斯基泰人 (Chinese Wikipedia)
Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "斯基泰人" in Chinese language version.
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azargoshnasp.net
- Szemerényi 1980 Szemerényi, Oswald. Four old Iranian ethnic names: Scythian – Skudra – Sogdian – Saka (PDF). Veröffentlichungen der iranischen Kommission Band 9. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften; azargoshnap.net. 1980.
books.google.com
- Beckwith 2009，第117頁: "The Scythians, or Northern Iranians, who were culturally and ethnolinguistically a single group at the beginning of their expansion, had earlier controlled the entire steppe zone." Beckwith, Christopher I. Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. 2009-03-16 [2014-12-30]. ISBN 1400829941. （原始内容存档于2014-01-19）.
- Beckwith 2009，第377–380頁: "The preservation of the earlier form. *Sakla. in the extreme eastern dialects supports the historicity of the conquest of the entire steppe zone by the Northern Iranians—literally, by the 'Scythians'—in the Late Bronze Age or Early Iron Age [...]" Beckwith, Christopher I. Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. 2009-03-16 [2014-12-30]. ISBN 1400829941. （原始内容存档于2014-01-19）.
- Beckwith 2009，第11頁 Beckwith, Christopher I. Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. 2009-03-16 [2014-12-30]. ISBN 1400829941. （原始内容存档于2014-01-19）.
- Beckwith 2009，第49頁 Beckwith, Christopher I. Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. 2009-03-16 [2014-12-30]. ISBN 1400829941. （原始内容存档于2014-01-19）.
- Beckwith 2009，第58–70頁 Beckwith, Christopher I. Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. 2009-03-16 [2014-12-30]. ISBN 1400829941. （原始内容存档于2014-01-19）.
- Day 2001，第55–57頁 Day, John V. Indo-European origins: the anthropological evidence. Institute for the Study of Man. 2001 [2015-03-02]. ISBN 0941694755. （原始内容存档于2021-03-03）.
britannica.com
- Scythian. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. [October 4, 2019]. （原始内容存档于2019-11-28）.
- Hambly, Gavin. History of Central Asia: Early Western Peoples. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. [October 4, 2019]. （原始内容存档于2019-10-09）.
- Young, T. Cuyler. Ancient Iran: The kingdom of the Medes. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. [October 4, 2019]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-29）.
- Sarmatian. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. [October 4, 2019]. （原始内容存档于2021-10-28）.
- Scythian art. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. [October 4, 2019]. （原始内容存档于2019-12-19）.
- Kramrisch, Stella. Central Asian Arts: Nomadic Cultures. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. [September 1, 2018]. （原始内容存档于2019-03-26）.
The Śaka tribe was pasturing its herds in the Pamirs, central Tien Shan, and in the Amu Darya delta. Their gold belt buckles, jewelry, and harness decorations display sheep, griffins, and other animal designs that are similar in style to those used by the Scythians, a nomadic people living in the Kuban basin of the Caucasus region and the western section of the Eurasian plain during the greater part of the 1st millennium bc.
doi.org
- Unterländer, Martina. Ancestry and demography and descendants of Iron Age nomads of the Eurasian Steppe. Nature Communications. March 3, 2017, 8: 14615. Bibcode:2017NatCo...814615U. PMC 5337992
. PMID 28256537. doi:10.1038/ncomms14615. During the first millennium BC, nomadic people spread over the Eurasian Steppe from the Altai Mountains over the northern Black Sea area as far as the Carpathian Basin [...] Greek and Persian historians of the 1st millennium BCE chronicle the existence of the Massagetae and Sauromatians, and later, the Sarmatians and Sacae: cultures possessing artefacts similar to those found in classical Scythian monuments, such as weapons, horse harnesses and a distinctive ‘Animal Style' artistic tradition. Accordingly, these groups are often assigned to the Scythian culture [...]
- Unterländer, Martina. Ancestry and demography and descendants of Iron Age nomads of the Eurasian Steppe. Nature Communications. March 3, 2017, 8: 14615. Bibcode:2017NatCo...814615U. PMC 5337992 . PMID 28256537. doi:10.1038/ncomms14615.
