(96)00325-1.
Iversen P, Melezinek I, Schmidt A. Nonsteroidal antiandrogens: a therapeutic option for patients with advanced prostate cancer who wish to retain sexual interest and function. BJU International. 2001-01, 87 (1): 47–56. PMID 11121992. S2CID 28215804. doi:10.1046/j.1464-410x.2001.00988.x .
Reilly DR, Delva NJ, Hudson RW. Protocols for the use of cyproterone, medroxyprogesterone, and leuprolide in the treatment of paraphilia. Can J Psychiatry. 2000-08, 45 (6): 559–63. PMID 10986575. S2CID 27710792. doi:10.1177/070674370004500608 . [...]在第一次注射亮丙瑞林之前进行雌激素或抗雄激素治疗可能会降低[治疗开始时由睾酮“爆发”引起的症状风险]（16）。（[...] estrogen or antiandrogen treatment prior to the first leuprolide injection may reduce [the risk of symptoms caused by the testosterone "flare" at the initiation of treatment] (16).）
Horton R. Dihydrotestosterone is a peripheral paracrine hormone. J. Androl. 1992, 13 (1): 23–7. PMID 1551803. doi:10.1002/j.1939-4640.1992.tb01621.x.
Stout SM, Stumpf JL. Finasteride treatment of hair loss in women. Ann Pharmacother. 2010-06, 44 (6): 1090–7. PMID 20442354. S2CID 207263793. doi:10.1345/aph.1M591.
Knezevich EL, Viereck LK, Drincic AT. Medical management of adult transsexual persons. Pharmacotherapy. 2012-01, 32 (1): 54–66. PMID 22392828. S2CID 12853220. doi:10.1002/PHAR.1006.
Levy A, Crown A, Reid R. Endocrine intervention for transsexuals. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf). 2003-10, 59 (4): 409–18. PMID 14510900. S2CID 24493388. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.2003.01821.x.
Cox DB, Kent JC, Casey TM, Owens RA, Hartmann PE. Breast growth and the urinary excretion of lactose during human pregnancy and early lactation: endocrine relationships. Exp. Physiol. 1999-03, 84 (2): 421–34. PMID 10226182. doi:10.1017/S0958067099018072 .
Meyer WJ, Webb A, Stuart CA, Finkelstein JW, Lawrence B, Walker PA. Physical and hormonal evaluation of transsexual patients: a longitudinal study. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 1986-04, 15 (2): 121–38. PMID 3013122. S2CID 42786642. doi:10.1007/bf01542220.
Morris JM. The syndrome of testicular feminization in male pseudohermaphrodites. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1953-06, 65 (6): 1192–1211. PMID 13057950. doi:10.1016/0002-9378(53)90359-7.
Foss GL. Disturbances of lactation. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1958-03, 1 (1): 245–54. PMID 13573669. S2CID 42825519. doi:10.1097/00003081-195803000-00021. 在实验上，我已经能够诱导一名男性异装癖者的泌乳，该男性异装癖者的睾丸在几年前已被切除，其乳房在很长一段时间内使用芪雌酚和乙炔雌酮，发育已良好[9]。1955年7月9日，皮下植入600 mg雌二醇，每周注射50 mg孕酮，持续四个月。下个月每天注射10 mg二丙酸雌二醇和50 mg孕酮。这些注射又持续了一个月，将孕酮增加到每天100 mg。然后停用两种激素，逐日增加剂量注射催乳素和生长激素，持续四天；同时，患者每天使用吸乳器四次，每次5分钟。在此期间，乳腺静脉明显增大，在第六天和第七天收集到了1到2 mg乳状液体。（Experimentally I have been able to induce lactogenesis in a male transvestite whose testes had been removed some years before and whose breasts had been well developed over a long period with stilbestrol and ethisterone.9 In July, 1955, 600 mg. of estradiol was implanted subcutaneously and weekly injections of 50 mg. of progesterone were given for four months. For the next month daily injections of 10 mg. estradiol dipropionate and 50 mg. progesterone were given. These injections were continued for another month, increasing progesterone to 100 mg. daily. Both hormones were then withdrawn, and daily injections of increasing doses of prolactin and somatotropin were given for four days; at the same time, the patient used a breast bump four times daily for 5 minutes on both sides. During this time the mammary veins were visibly enlarged and on the sixth and seventh days 1 to 2 cc. of milky fluid was collected.）
Kanhai RC, Hage JJ, van Diest PJ, Bloemena E, Mulder JW. Short-term and long-term histologic effects of castration and estrogen treatment on breast tissue of 14 male-to-female transsexuals in comparison with two chemically castrated men. The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 2000-01, 24 (1): 74–80. PMID 10632490. doi:10.1097/00000478-200001000-00009.
Hermann AC, Nafziger AN, Victory J, Kulawy R, Rocci ML, Bertino JS. Over-the-counter progesterone cream produces significant drug exposure compared to a food and drug administration-approved oral progesterone product. J Clin Pharmacol. 2005, 45 (6): 614–9. PMID 15901742. S2CID 28399314. doi:10.1177/0091270005276621.
Brady BM, Anderson RA, Kinniburgh D, Baird DT. Demonstration of progesterone receptor-mediated gonadotrophin suppression in the human male. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf). 2003, 58 (4): 506–12. PMID 12641635. S2CID 12567639. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.2003.01751.x.
Fisher, Alessandra Daphne; Maggi, Mario. Endocrine Treatment of Transsexual Male-to-Female Persons. Management of Gender Dysphoria. 2015: 83–91. ISBN 978-88-470-5695-4. doi:10.1007/978-88-470-5696-1_10.
Kirk, Sheila. Feminizing Hormonal Therapy For The Transgendered. Pittsburgh, PA: Together Lifeworks. 1999: 38. ISBN 1887796045.
Hedlund PO, Henriksson P. Parenteral estrogen versus total androgen ablation in the treatment of advanced prostate carcinoma: effects on overall survival and cardiovascular mortality. The Scandinavian Prostatic Cancer Group (SPCG)-5 Trial Study. Urology. 2000-03, 55 (3): 328–33. PMID 10699602. doi:10.1016/S0090-4295(99)00580-4.
Hemelaar M, Rosing J, Kenemans P, Thomassen MC, Braat DD, van der Mooren MJ. Less effect of intranasal than oral hormone therapy on factors associated with venous thrombosis risk in healthy postmenopausal women. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2006-07, 26 (7): 1660–6. PMID 16645152. S2CID 12778600. doi:10.1161/01.ATV.0000224325.96659.53 .
Bullough VL. Transsexualism in history. Arch Sex Behav. 1975-09, 4 (5): 561–71. PMID 1103789. S2CID 36577490. doi:10.1007/bf01542134.
Benjamin, Harry. Transvestism and Transsexualism in the male and female1. Journal of Sex Research. 1967, 3 (2): 107–127. ISSN 0022-4499. doi:10.1080/00224496709550519.
Schaefer LC, Wheeler CC. Harry Benjamin's first ten cases (1938-1953): a clinical historical note. Arch Sex Behav. 1995-02, 24 (1): 73–93. PMID 7733806. S2CID 31571764. doi:10.1007/bf01541990.
Edgerton MT, Knorr NJ, Callison JR. The surgical treatment of transsexual patients. Limitations and indications. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 1970-01, 45 (1): 38–46. PMID 4902840. S2CID 27318408. doi:10.1097/00006534-197001000-00006.

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gpref.bedfordshire.nhs.uk

Sunderland Clinical Commissioning Group. SHARED CARE PRESCRIBING GUIDANCE FOR Treatment of Gender Dysphoria in Transwomen (Male to Female Transsexuals) (PDF) (报告). NHS. 14 March 2017 [2022-01-15]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2019-03-28）.

