希土战争 (1919年—1922年) (Chinese Wikipedia)
Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "希土战争 (1919年—1922年)" in Chinese language version.
refsWebsite
Global rank
Chinese rank
3rd place
8th place
1st place
1st place
6th place
4th place
1,308th place
1,770th place
low place
low place
3,274th place
low place
7,974th place
low place
5th place
12th place
7,148th place
low place
low place
low place
7th place
31st place
11th place
332nd place
ahistoryofgreece.com
- Venizelos and the Asia Minor Catastrophe. A history of Greece. [2008-09-03]. （原始内容存档于2022-10-03）.[來源可靠？]
akunq.net
- Ραμαζιάν Σ., Ιστορία τών Άρμενο – Έλληνικών στρατιωτικών σχεσεων καί συνεργασίας, Αθήνα, 2010. Ռամազյան Ս., Հայ-հունական ռազմական առնչությունների և համագործակցության պատմություն, Աթենք, 2010, pp. 200–201, 208-209; see The attempts of the Greek-Armenian Co-operation during the Armenian Genocide (1915–1923) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） by Gevorg Vardanyan
ankara.edu.tr
dergiler.ankara.edu.tr
- The Place of the Turkish Independence War in the American Press (1918-1923) by Bülent Bilmez （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）: "...the occupation of western Turkey by the Greek armies under the control of the Allied Powers, the discord among them was evident and publicly known. As the Italians were against this occupation from the beginning, and started "secretly" helping the Kemalists, this conflict among the Allied Powers, and the Italian support for the Kemalists were reported regularly by the American press."
- Ahmet Özdemir, Savaş esirlerinin Milli mücadeledeki yeri （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Ankara University, Türk İnkılap Tarihi Enstitüsü Atatürk Yolu Dergisi, Edition 2, Number 6, 1990, pp. 328–332
archive.org
- Montgomery, AE. The Making of the Treaty of Sèvres of 10 August 1920. The Historical Journal. 1972, 15 (4): 775. doi:10.1017/S0018246X0000354X.
- Toynbee 1922，第312–13頁. Toynbee, Arnold J. The Western Question in Greece and Turkey: A Study in the Contact of Civilisations. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 1922.
- Bernhardsson, Magnus. Reclaiming a Plundered Past: Archaeology and Nation Building in Modern Iraq. University of Texas Press. 2005-12-20. ISBN 978-0-292-70947-8.
- Murat, John, The Great Extirpation of Hellenism and Christianity in Asia Minor: The Historic and Systematic Deception of World Opinion Concerning the Hideous Christianity's Uprooting of 1922: 132, 1999, ISBN 978-0-9600356-7-0.
- Glenny, Misha, The Balkans: Nationalism, War and the Great Powers, 1804–1999 (hardcover) May 1, 2000, Viking, 2000, ISBN 978-0-670-85338-0[页码请求]
- Toynbee 1922，第152頁. Toynbee, Arnold J. The Western Question in Greece and Turkey: A Study in the Contact of Civilisations. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 1922.
- Horowitz, Irving Louis; Rummel, Rudolph J. Turkey's Genocidal Purges. Death by Government
. Transaction Publishers. 1994: 233. ISBN 978-1-56000-927-6. - Toynbee 1922，第260頁. Toynbee, Arnold J. The Western Question in Greece and Turkey: A Study in the Contact of Civilisations. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 1922.
- Toynbee 1922. Toynbee, Arnold J. The Western Question in Greece and Turkey: A Study in the Contact of Civilisations. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 1922.
- Toynbee 1922，第285頁: M. Gehri stated in his report that "... The Greek army of occupation have been employed in the extermination of the Muslim population of the Yalova-Gemlik peninsula." Toynbee, Arnold J. The Western Question in Greece and Turkey: A Study in the Contact of Civilisations. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 1922.
- Toynbee 1922，第284頁. Toynbee, Arnold J. The Western Question in Greece and Turkey: A Study in the Contact of Civilisations. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 1922.
- Toynbee 1922，第318頁. Toynbee, Arnold J. The Western Question in Greece and Turkey: A Study in the Contact of Civilisations. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 1922.