Greek and Persian historians of the 1st millennium BCE chronicle the existence of the Massagetae and Sauromatians, and later, the Sarmatians and Sacae: cultures possessing artefacts similar to those found in classical Scythian monuments, such as weapons, horse harnesses and a distinctive ‘Animal Style' artistic tradition. Accordingly, these groups are often assigned to the Scythian culture and referred to as ‘Scythians'. For simplification we will use ‘Scythian' in the following text for all groups of Iron Age steppe nomads commonly associated with the Scythian culture.
- Juras, Anna. Diverse origin of mitochondrial lineages in Iron Age Black Sea Scythians. Nature Communications. March 7, 2017, 7: 43950. Bibcode:2017NatSR...743950J. PMC 5339713 . PMID 28266657. doi:10.1038/srep43950.
- Mary, Laura. Genetic kinship and admixture in Iron Age Scytho-Siberians. Human Genetics. March 28, 2019, 138 (4): 411–423. PMID 30923892. S2CID 85542410. doi:10.1007/s00439-019-02002-y.
The absence of R1b lineages in the Scytho-Siberian individuals tested so far and their presence in the North Pontic Scythians suggest that these 2 groups had a completely different paternal lineage makeup with nearly no gene flow from male carriers between them
harvard.edu
ui.adsabs.harvard.edu
- Unterländer, Martina. Ancestry and demography and descendants of Iron Age nomads of the Eurasian Steppe. Nature Communications. March 3, 2017, 8: 14615. Bibcode:2017NatCo...814615U. PMC 5337992 . PMID 28256537. doi:10.1038/ncomms14615.
During the first millennium BC, nomadic people spread over the Eurasian Steppe from the Altai Mountains over the northern Black Sea area as far as the Carpathian Basin [...] Greek and Persian historians of the 1st millennium BCE chronicle the existence of the Massagetae and Sauromatians, and later, the Sarmatians and Sacae: cultures possessing artefacts similar to those found in classical Scythian monuments, such as weapons, horse harnesses and a distinctive ‘Animal Style' artistic tradition. Accordingly, these groups are often assigned to the Scythian culture [...]
- Unterländer, Martina. Ancestry and demography and descendants of Iron Age nomads of the Eurasian Steppe. Nature Communications. March 3, 2017, 8: 14615. Bibcode:2017NatCo...814615U. PMC 5337992 . PMID 28256537. doi:10.1038/ncomms14615.
Greek and Persian historians of the 1st millennium BCE chronicle the existence of the Massagetae and Sauromatians, and later, the Sarmatians and Sacae: cultures possessing artefacts similar to those found in classical Scythian monuments, such as weapons, horse harnesses and a distinctive ‘Animal Style' artistic tradition. Accordingly, these groups are often assigned to the Scythian culture and referred to as ‘Scythians'. For simplification we will use ‘Scythian' in the following text for all groups of Iron Age steppe nomads commonly associated with the Scythian culture.
- Juras, Anna. Diverse origin of mitochondrial lineages in Iron Age Black Sea Scythians. Nature Communications. March 7, 2017, 7: 43950. Bibcode:2017NatSR...743950J. PMC 5339713 . PMID 28266657. doi:10.1038/srep43950.
heritageinstitute.com
- K. E. Eduljee. Histories by Herodotus, Book 4 Melpomene [4.6]. Zoroastrian Heritage. [October 20, 2020]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-03）.
iranicaonline.org
- Ivantchik, Askold. Scythians. Encyclopædia Iranica. April 25, 2018 [2021-09-11]. （原始内容存档于2021-10-25）.
livius.org
- Lendering, Jona. Scythians / Sacae. Livius.org. February 14, 2019 [October 4, 2019]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-11）.
nih.gov
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Unterländer, Martina. Ancestry and demography and descendants of Iron Age nomads of the Eurasian Steppe. Nature Communications. March 3, 2017, 8: 14615. Bibcode:2017NatCo...814615U. PMC 5337992 . PMID 28256537. doi:10.1038/ncomms14615.