books.google.com

James Barrett. Transsexual and Other Disorders of Gender Identity: A Practical Guide to Management. CRC Press. 2017-09-29: 216– [2021-10-15]. ISBN 978-1-315-34513-0. （原始内容存档于2021-02-08）.
Carlo Trombetta; Giovanni Liguori; Michele Bertolotto. Management of Gender Dysphoria: A Multidisciplinary Approach. Springer. 2015-03-03: 85– [2021-10-15]. ISBN 978-88-470-5696-1. （原始内容存档于2022-04-25）.
Kristen Eckstrand; Jesse M. Ehrenfeld. Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Healthcare: A Clinical Guide to Preventive, Primary, and Specialist Care. Springer. 2016-02-17: 357– [2021-10-15]. ISBN 978-3-319-19752-4. （原始内容存档于2022-04-25）.
Vincenzo Mirone. Clinical Uro-Andrology. Springer. 2015-02-12: 17– [2021-10-15]. ISBN 978-3-662-45018-5. （原始内容存档于2022-04-21）.
Gianna E. Israel. Transgender Care: Recommended Guidelines, Practical Information, and Personal Accounts. Temple University Press. 2001-03: 56– [2021-10-15]. ISBN 978-1-56639-852-7. （原始内容存档于2022-04-21）.
William B. Shore. Adolescent Medicine, An Issue of Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice, E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2014-08-21: 663– [2022-01-07]. ISBN 978-0-323-32340-6. （原始内容存档于2022-04-21）.
Ivy M. Alexander; Versie Johnson-Mallard; Elizabeth Kostas-Polston; Catherine Ingram Fogel, Nancy Fugate Woods. Women's Health Care in Advanced Practice Nursing, Second Edition. Springer Publishing Company. 2017-06-28: 468– [2022-01-07]. ISBN 978-0-8261-9004-8. （原始内容存档于2022-04-25）.
Alfred S. Wolf; H.P.G. Schneider. Östrogene in Diagnostik und Therapie. Springer-Verlag. 2013-03-12: 79, 81 [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-3-642-75101-1. （原始内容存档于2022-04-21）.
Carlo Trombetta; Giovanni Liguori; Michele Bertolotto. Management of Gender Dysphoria: A Multidisciplinary Approach. Springer. 2015-03-03: 85– [2021-10-15]. ISBN 978-88-470-5696-1. （原始内容存档于2022-04-25）.
Shlomo Melmed; Kenneth S. Polonsky; P. Reed Larsen; Henry M. Kronenberg. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2015-11-11: 714, 934 [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-0-323-34157-8. （原始内容存档于2022-05-23）.
Sarah Boslaugh. Transgender Health Issues. ABC-CLIO. 2018-08-03: 37– [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-1-4408-5888-8. （原始内容存档于2022-04-25）.
Jerome F. Strauss; Robert L. Barbieri; Antonio R. Gargiulo. Yen & Jaffe's Reproductive Endocrinology E-Book: Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Management. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2017-12-23: 250– [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-0-323-58232-2. （原始内容存档于2022-04-22）.
Loren S Schechter. Surgical Management of the Transgender Patient. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2016-09-22: 26– [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-0-323-48408-4. （原始内容存档于2022-04-25）.
Lynne Carroll; Lauren Mizock. Clinical Issues and Affirmative Treatment with Transgender Clients, An Issue of Psychiatric Clinics of North America, E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2017-02-07: 107– [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-0-323-51004-2. （原始内容存档于2022-04-21）.
Laura Erickson-Schroth. Trans Bodies, Trans Selves: A Resource for the Transgender Community. Oxford University Press. 2014-05-12: 258– [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-0-19-932536-8. （原始内容存档于2022-04-25）.
J. Larry Jameson; Leslie J. De Groot. Endocrinology - E-Book: Adult and Pediatric. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2010-05-18: 2282– [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-1-4557-1126-0. （原始内容存档于2022-04-21）.
Randi Ettner; Stan Monstrey; Eli Coleman. Principles of Transgender Medicine and Surgery. Routledge. 2016-05-20: 169–170, 216, 251 [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-1-317-51460-2. （原始内容存档于2022-04-25）.
Jashin J. Wu. Comprehensive Dermatologic Drug Therapy E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2012-10-18: 364– [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-1-4557-3801-4. （原始内容存档于2020-08-19）. Spironolactone is an aldosterone antagonist and a relatively weak antiandrogen that blocks the AR and inhibits androgen biosynthesis.
H.J.T. Coelingh Benni; H.M. Vemer. Chronic Hyperandrogenic Anovulation. CRC Press. 1990-12-15: 152– [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-1-85070-322-8. （原始内容存档于2020-08-19）.
Jeffrey K. Aronson. Meyler's Side Effects of Cardiovascular Drugs. Elsevier. 2009-03-02: 253–258 [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-0-08-093289-7. （原始内容存档于2020-08-19）.
Pharmacology of the Skin II: Methods, Absorption, Metabolism and Toxicity, Drugs and Diseases. Springer Science & Business Media. 2012-12-06: 474, 489 [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-3-642-74054-1. （原始内容存档于2022-04-30）.
Dangerous Sex Offenders: A Task Force Report of the American Psychiatric Association. American Psychiatric Pub. 1999: 112–144 [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-0-89042-280-9. （原始内容存档于2020-08-01）.
Hinman, Frank, Jr. Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy. Springer Science & Business Media. 1983: 259, 266, 272 [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-1-4612-5476-8. （原始内容存档于2022-04-21）.
Wein, Alan J.; Kavoussi, Louis R.; Novick, Andrew C.; Partin, Alan W.; Peters, Craig A. Campbell-Walsh Urology: Expert Consult Premium Edition: Enhanced Online Features and Print, 4-Volume Set. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2011-08-25: 2938– [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-1-4160-6911-9. （原始内容存档于2020-12-22）.
A. Hughes; S. H. Hasan; G. W. Oertel; H. E. Voss, F. Bahner, F. Neumann, H. Steinbeck, K.-J. Gräf, J. Brotherton, H. J. Horn, R. K. Wagner. Androgens II and Antiandrogens / Androgene II und Antiandrogene. Springer Science & Business Media. 2013-11-27: 490–491 [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-3-642-80859-3. （原始内容存档于2022-04-25）.
Thomas L. Lemke; David A. Williams. Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2008: 1286–1288 [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-0-7817-6879-5. （原始内容存档于2017-09-08）.
William D. Figg; Cindy H. Chau; Eric J. Small. Drug Management of Prostate Cancer. Springer Science & Business Media. 2010-09-14: 71–72 [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-1-60327-829-4. （原始内容存档于2022-04-21）.
Bruce A. Chabner; Dan L. Longo. Cancer Chemotherapy and Biotherapy: Principles and Practice. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2010-11-08: 680– [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-1-60547-431-1. （原始内容存档于2020-07-27）.
Lutz Moser. Controversies in the Treatment of Prostate Cancer. Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. 2008-01-01: 41– [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-3-8055-8524-8. （原始内容存档于2020-07-27）.
Prostate Cancer. Demos Medical Publishing. 2011-12-20: 460, 504 [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-1-935281-91-7. （原始内容存档于2022-04-25）.
J. Ramon; L.J. Denis. Prostate Cancer. Springer Science & Business Media. 2007-06-05: 256– [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-3-540-40901-4. （原始内容存档于2020-07-27）.