- Conference on Near Eastern Affairs, Lausanne; Allied Powers, 1914-; Great Britain. Foreign Office; Curzon, George Nathaniel Curzon. Records of Proceedings and draft Terms of peace : Presented to Parliament by command of His Majesty. London : H.M.S.O. 31 December 2017 –通过Internet Archive.
atam.gov.tr
- Mütareke Döneminde Mustafa Kemal Paşa-Kont Sforza Görüşmesi, Mevlüt Çelebi （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） （土耳其文）
- Giritli, İsmet, Samsun'da Başlayan ve İzmir'de Biten Yolculuk (1919–1922) (7) III, Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi [Atatürk Research Center], November 1986, （原始内容存档于2013-04-05）
books.google.com
- Jelavich, Barbara. History of the Balkans: Twentieth century. Cambridge University Press. 1983: 131. ISBN 978-0-521-27459-3.
- Erikan, Celâl. 100 [i.e. Yüz] soruda Kurtuluş Savaşımızın tarihi. Gerçek Yayınevi. 1917.
- Asian Review. East & West. 1934.
- Sandler, Stanley. Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. 2002. ISBN 978-1-57607-344-5.
- Pentzopoulos, Dimitri. The Balkan Exchange of Minorities and Its Impact on Greece. C. Hurst & Co. 2002: 29–30. ISBN 978-1-85065-702-6.
- Lowe & Dockrill 2002，第367頁. Lowe, Cedric James; Dockrill, Michael L, The Mirage of Power, Two: British Foreign Policy 1914–22, Routledge, 2002, ISBN 978-0-415-26597-3.
- K. E. Fleming. Greece--a Jewish History. Princeton University Press. 2010. ISBN 978-0-691-14612-6.
- Friedman 2012，第238, 248頁. Friedman, Isaiah, British Miscalculations: The Rise of Muslim Nationalism, 1918–1925, Transaction Publishers, 2012, ISBN 978-1-4128-4710-0.
- Friedman 2012，第238頁. Friedman, Isaiah, British Miscalculations: The Rise of Muslim Nationalism, 1918–1925, Transaction Publishers, 2012, ISBN 978-1-4128-4710-0.
- Friedman 2012，第251頁. Friedman, Isaiah, British Miscalculations: The Rise of Muslim Nationalism, 1918–1925, Transaction Publishers, 2012, ISBN 978-1-4128-4710-0.
- Şemsettin Bargut; Turkey. Deniz Kuvvetleri Komutanlığı. 1. Dünya Harbi'nde ve Kurtuluş Savaş'ında Türk deniz harekatı. Dz.K.K. Merkez Daire Başkanlığı Basımevi. 2000. ISBN 978-975-409-165-6.
- Doğanay, Rahmi. Millı̂ Mücadele'de Karadeniz, 1919–1922. Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi. 2001. ISBN 978-975-16-1524-4.
- Smith 1999，第207頁. Smith, Michael Llewellyn, Ionian Vision: Greece in Asia Minor, 1919–1922, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999 [London: Allen Lane, 1973], ISBN 978-0-472-08569-9.
- Freely, John. The Western Shores of Turkey: Discovering the Aegean and Mediterranean Coasts. Tauris Parke Paperbacks. 2004: 105. ISBN 978-1-85043-618-8.
- Shenk, Robert. America's Black Sea Fleet: The U.S. Navy Amidst War and Revolution, 1919 1923. Naval Institute Press. 2017: 36. ISBN 9781612513027 （英语）.
- Yalazan, Talat. Türkiye'de vahset ve soy kırımı girisimi: (15 Mayıs 1919 - 9 Eylül 1922). 15 Mayıs 1919 - 13 Eylül 1921. Genelkurmay Basımevi. 1994. ISBN 9789754090079 （土耳其语）.
- Steven Béla Várdy; T. Hunt Tooley; Ágnes Huszár Várdy. Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe. Social Science Monographs. 2003: 190. ISBN 978-0-88033-995-7.
- McCarthy, Justin. Death and exile: the ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821–1922. Darwin Press. 1995: 264. ISBN 978-0-87850-094-9.
- Naimark 2002，第45頁. Naimark, Norman M, Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe, Harvard University Press, 2002.
- Shenk, Robert. America's Black Sea Fleet: The U.S. Navy Amidst War and Revolution, 1919 1923. Naval Institute Press. 2017: 95–96. ISBN 9781612513027 （英语）.
- Morris, Benny; Ze'evi, Dror. The Thirty-Year Genocide: Turkey's Destruction of Its Christian Minorities, 1894–1924. Harvard University Press. 2019: 401. ISBN 9780674916456 （英语）.
- Travlos, Konstantinos. Appendix A: Casualties by Professor Konstantinos. The Turkish War of Independence a Military History, 1919-1923 by Edward J. Erickson. 2021: 352-353. ISBN 9781440878428.