During the first millennium BC, nomadic people spread over the Eurasian Steppe from the Altai Mountains over the northern Black Sea area as far as the Carpathian Basin [...] Greek and Persian historians of the 1st millennium BCE chronicle the existence of the Massagetae and Sauromatians, and later, the Sarmatians and Sacae: cultures possessing artefacts similar to those found in classical Scythian monuments, such as weapons, horse harnesses and a distinctive ‘Animal Style' artistic tradition. Accordingly, these groups are often assigned to the Scythian culture [...]
- Unterländer, Martina. Ancestry and demography and descendants of Iron Age nomads of the Eurasian Steppe. Nature Communications. March 3, 2017, 8: 14615. Bibcode:2017NatCo...814615U. PMC 5337992 . PMID 28256537. doi:10.1038/ncomms14615.
Greek and Persian historians of the 1st millennium BCE chronicle the existence of the Massagetae and Sauromatians, and later, the Sarmatians and Sacae: cultures possessing artefacts similar to those found in classical Scythian monuments, such as weapons, horse harnesses and a distinctive ‘Animal Style' artistic tradition. Accordingly, these groups are often assigned to the Scythian culture and referred to as ‘Scythians'. For simplification we will use ‘Scythian' in the following text for all groups of Iron Age steppe nomads commonly associated with the Scythian culture.
- Juras, Anna. Diverse origin of mitochondrial lineages in Iron Age Black Sea Scythians. Nature Communications. March 7, 2017, 7: 43950. Bibcode:2017NatSR...743950J. PMC 5339713 . PMID 28266657. doi:10.1038/srep43950.
- Krzewińska, Maja. Ancient genomes suggest the eastern Pontic-Caspian steppe as the source of western Iron Age nomads. Nature Communications. 2018-10-03 [2021-04-28]. （原始内容存档于2021-10-16）.
- Mary, Laura. Genetic kinship and admixture in Iron Age Scytho-Siberians. Human Genetics. March 28, 2019, 138 (4): 411–423. PMID 30923892. S2CID 85542410. doi:10.1007/s00439-019-02002-y.
The absence of R1b lineages in the Scytho-Siberian individuals tested so far and their presence in the North Pontic Scythians suggest that these 2 groups had a completely different paternal lineage makeup with nearly no gene flow from male carriers between them
semanticscholar.org
api.semanticscholar.org
- Mary, Laura. Genetic kinship and admixture in Iron Age Scytho-Siberians. Human Genetics. March 28, 2019, 138 (4): 411–423. PMID 30923892. S2CID 85542410. doi:10.1007/s00439-019-02002-y.
The absence of R1b lineages in the Scytho-Siberian individuals tested so far and their presence in the North Pontic Scythians suggest that these 2 groups had a completely different paternal lineage makeup with nearly no gene flow from male carriers between them
theoi.com
- Callimachus 1921, Hymn IV. To Delos. 291 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） "The first to bring thee these offerings fro the fair-haired Arimaspi [...]"
tufts.edu
perseus.tufts.edu
- Pliny 1855, Book VI, Chap. 24 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） ". These people, they said, exceeded the ordinary human height, had flaxen hair, and blue eyes [...]"
web.archive.org
- 周雲. 百家廊：尖帽塞人西域影響大. 3月2日 [2008-03-08]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-10）.
- 周雲. 百家廊：尖帽塞人西域影響大. 3月2日 [2008-03-08]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-10）.
- Scythian. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. [October 4, 2019]. （原始内容存档于2019-11-28）.
- Hambly, Gavin. History of Central Asia: Early Western Peoples. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. [October 4, 2019]. （原始内容存档于2019-10-09）.
- Beckwith 2009，第117頁: "The Scythians, or Northern Iranians, who were culturally and ethnolinguistically a single group at the beginning of their expansion, had earlier controlled the entire steppe zone." Beckwith, Christopher I. Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. 2009-03-16 [2014-12-30]. ISBN 1400829941. （原始内容存档于2014-01-19）.