Payne, Anita H.; Hardy, Matthew P. The Leydig Cell in Health and Disease. Springer Science & Business Media. 2007-10-28: 422–431 [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-1-59745-453-7. （原始内容存档于2020-07-27）. 雌激素是下丘脑-垂体-睾丸轴的高效抑制剂（212-214）。除了它们在下丘脑和垂体水平的负反馈作用外，还可能对睾丸产生直接抑制作用（215，216）。[...][用雌激素治疗的]睾丸组织学显示曲细精管紊乱、空泡化和管腔缺失，以及精子发生的区室化。（Estrogens are highly efficient inhibitors of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal-testicular axis (212–214). Aside from their negative feedback action at the level of the hypothalamus and pituitary, direct inhibitory effects on the testis are likely (215,216). [...] The histology of the testes [with estrogen treatment] showed disorganization of the seminiferous tubules, vacuolization and absence of lumen, and compartmentalization of spermatogenesis.）
Salam, Muhammad A. Principles & Practice of Urology: A Comprehensive Text. Universal-Publishers. 2003: 684– [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-1-58112-412-5. （原始内容存档于2020-07-27）. 雌激素主要通过下丘脑-垂体水平的负反馈来减少LH分泌和睾丸雄激素合成。[...]有趣的是，如果不间断地暴露，3年后停止雌激素治疗，血清睾酮可能会保持在去势水平长达3年。这种长期抑制被认为是雌激素对睾丸间质细胞的直接影响所致。（Estrogens act primarily through negative feedback at the hypothalamic-pituitary level to reduce LH secretion and testicular androgen synthesis. [...] Interestingly, if the treatment with estrogens is discontinued after 3 yr. of uninterrupted exposure, serum testosterone may remain at castration levels for up to another 3 yr. This prolonged suppression is thought to result from a direct effect of estrogens on the Leydig cells.）
Shlomo Melmed. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2016-01-01: 154, 621, 711 [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-0-323-29738-7. （原始内容存档于2022-04-21）.
Timothy L. Ratliff; William J. Catalona. Genitourinary Cancer: Basic and Clinical Aspects. Springer Science & Business Media. 2012-12-06: 158– [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-1-4613-2033-3. （原始内容存档于2022-04-21）.
Jerome F. Strauss; Jerome F. Strauss, III; Robert L. Barbieri. Yen and Jaffe's Reproductive Endocrinology. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2013-09-13: 272– [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-1-4557-2758-2. （原始内容存档于2022-04-25）.
J. Larry Jameson; Leslie J. De Groot. Endocrinology: Adult and Pediatric E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2015-02-25: 2009, 2207, 2479 [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-0-323-32195-2. （原始内容存档于2022-04-21）.
Louis J Denis; Keith Griffiths; Amir V Kaisary; Gerald P Murphy. Textbook of Prostate Cancer: Pathology, Diagnosis and Treatment: Pathology, Diagnosis and Treatment. CRC Press. 1999-03-01: 308– [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-1-85317-422-3. （原始内容存档于2021-02-08）.
Loren S Schechter; Bauback Safa. Gender Confirmation Surgery, An Issue of Clinics in Plastic Surgery, E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2018-06-23: 314– [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-0-323-61075-9. （原始内容存档于2022-04-26）.
Emans, S. Jean; Laufer, Marc R. Emans, Laufer, Goldstein's Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2012-01-05: 365–. ISBN 978-1-4511-5406-1. （原始内容存档于2016-05-16）. Therapy with GnRH analogs is expensive and requires intramuscular injections of depot formulations, the insert of a subcutaneous implant yearly, or, much less commonly, daily subcutaneous injections.
Hillard, Paula J. Adams. Practical Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. John Wiley & Sons. 2013-03-29: 182– [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-1-118-53857-9. （原始内容存档于2020-07-27）. Treatment is expensive, with costs typically in the range of $10,000–$15,000 per year.
Everett E. Vokes; Harvey M. Golomb. Oncologic Therapies. Springer Science & Business Media. 2011-06-28: 493– [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-3-642-55780-4. （原始内容存档于2022-04-21）.
Mozayani, Ashraf; Raymon title = Handbook of Drug Interactions: A Clinical and Forensic Guide, Lionel. Springer Science & Business Media https://books.google.com/books?id=NhBJ6kg_uP0C&pg=PA656. 2011-09-18: 656–. ISBN 978-1-61779-222-9. 缺少或|title=为空 (帮助)
Bhasin, Shalender. Pharmacology, Biology, and Clinical Applications of Androgens: Current Status and Future Prospects. John Wiley & Sons. 1996-02-13: 72–. ISBN 978-0-471-13320-9.
Ulrike Blume-Peytavi; David A. Whiting; Ralph M. Trüeb. Hair Growth and Disorders. Springer Science & Business Media. 2008-06-26: 182, 369 [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-3-540-46911-7. （原始内容存档于2020-01-11）.
Jerry Shapiro; Nina Otberg. Hair Loss and Restoration, Second Edition. CRC Press. 2015-04-17: 39–40 [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-1-4822-3199-1. （原始内容存档于2020-01-11）.
Ralph M. Trüeb; Won-Soo Lee. Male Alopecia: Guide to Successful Management. Springer Science & Business Media. 2014-02-13: 91– [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-3-319-03233-7. （原始内容存档于2021-08-29）.
Thomas L. Lemke; David A. Williams. Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2012-01-24: 1397–1399 [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-1-60913-345-0. （原始内容存档于2021-04-15）.
Mary C. Brucker; Tekoa L. King. Pharmacology for Women's Health. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. 2015-09-08: 368– [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-1-284-05748-5. （原始内容存档于2022-04-26）.
Ilan H. Meyer; Mary E. Northridge. The Health of Sexual Minorities: Public Health Perspectives on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Populations. Springer. 2007-03-12: 476– [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-0-387-31334-4. （原始内容存档于2022-05-06）.
Gianna E. Israel; Donald E. Tarver; Joy Diane Shaffer. Transgender Care: Recommended Guidelines, Practical Information, and Personal Accounts. Temple University Press. 2001-03-01: 58– [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-1-56639-852-7. （原始内容存档于2022-04-25）.
Richard Ekins; Dave King. The Transgender Phenomenon. SAGE Publications. 2006-10-23: 48– [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-1-84787-726-0. （原始内容存档于2022-04-21）.
Daniel R. Mishell; Val Davajan. Reproductive endocrinology, infertility, and contraception. F. A. Davis Co. 1979: 224 [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-0-8036-6235-3. （原始内容存档于2022-05-02）. 有人建议在每个雌激素治疗周期的最后一周添加孕激素，以形成更圆润的乳房，而不是这些患者中出现的锥形乳房，但我们无法检测到乳房轮廓在有没有孕激素情况下的差异。（It has been suggested that progestins be added during the last week of each cycle of estrogen therapy in order to develop more rounded breasts rather than the conical breasts many of these patients develop, but we have been unable to detect any difference in breast contour with or without progestins.）
Sperling, Mark A. Pediatric Endocrinology. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2014-04-10: 598– [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-1-4557-5973-6. （原始内容存档于2022-04-30）. 雌激素刺激乳头生长，乳腺终末导管分支发展到形成导管的阶段，脂肪基质生长至构成乳房质量的约85%。[...]初潮前后，当末端导管分支形成多个盲囊芽时，乳腺小叶出现。这些效果是由于有孕酮存在。[...]完整的小泡发育通常仅在怀孕期间，在额外的孕酮和催乳素的影响下发生。（Estrogen stimulates the nipples to grow, mammary terminal duct branching to progress to the stage at which ductules are formed, and fatty stromal growth to increase until it constitutes about 85% of the mass of the breast. [...] Lobulation appears around menarche, when multiple blind saccular buds form by branching of the terminal ducts. These effects are due to the presence of progesterone. [...] Full alveolar development normally only occurs during pregnancy under the influence of additional progesterone and prolactin.）
Lee-Ellen C. Copstead-Kirkhorn; Jacquelyn L. Banasik. Pathophysiology - E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2014-06-25: 660– [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-0-323-29317-4. （原始内容存档于2021-04-14）. 在整个生育期，一些女性在月经开始前的每个月经周期后期都会注意到乳房肿胀。在月经周期的这个阶段，乳房组织的保水和随后的肿胀被认为是由于高水平的循环孕酮刺激了乳房的分泌细胞。（Throughout the reproductive years, some women note swelling of the breast around the latter part of each menstrual cycle before the onset of menstruation. The water retention and subsequent swelling of breast tissue during this phase of the menstrual cycle are thought to be due to high levels of circulating progesterone stimulating the secretory cells of the breast.12）
Kenneth L. Becker. Principles and Practice of Endocrinology and Metabolism. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2001: 889– [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-0-7817-1750-2. （原始内容存档于2022-04-21）.