When it comes to Muslims population loss, the best estimates are those of McCarthy, who argues for an estimated population loss of 1,246,068 Muslims between 1914 and 1922 in Anatolia, and arbitrarily ascribes 640,000 of those as occurring in the Greek and British zones of operation in 1919–1922.
- McCarthy, Justin. Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821-1922. Darwin Press Incorporated. 1996: 295–297, 303–304 [2021-11-28]. ISBN 0-87850-094-4. （原始内容存档于2023-01-14）.
Of all the estimates of the number of Muslim refugees, the figures offered by İsmet Pașa (İnönü) at the Lausanne Peace Conference seem most accurate. He estimated that 1.5 million Anatolian Turks had been exiled or had died in the area of Greek occupation. This estimate may appear high, but it fits well with estimates made by contemporary European observers. Moreover, İsmet Pașa's figures on refugees were presented to the Conference accompanied by detailed statistics of destruction in the occupied region, and these statistics make the estimate seem probable. İsmet Pașa, quoting from a census made after the war, demonstrated that 160,739 buildings had been destroyed in the occupied region. The destroyed homes alone would account for many hundreds of thousands of refugees, and not all the homes of refugees were destroyed. European accounts of refugee numbers were necessarily fragmented, but when compiled they support İsmet Pașa's estimate. The British agent at Aydin, Blair Fish, reported 177,000 Turkish refugees in Aydin Vilâyeti by 30 September 1919, only four months after the Greek landing. The Italian High Commissioner at Istanbul accepted an Ottoman estimate that there were 457,000 refugees by September of 1920, and this figure did not include the new refugees in the fall and winter of 1920 to 1921. Dr. Nansen stated that 75,000 Turks had come to the Istanbul area alone since November of 1920. Such figures make İsmet Pașa's estimate all the more credible. Since approximately 640,000 Muslims died in the region of occupation during the war, one can estimate that approximately 860,000 were refugees who survived the war. Of course many, if not most, of those who died were refugees, as well. If one estimates that half the Muslims who died were refugees, it would be roughly accurate to say that 1.2 million Anatolian Muslim refugees fled from the Greeks, and about one-third died.
- Lachenmann, Frauke; Wolfrum, Rüdiger. The Law of Armed Conflict and the Use of Force: The Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law. Oxford University Press. 2017: 652. ISBN 978-0198784623 （英语）.
Whereas Greece recognized the obligation to make reparations for damages caused in Anatolia, Turkey agreed to renounce all such claims due to Greece's financial situation resulting from the war.
- Naimark 2002，第46頁. Naimark, Norman M, Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe, Harvard University Press, 2002.
doi.org
- Zamir, Meir. Population Statistics of the Ottoman Empire in 1914 and 1919. Middle Eastern Studies. 1981, 7 (1): 85–106. JSTOR 4282818. doi:10.1080/00263208108700459.
- Montgomery, AE. The Making of the Treaty of Sèvres of 10 August 1920. The Historical Journal. 1972, 15 (4): 775. doi:10.1017/S0018246X0000354X.
- Stewart, Matthew. It Was All a Pleasant Business: The Historical Context of "On the Quai at Smyrna". The Hemingway Review. 2003-01-01, 23 (1): 58–71. S2CID 153449331. doi:10.1353/hem.2004.0014.
gla.ac.uk
theses.gla.ac.uk
- Eleftheria, Daleziou. Britain and the Greek-Turkish War and Settlement of 1919-1923: the Pursuit of Security by "Proxy" in Western Asia Minor. University of Glasgow: 108. 2002 [11 July 2014]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-01）.
- Eleftheria, Daleziou. Britain and the Greek-Turkish War and Settlement of 1919-1923: the Pursuit of Security by "Proxy" in Western Asia Minor. University of Glasgow: 243. 2002 [11 July 2014]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-01）.
- ELEFTHERIA DALEZIOU, BRITAIN AND THE GREEK-TURKISH WAR AND SETTLEMENT OF 1919-1923: THE PURSUIT OF SECURITY BY 'PROXY' IN WESTERN ASIA MINOR (PDF). [2021-11-28]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-10-12）.
hawaii.edu
- Turkey's Dead (1900–1023) (GIF) (table), [2021-11-28], （原始内容存档于2022-05-30）.
- Rummel, Rudolph J. "Statistics Of Turkey's Democide Estimates, Calculations, And Sources （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）", Statistics of Democide, 1997.