- Beckwith 2009，第377–380頁: "The preservation of the earlier form. *Sakla. in the extreme eastern dialects supports the historicity of the conquest of the entire steppe zone by the Northern Iranians—literally, by the 'Scythians'—in the Late Bronze Age or Early Iron Age [...]" Beckwith, Christopher I. Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. 2009-03-16 [2014-12-30]. ISBN 1400829941. （原始内容存档于2014-01-19）.
- Beckwith 2009，第11頁 Beckwith, Christopher I. Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. 2009-03-16 [2014-12-30]. ISBN 1400829941. （原始内容存档于2014-01-19）.
- Young, T. Cuyler. Ancient Iran: The kingdom of the Medes. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. [October 4, 2019]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-29）.
- Beckwith 2009，第49頁 Beckwith, Christopher I. Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. 2009-03-16 [2014-12-30]. ISBN 1400829941. （原始内容存档于2014-01-19）.
- Sarmatian. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. [October 4, 2019]. （原始内容存档于2021-10-28）.
- Beckwith 2009，第58–70頁 Beckwith, Christopher I. Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. 2009-03-16 [2014-12-30]. ISBN 1400829941. （原始内容存档于2014-01-19）.
- Scythian art. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. [October 4, 2019]. （原始内容存档于2019-12-19）.
- K. E. Eduljee. Histories by Herodotus, Book 4 Melpomene [4.6]. Zoroastrian Heritage. [October 20, 2020]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-03）.
- Kramrisch, Stella. Central Asian Arts: Nomadic Cultures. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. [September 1, 2018]. （原始内容存档于2019-03-26）.
The Śaka tribe was pasturing its herds in the Pamirs, central Tien Shan, and in the Amu Darya delta. Their gold belt buckles, jewelry, and harness decorations display sheep, griffins, and other animal designs that are similar in style to those used by the Scythians, a nomadic people living in the Kuban basin of the Caucasus region and the western section of the Eurasian plain during the greater part of the 1st millennium bc.
- Lendering, Jona. Scythians / Sacae. Livius.org. February 14, 2019 [October 4, 2019]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-11）.
- Ivantchik, Askold. Scythians. Encyclopædia Iranica. April 25, 2018 [2021-09-11]. （原始内容存档于2021-10-25）.
- Day 2001，第55–57頁 Day, John V. Indo-European origins: the anthropological evidence. Institute for the Study of Man. 2001 [2015-03-02]. ISBN 0941694755. （原始内容存档于2021-03-03）.
- Hippocrates 1886, 20 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） "The Scythians are a ruddy race because of the cold, not through any fierceness in the sun's heat. It is the cold that burns their white skin and turns it ruddy."
- Callimachus 1921, Hymn IV. To Delos. 291 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） "The first to bring thee these offerings fro the fair-haired Arimaspi [...]"
- Pliny 1855, Book VI, Chap. 24 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） ". These people, they said, exceeded the ordinary human height, had flaxen hair, and blue eyes [...]"
- Krzewińska, Maja. Ancient genomes suggest the eastern Pontic-Caspian steppe as the source of western Iron Age nomads. Nature Communications. 2018-10-03 [2021-04-28]. （原始内容存档于2021-10-16）.
wenweipo.com
paper.wenweipo.com
- 周雲. 百家廊：尖帽塞人西域影響大. 3月2日 [2008-03-08]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-10）.
- 周雲. 百家廊：尖帽塞人西域影響大. 3月2日 [2008-03-08]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-10）.
wikipedia.org
de.wikipedia.org
- Hambly, Gavin. History of Central Asia: Early Western Peoples. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. [October 4, 2019]. （原始内容存档于2019-10-09）.
nl.wikipedia.org
- Lendering, Jona. Scythians / Sacae. Livius.org. February 14, 2019 [October 4, 2019]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-11）.
wikisource.org
el.wikisource.org
- Hippocrates 1886, 20 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） "The Scythians are a ruddy race because of the cold, not through any fierceness in the sun's heat. It is the cold that burns their white skin and turns it ruddy."