Sanjay Rajagopalan; Debabrata Mukherjee; Emile R. Mohler. Manual of Vascular Diseases. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2005: 1– [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-0-7817-4499-7. （原始内容存档于2022-04-21）.
Paul Peter Rosen. Rosen's Breast Pathology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2009: 31– [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-0-7817-7137-5. （原始内容存档于2020-07-27）.
A. Wayne Meikle. Hormone Replacement Therapy. Springer Science & Business Media. 1999-06-01: 383, 389 [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-1-59259-700-0. （原始内容存档于2020-08-01）.
Harold Gardiner-Hill. Modern Trends in Endocrinology. Butterworth. 1958: 192 [2022-01-14]. （原始内容存档于2022-04-21）. 最近，Foss(1956)尝试在一名被阉割的男性异装癖者中开始哺乳。给他植入了500 mg的雌二醇，10个月后，又植入了600 mg的雌二醇，随后每天注射二丙酸雌二醇和黄体酮，持续6周。停药后立即每天注射22·9 mg催乳素，连续3天，但没有效果。在每天用雌二醇和黄体酮治疗的第二个月后，他被给予催乳素和生长激素联合注射4天，每天使用吸乳器抽吸4次。在第四天和第五天，从右侧乳头挤出几滴初乳。这是现代激素知识在男性中的一个可能应用，值得进一步试验。（Recently, an attempt has been made by Foss (1956) to initiate lactation in a castrated male transvestist. He was given an implant of 500 milligrams of oestradiol, and 10 months later, a further 600 milligrams of oestradiol, followed by daily injections of oestradiol dipropionate and progesterone for 6 weeks. Immediately after withdrawal of this treatment, 22·9 milligrams of prolactin were injected daily for 3 days but without effect. After a second month of treatment with oestradiol and progesterone daily, he was given combined injections of prolactin and somatotrophin for 4 days, suction with a breast-pump being employed 4 times daily. On the fourth and fifth days a few drops of colostrum were expressed from the right nipple. There is a possible application here of modern hormone knowledge to man, and further trials would be of interest.）
Edward Flückiger; Emilio Del Pozo; Klaus von Werder. Prolactin: Physiology, Pharmacology, and Clinical Findings. Springer-Verlag. 1982: 13 [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-3-540-11071-2. （原始内容存档于2022-04-28）. [...]对男性变性者的观察（Wyss和DelPozo未发表）表明，在人类男性中也可以类似地实现泌乳诱导。[...]（[...] An observation (Wyss and Del Pozo unpublished) in a male transsexual showed that induction of lactation can be similarly achieved in the human male. [...]）
Carla A. Pfeffer. Queering Families: The Postmodern Partnerships of Cisgender Women and Transgender Men. Oxford University Press. 2017: 19– [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-0-19-990805-9. （原始内容存档于2022-04-21）. 仅仅2年后，温弗瑞进行的另一次采访，引发了许多观众相同的反应。在2010年的这一集中，女同性恋伙伴克里斯汀·麦金博士和丽莎·博茨抱着他们的双胞胎婴儿时喜极而泣。再一次，当人们发现美丽的克里斯汀是一位男到女变性人，曾经是一位英俊的军官克里斯时，观众的下巴都掉了下来，而丽莎使用克里斯汀在性别确认手术之前储存的精子生下了她们的亲生孩子[10]。当温弗瑞观看克里斯汀母乳喂养她们孩子的视频时，温弗瑞的下巴差点撞到地板上（这一集在网上称为“成为自己孩子父亲的妈妈”）。[...]（Just 2 years later, Winfrey would feature another interview that elicited many of the same audience reactions. In this 2010 episode, lesbian partners Dr. Christine McGinn and Lisa Bortz beamed with joy as they held their infant twins. Again, audience members' jaws dropped when it was revealed that beautiful Christine was a male-to-female transsexual who used to be a handsome military officer Chris, and that Lisa had given birth to the couple's biological children using sperm Chris banked prior to gender confirmation surgeries.10 And it was Winfrey's chin that nearly hit the floor as she watched video of Christine breastfeeding the couples' children (the episode is referred to online as "The Mom Who Fathered Her Own Children"). [...]）
Eberhard Nieschlag; Hermann Behre. Andrology: Male Reproductive Health and Dysfunction. Springer Science & Business Media. 2013-06-29: 54–. ISBN 978-3-662-04491-9.
Michael S. Baggish; Mickey M. Karram. Atlas of Pelvic Anatomy and Gynecologic Surgery. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2011-08-18: 1200– [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-1-4557-1068-3. （原始内容存档于2022-04-19）.
Peterson's Principles of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. PMPH-USA. 2012: 1209– [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-1-60795-111-7. （原始内容存档于2022-04-30）.
Marc A. Fritz; Leon Speroff. Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2012-03-28: 753– [2022-01-15]. ISBN 978-1-4511-4847-3. （原始内容存档于2022-04-21）.
Christopher Li. Breast Cancer Epidemiology. Springer Science & Business Media. 2009-11-11: 266– [2022-01-15]. ISBN 978-1-4419-0685-4. （原始内容存档于2022-04-21）.
Stella Pelengaris; Michael Khan. The Molecular Biology of Cancer: A Bridge from Bench to Bedside. John Wiley & Sons. 2013-03-13: 586– [2022-01-15]. ISBN 978-1-118-43085-9. （原始内容存档于2022-04-21）.
Gilda Cardenosa. Breast Imaging. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2004: 1– [2022-01-15]. ISBN 978-0-7817-4685-4. （原始内容存档于2022-04-21）.
Jerome F. Strauss, III; Robert L. Barbieri. Yen and Jaffe's Reproductive Endocrinology. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2013-09-13: 236– [2022-01-15]. ISBN 978-1-4557-2758-2. （原始内容存档于2020-07-27）.
Elizabeth Siegel Watkins. The Estrogen Elixir: A History of Hormone Replacement Therapy in America. JHU Press. 2007-04-16: 10– [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-0-8018-8602-7. （原始内容存档于2022-04-19）.
Institute of Medicine; Board on the Health of Select Populations; Committee on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Health Issues and Research Gaps and Opportunities. The Health of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender People: Building a Foundation for Better Understanding. National Academies Press. 2011-06-24: 70– [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-0-309-21065-2. （原始内容存档于2022-04-25）.
Dallas Denny. Current Concepts in Transgender Identity. Routledge. 2013-05-13: 15– [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-1-134-82110-5. （原始内容存档于2022-04-25）.
Susan Stryker; Associate Professor of Gender and Women's Studies Susan Stryker; Stephen Whittle. The Transgender Studies Reader. Taylor & Francis. 2006: 363– [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-0-415-94709-1. （原始内容存档于2022-04-21）.
Baudewijntje P.C. Kreukels; Thomas D. Steensma; Annelou L.C. de Vries. Gender Dysphoria and Disorders of Sex Development: Progress in Care and Knowledge. Springer Science & Business Media. 2013-07-01: 279– [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-1-4614-7441-8. （原始内容存档于2022-04-25）.
Harry Benjamin; Gobind Behari Lal; Richard Green; Robert E. L. Masters. The Transsexual Phenomenon. Ace Publishing Company. 1966 [2022-01-14]. （原始内容存档于2022-04-21）.