- Rumel, Rudolph, Turkish Democide （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Power Kills, Lines 363 & 382. University of Hawai'i.
hri.org
- Horton, George. The Blight of Asia. Bobbs-Merril Co. [23 February 2012]. （原始内容存档于2011-06-05）.
jstor.org
- Zamir, Meir. Population Statistics of the Ottoman Empire in 1914 and 1919. Middle Eastern Studies. 1981, 7 (1): 85–106. JSTOR 4282818. doi:10.1080/00263208108700459.
msu.edu
staff.lib.msu.edu
- Sowards, Steven W. Greek nationalism, the 'Megale Idea' and Venizelism to 1923. Twenty-Five Lectures on Modern Balkan History (The Balkans in the Age of Nationalism). MSU. 2004-05-07 [2008-09-03]. （原始内容存档于2019-10-15）.
nysun.com
- The Ruined City of Smyrna: Giles Milton's 'Paradise Lost', NY Sun, [2021-11-28], （原始内容存档于2010-08-15）,
... on May 15, 1919, Greek troops disembarked in the city's harbor to take possession of their prize. It was a scene of rejoicing and revenge, dramatically evoked by Mr. Milton. The local Greeks, who had long nurtured a grievance against the Ottoman state and had been severely persecuted during the war, welcomed the Greek army as liberators.
nytimes.com
query.nytimes.com
- James, Edwin L. "Kemal Won't Insure Against Massacres （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）," New York Times, September 11, 1922.
semanticscholar.org
api.semanticscholar.org
- Stewart, Matthew. It Was All a Pleasant Business: The Historical Context of "On the Quai at Smyrna". The Hemingway Review. 2003-01-01, 23 (1): 58–71. S2CID 153449331. doi:10.1353/hem.2004.0014.
umich.edu
umd.umich.edu
- Girls died to escape Turks (PDF), The Philadelphia Evening Bulletin (University of Michigan), 1919 [2013-04-01], （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013-12-03）
web.archive.org
- The Place of the Turkish Independence War in the American Press (1918-1923) by Bülent Bilmez （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）: "...the occupation of western Turkey by the Greek armies under the control of the Allied Powers, the discord among them was evident and publicly known. As the Italians were against this occupation from the beginning, and started "secretly" helping the Kemalists, this conflict among the Allied Powers, and the Italian support for the Kemalists were reported regularly by the American press."
- Mütareke Döneminde Mustafa Kemal Paşa-Kont Sforza Görüşmesi, Mevlüt Çelebi （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） （土耳其文）
- Mustafa Kemal Paşa – Kont Sforza ve İtalya İlişkisi （土耳其文）
- Eleftheria, Daleziou. Britain and the Greek-Turkish War and Settlement of 1919-1923: the Pursuit of Security by "Proxy" in Western Asia Minor. University of Glasgow: 108. 2002 [11 July 2014]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-01）.
- Eleftheria, Daleziou. Britain and the Greek-Turkish War and Settlement of 1919-1923: the Pursuit of Security by "Proxy" in Western Asia Minor. University of Glasgow: 243. 2002 [11 July 2014]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-01）.
- Giritli, İsmet, Samsun'da Başlayan ve İzmir'de Biten Yolculuk (1919–1922) (7) III, Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi [Atatürk Research Center], November 1986, （原始内容存档于2013-04-05）
- Ahmet Özdemir, Savaş esirlerinin Milli mücadeledeki yeri （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Ankara University, Türk İnkılap Tarihi Enstitüsü Atatürk Yolu Dergisi, Edition 2, Number 6, 1990, pp. 328–332
- [1] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Harp Mecmuası
- Sowards, Steven W. Greek nationalism, the 'Megale Idea' and Venizelism to 1923. Twenty-Five Lectures on Modern Balkan History (The Balkans in the Age of Nationalism). MSU. 2004-05-07 [2008-09-03]. （原始内容存档于2019-10-15）.
- Ραμαζιάν Σ., Ιστορία τών Άρμενο – Έλληνικών στρατιωτικών σχεσεων καί συνεργασίας, Αθήνα, 2010. Ռամազյան Ս., Հայ-հունական ռազմական առնչությունների և համագործակցության պատմություն, Աթենք, 2010, pp. 200–201, 208-209; see The attempts of the Greek-Armenian Co-operation during the Armenian Genocide (1915–1923) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） by Gevorg Vardanyan
- The Ruined City of Smyrna: Giles Milton's 'Paradise Lost', NY Sun, [2021-11-28], （原始内容存档于2010-08-15）,
... on May 15, 1919, Greek troops disembarked in the city's harbor to take possession of their prize. It was a scene of rejoicing and revenge, dramatically evoked by Mr. Milton. The local Greeks, who had long nurtured a grievance against the Ottoman state and had been severely persecuted during the war, welcomed the Greek army as liberators.