Hamburger, Christian; Benjamin, Harry. Endocrine Treatment of Male and Female Transsexualism / Appendix for the Practicing Physician: Suggestions and Guidelines for the Management of Transsexuals. Money, John; Green, Richard (编). Transsexualism and Sex Reassignment. Johns Hopkins Press. 1969: 291–307 [2022-01-14]. ISBN 9780801810381. OCLC 6866559. （原始内容存档于2022-04-21）.
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Green, R., & Money, J. (1969). Transsexualism and Sex Reassignment. Johns Hopkins University Press. https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=8048451400842332421 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） https://books.google.com/books?id=pdBrAAAAMAAJ （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

confex.com

endo.confex.com

Leinung, MC. Variable Response to Oral Estradiol Therapy in Male to Female Transgender Patients. Endocrine Reviews. 2014-06, 35 (Supplement) [2022-01-07]. doi:10.1210/endo-meetings.2014.RE.2.OR42-1 (不活跃 2021-10-31). （原始内容存档于2022-04-21）.

doi.org

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Hembree WC, Cohen-Kettenis PT, Gooren L, Hannema SE, Meyer WJ, Murad MH, Rosenthal SM, Safer JD, Tangpricha V, T'Sjoen GG. Endocrine Treatment of Gender-Dysphoric/Gender-Incongruent Persons: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline (PDF). J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2017-11, 102 (11): 3869–3903 [2021-10-15]. PMID 28945902. S2CID 3726467. doi:10.1210/jc.2017-01658. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2021-04-15）.
Wylie, Kevan; Barrett, James; Besser, Mike; Bouman, Walter Pierre; Bridgman, Michelle; Clayton, Angela; Green, Richard; Hamilton, Mark; Hines, Melissa; Ivbijaro, Gabriel; Khoosal, Deenesh; Lawrence, Alex; Lenihan, Penny; Loewenthal, Del; Ralph, David; Reed, Terry; Stevens, John; Terry, Tim; Thom, Ben; Thornton, Jane; Walsh, Dominic; Ward, David; Coleman, Eli; Di Ceglie, Domenico; Martin, Emma; McGarry, Philip; Messenger, Andrew; Reid, Russell; Sethi, Su; Sutcliffe, Paul; Wilson, Daniel; Carr, Susan; Davies, Dai; Dean, Tracey; Ellis, Michelle; Ferguson, Brian; Skinner, Darren; Williams, Vicky; Brechin, Susan; Lucey, Jim; Rathbone, Maxine. Good Practice Guidelines for the Assessment and Treatment of Adults with Gender Dysphoria (PDF). Sexual and Relationship Therapy. 2014, 29 (2): 154–214 [2021-10-15]. ISSN 1468-1994. S2CID 144632597. doi:10.1080/14681994.2014.883353. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2018-09-02）.
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Gao Y, Maurer T, Mirmirani P. Understanding and Addressing Hair Disorders in Transgender Individuals. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2018-01, 19 (4): 517–527. PMID 29352423. S2CID 6467968. doi:10.1007/s40257-018-0343-z. 非甾体抗雄激素包括氟他胺、尼鲁米特和比卡鲁胺，它们不会降低雄激素水平，可能对想要保持性欲和生育能力的个体有利[9]。（Non-steroidal antiandrogens include flutamide, nilutamide, and bicalutamide, which do not lower androgen levels and may be favorable for individuals who want to preserve sex drive and fertility [9].）
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Foss GL. Disturbances of lactation. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1958-03, 1 (1): 245–54. PMID 13573669. S2CID 42825519. doi:10.1097/00003081-195803000-00021. 在实验上，我已经能够诱导一名男性异装癖者的泌乳，该男性异装癖者的睾丸在几年前已被切除，其乳房在很长一段时间内使用芪雌酚和乙炔雌酮，发育已良好[9]。1955年7月9日，皮下植入600 mg雌二醇，每周注射50 mg孕酮，持续四个月。下个月每天注射10 mg二丙酸雌二醇和50 mg孕酮。这些注射又持续了一个月，将孕酮增加到每天100 mg。然后停用两种激素，逐日增加剂量注射催乳素和生长激素，持续四天；同时，患者每天使用吸乳器四次，每次5分钟。在此期间，乳腺静脉明显增大，在第六天和第七天收集到了1到2 mg乳状液体。（Experimentally I have been able to induce lactogenesis in a male transvestite whose testes had been removed some years before and whose breasts had been well developed over a long period with stilbestrol and ethisterone.9 In July, 1955, 600 mg. of estradiol was implanted subcutaneously and weekly injections of 50 mg. of progesterone were given for four months. For the next month daily injections of 10 mg. estradiol dipropionate and 50 mg. progesterone were given. These injections were continued for another month, increasing progesterone to 100 mg. daily. Both hormones were then withdrawn, and daily injections of increasing doses of prolactin and somatotropin were given for four days; at the same time, the patient used a breast bump four times daily for 5 minutes on both sides. During this time the mammary veins were visibly enlarged and on the sixth and seventh days 1 to 2 cc. of milky fluid was collected.）
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Paynter MJ. Medication and Facilitation of Transgender Women's Lactation. J Hum Lact. 2019-03, 35 (2): 239–243. PMID 30840524. S2CID 73466659. doi:10.1177/0890334419829729.
Kozlov GI, Mel'nichenko GA, Golubeva IV. Sluchai laktorei u bol'nogo muzhskogo pola s transseksualizmom [Case of galactorrhea in a transsexual male patient]. Probl Endokrinol (Mosk). 1985, 31 (1): 37–8 [2022-01-14]. ISSN 0375-9660. PMID 4039061. （原始内容存档于2022-04-21）（俄语）. [...]进行了外生殖器去势和女性化整形手术[...]手术后一段时间，患者对生活重新产生了兴趣。经过手术和荷尔蒙矫正后，患者不可抗拒地发展出母性本能。未婚，患者获准领养孩子，模拟怀孕，带着儿子从妇产医院出院。从“出生”后的第一天开始，溢乳急剧增加，出现自发流出乳汁，伴溢乳（+++）。婴儿一直母乳喂养到6个月大。[...]我们的信息是文献中第二例有关男性易性症患者溢乳的描述。R.[Flückiger]等人于1983年首次描述了这种类型(6)。这一观察结果证明了泌乳发育机制与一个人的遗传性别相独立，并且对男性发生药物性溢乳的可能性感到担忧。（[...] castration and feminizing plastic surgery of the external genitalia was performed [...] Some time after the operation, the patient developed a renewed interest in life. After the surgical and hormonal correction, the patient irresistibly developed maternal instincts. Unmarried, the patient obtained permission for the adoption of a child, simulated pregnancy, and was discharged from the maternity hospital with a son. From the first days after the “birth”, galactorrhea sharply increased, and spontaneous outflow of milk appeared, with galactorrhea (+++). The baby was breastfed up to 6 months of age. [...] Our message is the second in the world literature describing galactorrhea in a male patient with transsexualism. The first description of this kind was made in 1983 by R. [Flückiger] et al. (6). This observation demonstrates the independence of the mechanism of lactation development from one’s genetic sex and is alarming with regard to the possibility of drug-induced galactorrhea development in men.）
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Wylie, Kevan; Barrett, James; Besser, Mike; Bouman, Walter Pierre; Bridgman, Michelle; Clayton, Angela; Green, Richard; Hamilton, Mark; Hines, Melissa; Ivbijaro, Gabriel; Khoosal, Deenesh; Lawrence, Alex; Lenihan, Penny; Loewenthal, Del; Ralph, David; Reed, Terry; Stevens, John; Terry, Tim; Thom, Ben; Thornton, Jane; Walsh, Dominic; Ward, David; Coleman, Eli; Di Ceglie, Domenico; Martin, Emma; McGarry, Philip; Messenger, Andrew; Reid, Russell; Sethi, Su; Sutcliffe, Paul; Wilson, Daniel; Carr, Susan; Davies, Dai; Dean, Tracey; Ellis, Michelle; Ferguson, Brian; Skinner, Darren; Williams, Vicky; Brechin, Susan; Lucey, Jim; Rathbone, Maxine. Good Practice Guidelines for the Assessment and Treatment of Adults with Gender Dysphoria (PDF). Sexual and Relationship Therapy. 2014, 29 (2): 154–214 [2021-10-15]. ISSN 1468-1994. S2CID 144632597. doi:10.1080/14681994.2014.883353. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2018-09-02）.

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Trüeb RM. Discriminating in favour of or against men with increased risk of finasteride-related side effects?. Exp. Dermatol. 2017-06, 26 (6): 527–528. PMID 27489125. S2CID 36236057. doi:10.1111/exd.13155 . [...]建议在为男性到女性的跨性别者开具口服非那雄胺的处方时要谨慎，因为该药物与诱发抑郁、焦虑和自杀意念有关，这些症状在性别不安患者中尤为常见，他们已经处于高风险中[9]。（[...] caution is recommended while prescribing oral finasteride to male-to-female transsexuals, as the drug has been associated with inducing depression, anxiety and suicidal ideation, symptoms that are particularly common in patients with gender dysphoria, who are already at a high risk.[9]）
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Payne, Anita H.; Hardy, Matthew P. The Leydig Cell in Health and Disease. Springer Science & Business Media. 2007-10-28: 422–431 [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-1-59745-453-7. （原始内容存档于2020-07-27）. 雌激素是下丘脑-垂体-睾丸轴的高效抑制剂（212-214）。除了它们在下丘脑和垂体水平的负反馈作用外，还可能对睾丸产生直接抑制作用（215，216）。[...][用雌激素治疗的]睾丸组织学显示曲细精管紊乱、空泡化和管腔缺失，以及精子发生的区室化。（Estrogens are highly efficient inhibitors of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal-testicular axis (212–214). Aside from their negative feedback action at the level of the hypothalamus and pituitary, direct inhibitory effects on the testis are likely (215,216). [...] The histology of the testes [with estrogen treatment] showed disorganization of the seminiferous tubules, vacuolization and absence of lumen, and compartmentalization of spermatogenesis.）
Salam, Muhammad A. Principles & Practice of Urology: A Comprehensive Text. Universal-Publishers. 2003: 684– [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-1-58112-412-5. （原始内容存档于2020-07-27）. 雌激素主要通过下丘脑-垂体水平的负反馈来减少LH分泌和睾丸雄激素合成。[...]有趣的是，如果不间断地暴露，3年后停止雌激素治疗，血清睾酮可能会保持在去势水平长达3年。这种长期抑制被认为是雌激素对睾丸间质细胞的直接影响所致。（Estrogens act primarily through negative feedback at the hypothalamic-pituitary level to reduce LH secretion and testicular androgen synthesis. [...] Interestingly, if the treatment with estrogens is discontinued after 3 yr. of uninterrupted exposure, serum testosterone may remain at castration levels for up to another 3 yr. This prolonged suppression is thought to result from a direct effect of estrogens on the Leydig cells.）
Shlomo Melmed. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2016-01-01: 154, 621, 711 [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-0-323-29738-7. （原始内容存档于2022-04-21）.
Timothy L. Ratliff; William J. Catalona. Genitourinary Cancer: Basic and Clinical Aspects. Springer Science & Business Media. 2012-12-06: 158– [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-1-4613-2033-3. （原始内容存档于2022-04-21）.
Jerome F. Strauss; Jerome F. Strauss, III; Robert L. Barbieri. Yen and Jaffe's Reproductive Endocrinology. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2013-09-13: 272– [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-1-4557-2758-2. （原始内容存档于2022-04-25）.
J. Larry Jameson; Leslie J. De Groot. Endocrinology: Adult and Pediatric E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2015-02-25: 2009, 2207, 2479 [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-0-323-32195-2. （原始内容存档于2022-04-21）.
Louis J Denis; Keith Griffiths; Amir V Kaisary; Gerald P Murphy. Textbook of Prostate Cancer: Pathology, Diagnosis and Treatment: Pathology, Diagnosis and Treatment. CRC Press. 1999-03-01: 308– [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-1-85317-422-3. （原始内容存档于2021-02-08）.
Loren S Schechter; Bauback Safa. Gender Confirmation Surgery, An Issue of Clinics in Plastic Surgery, E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2018-06-23: 314– [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-0-323-61075-9. （原始内容存档于2022-04-26）.
Emans, S. Jean; Laufer, Marc R. Emans, Laufer, Goldstein's Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2012-01-05: 365–. ISBN 978-1-4511-5406-1. （原始内容存档于2016-05-16）. Therapy with GnRH analogs is expensive and requires intramuscular injections of depot formulations, the insert of a subcutaneous implant yearly, or, much less commonly, daily subcutaneous injections.
Hillard, Paula J. Adams. Practical Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. John Wiley & Sons. 2013-03-29: 182– [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-1-118-53857-9. （原始内容存档于2020-07-27）. Treatment is expensive, with costs typically in the range of $10,000–$15,000 per year.
Everett E. Vokes; Harvey M. Golomb. Oncologic Therapies. Springer Science & Business Media. 2011-06-28: 493– [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-3-642-55780-4. （原始内容存档于2022-04-21）.
T'Sjoen G, Arcelus J, Gooren L, Klink DT, Tangpricha V. Endocrinology of Transgender Medicine. Endocrine Reviews. 2018-10, 40 (1): 97–117 [2022-01-14]. PMID 30307546. doi:10.1210/er.2018-00011 . （原始内容存档于2022-04-21）.
Cone, Allen. FDA approves drug to control endometriosis pain. UPI. 2018-07-25 [2018-07-31]. （原始内容存档于2022-04-25）.
Ulrike Blume-Peytavi; David A. Whiting; Ralph M. Trüeb. Hair Growth and Disorders. Springer Science & Business Media. 2008-06-26: 182, 369 [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-3-540-46911-7. （原始内容存档于2020-01-11）.
Jerry Shapiro; Nina Otberg. Hair Loss and Restoration, Second Edition. CRC Press. 2015-04-17: 39–40 [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-1-4822-3199-1. （原始内容存档于2020-01-11）.
Ralph M. Trüeb; Won-Soo Lee. Male Alopecia: Guide to Successful Management. Springer Science & Business Media. 2014-02-13: 91– [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-3-319-03233-7. （原始内容存档于2021-08-29）.
Lee JY, Cho KS. Effects of 5-alpha reductase inhibitors: new insights on benefits and harms. Curr Opin Urol. 2018-05, 28 (3): 288–293 [2022-01-14]. PMID 29528971. S2CID 4587434. doi:10.1097/MOU.0000000000000497. （原始内容存档于2022-04-21）.
Thomas L. Lemke; David A. Williams. Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2012-01-24: 1397–1399 [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-1-60913-345-0. （原始内容存档于2021-04-15）.
Mary C. Brucker; Tekoa L. King. Pharmacology for Women's Health. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. 2015-09-08: 368– [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-1-284-05748-5. （原始内容存档于2022-04-26）.
Ilan H. Meyer; Mary E. Northridge. The Health of Sexual Minorities: Public Health Perspectives on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Populations. Springer. 2007-03-12: 476– [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-0-387-31334-4. （原始内容存档于2022-05-06）.
Gianna E. Israel; Donald E. Tarver; Joy Diane Shaffer. Transgender Care: Recommended Guidelines, Practical Information, and Personal Accounts. Temple University Press. 2001-03-01: 58– [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-1-56639-852-7. （原始内容存档于2022-04-25）.