- Treaty of Lausanne, GR: MFA, 24 July 1923, （原始内容存档于29 June 2007）.
- Venizelos and the Asia Minor Catastrophe. A history of Greece. [2008-09-03]. （原始内容存档于2022-10-03）.[來源可靠？]
- James, Edwin L. "Kemal Won't Insure Against Massacres （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）," New York Times, September 11, 1922.
- Horton, George. The Blight of Asia. Bobbs-Merril Co. [23 February 2012]. （原始内容存档于2011-06-05）.
- ELEFTHERIA DALEZIOU, BRITAIN AND THE GREEK-TURKISH WAR AND SETTLEMENT OF 1919-1923: THE PURSUIT OF SECURITY BY 'PROXY' IN WESTERN ASIA MINOR (PDF). [2021-11-28]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-10-12）.
- Turkey's Dead (1900–1023) (GIF) (table), [2021-11-28], （原始内容存档于2022-05-30）.
- Rummel, Rudolph J. "Statistics Of Turkey's Democide Estimates, Calculations, And Sources （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）", Statistics of Democide, 1997.
- Rumel, Rudolph, Turkish Democide （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Power Kills, Lines 363 & 382. University of Hawai'i.
- Girls died to escape Turks (PDF), The Philadelphia Evening Bulletin (University of Michigan), 1919 [2013-04-01], （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013-12-03）
- Erhan, Çağrı, 1972-. Greek occupation of Izmir and adjoining territories : report of the Inter-Allied Commission of Inquiry (May - September 1919). 2002 [2021-11-28]. OCLC 499949038. （原始内容存档于2020-06-22）.
- McCarthy, Justin. Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821-1922. Darwin Press Incorporated. 1996: 295–297, 303–304 [2021-11-28]. ISBN 0-87850-094-4. （原始内容存档于2023-01-14）.
Of all the estimates of the number of Muslim refugees, the figures offered by İsmet Pașa (İnönü) at the Lausanne Peace Conference seem most accurate. He estimated that 1.5 million Anatolian Turks had been exiled or had died in the area of Greek occupation. This estimate may appear high, but it fits well with estimates made by contemporary European observers. Moreover, İsmet Pașa's figures on refugees were presented to the Conference accompanied by detailed statistics of destruction in the occupied region, and these statistics make the estimate seem probable. İsmet Pașa, quoting from a census made after the war, demonstrated that 160,739 buildings had been destroyed in the occupied region. The destroyed homes alone would account for many hundreds of thousands of refugees, and not all the homes of refugees were destroyed. European accounts of refugee numbers were necessarily fragmented, but when compiled they support İsmet Pașa's estimate. The British agent at Aydin, Blair Fish, reported 177,000 Turkish refugees in Aydin Vilâyeti by 30 September 1919, only four months after the Greek landing. The Italian High Commissioner at Istanbul accepted an Ottoman estimate that there were 457,000 refugees by September of 1920, and this figure did not include the new refugees in the fall and winter of 1920 to 1921. Dr. Nansen stated that 75,000 Turks had come to the Istanbul area alone since November of 1920. Such figures make İsmet Pașa's estimate all the more credible. Since approximately 640,000 Muslims died in the region of occupation during the war, one can estimate that approximately 860,000 were refugees who survived the war. Of course many, if not most, of those who died were refugees, as well. If one estimates that half the Muslims who died were refugees, it would be roughly accurate to say that 1.2 million Anatolian Muslim refugees fled from the Greeks, and about one-third died.
wikipedia.org
en.wikipedia.org
worldcat.org
- Erhan, Çağrı, 1972-. Greek occupation of Izmir and adjoining territories : report of the Inter-Allied Commission of Inquiry (May - September 1919). 2002 [2021-11-28]. OCLC 499949038. （原始内容存档于2020-06-22）.
- Kieser, Hans-Lukas. World War I and the end of the Ottomans : from the Balkan wars to the Armenian genocide. Kerem Öktem, Maurus Reinkowski. London. 2015: 1–26. ISBN 978-0-85772-744-2. OCLC 944309903.