Richard Ekins; Dave King. The Transgender Phenomenon. SAGE Publications. 2006-10-23: 48– [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-1-84787-726-0. （原始内容存档于2022-04-21）.
Daniel R. Mishell; Val Davajan. Reproductive endocrinology, infertility, and contraception. F. A. Davis Co. 1979: 224 [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-0-8036-6235-3. （原始内容存档于2022-05-02）. 有人建议在每个雌激素治疗周期的最后一周添加孕激素，以形成更圆润的乳房，而不是这些患者中出现的锥形乳房，但我们无法检测到乳房轮廓在有没有孕激素情况下的差异。（It has been suggested that progestins be added during the last week of each cycle of estrogen therapy in order to develop more rounded breasts rather than the conical breasts many of these patients develop, but we have been unable to detect any difference in breast contour with or without progestins.）
Sperling, Mark A. Pediatric Endocrinology. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2014-04-10: 598– [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-1-4557-5973-6. （原始内容存档于2022-04-30）. 雌激素刺激乳头生长，乳腺终末导管分支发展到形成导管的阶段，脂肪基质生长至构成乳房质量的约85%。[...]初潮前后，当末端导管分支形成多个盲囊芽时，乳腺小叶出现。这些效果是由于有孕酮存在。[...]完整的小泡发育通常仅在怀孕期间，在额外的孕酮和催乳素的影响下发生。（Estrogen stimulates the nipples to grow, mammary terminal duct branching to progress to the stage at which ductules are formed, and fatty stromal growth to increase until it constitutes about 85% of the mass of the breast. [...] Lobulation appears around menarche, when multiple blind saccular buds form by branching of the terminal ducts. These effects are due to the presence of progesterone. [...] Full alveolar development normally only occurs during pregnancy under the influence of additional progesterone and prolactin.）
Lee-Ellen C. Copstead-Kirkhorn; Jacquelyn L. Banasik. Pathophysiology - E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2014-06-25: 660– [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-0-323-29317-4. （原始内容存档于2021-04-14）. 在整个生育期，一些女性在月经开始前的每个月经周期后期都会注意到乳房肿胀。在月经周期的这个阶段，乳房组织的保水和随后的肿胀被认为是由于高水平的循环孕酮刺激了乳房的分泌细胞。（Throughout the reproductive years, some women note swelling of the breast around the latter part of each menstrual cycle before the onset of menstruation. The water retention and subsequent swelling of breast tissue during this phase of the menstrual cycle are thought to be due to high levels of circulating progesterone stimulating the secretory cells of the breast.12）
Kenneth L. Becker. Principles and Practice of Endocrinology and Metabolism. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2001: 889– [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-0-7817-1750-2. （原始内容存档于2022-04-21）.
Sanjay Rajagopalan; Debabrata Mukherjee; Emile R. Mohler. Manual of Vascular Diseases. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2005: 1– [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-0-7817-4499-7. （原始内容存档于2022-04-21）.
Paul Peter Rosen. Rosen's Breast Pathology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2009: 31– [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-0-7817-7137-5. （原始内容存档于2020-07-27）.
Apgar BS, Greenberg G. Using progestins in clinical practice. Am Fam Physician. 2000-10, 62 (8): 1839–46, 1849–50 [2022-01-14]. PMID 11057840. （原始内容存档于2022-04-21）.
Goletiani NV, Keith DR, Gorsky SJ. Progesterone: review of safety for clinical studies. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2007, 15 (5): 427–44 [2022-01-14]. PMID 17924777. doi:10.1037/1064-1297.15.5.427. （原始内容存档于2022-06-01）.
Kuhl H. Pharmacology of Progestogens (PDF). Journal für Reproduktionsmedizin und Endokrinologie-Journal of Reproductive Medicine and Endocrinology. 2011, 8 (1): 157–177 [2022-01-14]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-10-11）.
A. Wayne Meikle. Hormone Replacement Therapy. Springer Science & Business Media. 1999-06-01: 383, 389 [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-1-59259-700-0. （原始内容存档于2020-08-01）.
Kozlov GI, Mel'nichenko GA, Golubeva IV. Sluchai laktorei u bol'nogo muzhskogo pola s transseksualizmom [Case of galactorrhea in a transsexual male patient]. Probl Endokrinol (Mosk). 1985, 31 (1): 37–8 [2022-01-14]. ISSN 0375-9660. PMID 4039061. （原始内容存档于2022-04-21）（俄语）. [...]进行了外生殖器去势和女性化整形手术[...]手术后一段时间，患者对生活重新产生了兴趣。经过手术和荷尔蒙矫正后，患者不可抗拒地发展出母性本能。未婚，患者获准领养孩子，模拟怀孕，带着儿子从妇产医院出院。从“出生”后的第一天开始，溢乳急剧增加，出现自发流出乳汁，伴溢乳（+++）。婴儿一直母乳喂养到6个月大。[...]我们的信息是文献中第二例有关男性易性症患者溢乳的描述。R.[Flückiger]等人于1983年首次描述了这种类型(6)。这一观察结果证明了泌乳发育机制与一个人的遗传性别相独立，并且对男性发生药物性溢乳的可能性感到担忧。（[...] castration and feminizing plastic surgery of the external genitalia was performed [...] Some time after the operation, the patient developed a renewed interest in life. After the surgical and hormonal correction, the patient irresistibly developed maternal instincts. Unmarried, the patient obtained permission for the adoption of a child, simulated pregnancy, and was discharged from the maternity hospital with a son. From the first days after the “birth”, galactorrhea sharply increased, and spontaneous outflow of milk appeared, with galactorrhea (+++). The baby was breastfed up to 6 months of age. [...] Our message is the second in the world literature describing galactorrhea in a male patient with transsexualism. The first description of this kind was made in 1983 by R. [Flückiger] et al. (6). This observation demonstrates the independence of the mechanism of lactation development from one’s genetic sex and is alarming with regard to the possibility of drug-induced galactorrhea development in men.）
Foss, GL. Abnormalities of form and function of the human breast. Journal of Endocrinology. 1956-01, 14 (1): R6–R9 [2022-01-14]. （原始内容存档于2022-01-14）. 基于催乳理论，并受到Lyons、Li、Johnson&Cole[1955]在雄性大鼠中成功产生泌乳的激励，尝试在男性异装癖者中启动催乳。六年前，该患者接受了雌激素治疗。然后切除睾丸和阴茎，并通过整形手术构建人造阴道。该患者在1954年9月植入了500 mg雌二醇，在1955年7月植入了600 mg。然后每天注射二丙酸雌二醇和孕酮，持续6周，使乳房发育更加快速。停止该治疗后立即每天注射催乳素22·9 mg，连续3天无效。每天服用雌二醇和孕酮的第二个月后，联合注射催乳素和生长激素，持续4天，并通过吸乳器进行抽吸，每天4次。在第4天和第5天，从右侧乳头挤出几滴初乳。（Based on the theories of lactogenesis and stimulated by the success of Lyons, Li, Johnson & Cole [1955], who succeeded in producing lactation in male rats, an attempt was made to initiate lactogenesis in a male transvestist. Six years ago this patient had been given oestrogens. Both testes and penis were then removed and an artificial vagina was constructed by plastic surgery. The patient was implanted with 500 mg oestradiol in September 1954, and 600 mg in July 1955. The breasts were then developed more intensively with daily injections of oestradiol dipropionate and progesterone for 6 weeks. Immediately following withdrawal of this treatment, prolactin 22·9 mg was injected daily for 3 days without effect. After a second month on oestradiol and progesterone daily, combined injections of prolactin and somatotrophin were given for 4 days and suction was applied by a breast pump-four times daily. On the 4th and 5th days a few drops of colostrum were expressed from the right nipple.）
Harold Gardiner-Hill. Modern Trends in Endocrinology. Butterworth. 1958: 192 [2022-01-14]. （原始内容存档于2022-04-21）. 最近，Foss(1956)尝试在一名被阉割的男性异装癖者中开始哺乳。给他植入了500 mg的雌二醇，10个月后，又植入了600 mg的雌二醇，随后每天注射二丙酸雌二醇和黄体酮，持续6周。停药后立即每天注射22·9 mg催乳素，连续3天，但没有效果。在每天用雌二醇和黄体酮治疗的第二个月后，他被给予催乳素和生长激素联合注射4天，每天使用吸乳器抽吸4次。在第四天和第五天，从右侧乳头挤出几滴初乳。这是现代激素知识在男性中的一个可能应用，值得进一步试验。（Recently, an attempt has been made by Foss (1956) to initiate lactation in a castrated male transvestist. He was given an implant of 500 milligrams of oestradiol, and 10 months later, a further 600 milligrams of oestradiol, followed by daily injections of oestradiol dipropionate and progesterone for 6 weeks. Immediately after withdrawal of this treatment, 22·9 milligrams of prolactin were injected daily for 3 days but without effect. After a second month of treatment with oestradiol and progesterone daily, he was given combined injections of prolactin and somatotrophin for 4 days, suction with a breast-pump being employed 4 times daily. On the fourth and fifth days a few drops of colostrum were expressed from the right nipple. There is a possible application here of modern hormone knowledge to man, and further trials would be of interest.）
Edward Flückiger; Emilio Del Pozo; Klaus von Werder. Prolactin: Physiology, Pharmacology, and Clinical Findings. Springer-Verlag. 1982: 13 [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-3-540-11071-2. （原始内容存档于2022-04-28）. [...]对男性变性者的观察（Wyss和DelPozo未发表）表明，在人类男性中也可以类似地实现泌乳诱导。[...]（[...] An observation (Wyss and Del Pozo unpublished) in a male transsexual showed that induction of lactation can be similarly achieved in the human male. [...]）
Carla A. Pfeffer. Queering Families: The Postmodern Partnerships of Cisgender Women and Transgender Men. Oxford University Press. 2017: 19– [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-0-19-990805-9. （原始内容存档于2022-04-21）. 仅仅2年后，温弗瑞进行的另一次采访，引发了许多观众相同的反应。在2010年的这一集中，女同性恋伙伴克里斯汀·麦金博士和丽莎·博茨抱着他们的双胞胎婴儿时喜极而泣。再一次，当人们发现美丽的克里斯汀是一位男到女变性人，曾经是一位英俊的军官克里斯时，观众的下巴都掉了下来，而丽莎使用克里斯汀在性别确认手术之前储存的精子生下了她们的亲生孩子[10]。当温弗瑞观看克里斯汀母乳喂养她们孩子的视频时，温弗瑞的下巴差点撞到地板上（这一集在网上称为“成为自己孩子父亲的妈妈”）。[...]（Just 2 years later, Winfrey would feature another interview that elicited many of the same audience reactions. In this 2010 episode, lesbian partners Dr. Christine McGinn and Lisa Bortz beamed with joy as they held their infant twins. Again, audience members' jaws dropped when it was revealed that beautiful Christine was a male-to-female transsexual who used to be a handsome military officer Chris, and that Lisa had given birth to the couple's biological children using sperm Chris banked prior to gender confirmation surgeries.10 And it was Winfrey's chin that nearly hit the floor as she watched video of Christine breastfeeding the couples' children (the episode is referred to online as "The Mom Who Fathered Her Own Children"). [...]）
Michael S. Baggish; Mickey M. Karram. Atlas of Pelvic Anatomy and Gynecologic Surgery. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2011-08-18: 1200– [2022-01-14]. ISBN 978-1-4557-1068-3. （原始内容存档于2022-04-19）.
van Kesteren, Paul J. M. Recent Advanced in Gender Dysphoria, Gender Identity Disorder: Towards a Uniform Treatment Approach. Conference of the Royal Society of Medicine, Sexual Health and Reproductive Medicine Section. London, United Kingdom. 2002-04-16 [2022-01-14]. （原始内容存档于2022-04-19）.
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van der Loos, Maria Atc; Hellinga, Ilse; Vlot, Mariska C.; Klink, Daniel T.; den Heijer, Martin; Wiepjes, Chantal M. Development of Hip Bone Geometry During Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy in Transgender Adolescents Resembles That of the Experienced Gender When Pubertal Suspension Is Started in Early Puberty. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research: The Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 2021-05, 36 (5) [2023-12-04]. ISSN 1523-4681. PMC 8247856 . PMID 33507568. doi:10.1002/jbmr.4262. （原始内容存档于2023-03-29）.
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en.wikipedia.org

专门为了诱导泌乳（英语：induction of lactation）从而实现母乳哺育。
这时候最大维持剂量不太可能造成更进一步的变化。最大效果很大程度上取决于遗传学、身体状态（英语：body habitus）、年龄和生殖腺去除的状态。通常而言，拥有完整生殖腺的年老个体可能总体上女性化程度较低。
完全去除男性胡须和体毛需要电解、激光脱毛（英语：laser hair removal），或两者都进行。暂时脱毛可以通过剃毛、脱毛器（英语：epilator）、蜡脱毛（英语：waxing）和其他方法完成。
需要进一步的研究来确定持久性，但雌激素治疗对精子质量（英语：sperm quality）的某种永久性影响是可能的，应该建议和考虑在开始治疗前选择精子保存。
报告存在争议，没有在跨性别女性中观察到的报告，但在通过雄激素剥夺疗法（英语：androgen deprivation therapy）治疗前列腺癌的男性中报告了虽然轻微但显著的阴茎变小。^[281]^[282]^[283]^[284]
为声音训练（英语：Voice therapy (transgender)）进行的言语治疗是有效的。

worldcat.org

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Kozlov GI, Mel'nichenko GA, Golubeva IV. Sluchai laktorei u bol'nogo muzhskogo pola s transseksualizmom [Case of galactorrhea in a transsexual male patient]. Probl Endokrinol (Mosk). 1985, 31 (1): 37–8 [2022-01-14]. ISSN 0375-9660. PMID 4039061. （原始内容存档于2022-04-21）（俄语）. [...]进行了外生殖器去势和女性化整形手术[...]手术后一段时间，患者对生活重新产生了兴趣。经过手术和荷尔蒙矫正后，患者不可抗拒地发展出母性本能。未婚，患者获准领养孩子，模拟怀孕，带着儿子从妇产医院出院。从“出生”后的第一天开始，溢乳急剧增加，出现自发流出乳汁，伴溢乳（+++）。婴儿一直母乳喂养到6个月大。[...]我们的信息是文献中第二例有关男性易性症患者溢乳的描述。R.[Flückiger]等人于1983年首次描述了这种类型(6)。这一观察结果证明了泌乳发育机制与一个人的遗传性别相独立，并且对男性发生药物性溢乳的可能性感到担忧。（[...] castration and feminizing plastic surgery of the external genitalia was performed [...] Some time after the operation, the patient developed a renewed interest in life. After the surgical and hormonal correction, the patient irresistibly developed maternal instincts. Unmarried, the patient obtained permission for the adoption of a child, simulated pregnancy, and was discharged from the maternity hospital with a son. From the first days after the “birth”, galactorrhea sharply increased, and spontaneous outflow of milk appeared, with galactorrhea (+++). The baby was breastfed up to 6 months of age. [...] Our message is the second in the world literature describing galactorrhea in a male patient with transsexualism. The first description of this kind was made in 1983 by R. [Flückiger] et al. (6). This observation demonstrates the independence of the mechanism of lactation development from one’s genetic sex and is alarming with regard to the possibility of drug-induced galactorrhea development in men.）
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