无神论 (Chinese Wikipedia)

Baggini 2003，第3–4頁. Baggini, Julian. Atheism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2003. ISBN 0-19-280424-3.
Dawkins, Richard. The God Delusion. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 2008.
Armstrong, Karen. A History of God. London: Vintage. 1999. ISBN 0-09-927367-5.
Smith 1979，第14頁. Smith, George H. Atheism: The Case Against God. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books. 1979. ISBN 0-87975-124-X. LCCN 79002726. OL 4401616M.
Cudworth, Ralph. The True Intellectual System of the Universe: the first part, wherein all the reason and philosophy of atheism is confuted and its impossibility demonstrated. 1678.
Kenny, Anthony. Why I Am Not an Atheist. What I believe. Continuum. 2006. ISBN 0-8264-8971-0. The true default position is neither theism nor atheism, but agnosticism…a claim to knowledge needs to be substantiated; ignorance need only be confessed.
Baggini 2003，第30–34頁. "Who seriously claims we should say 'I neither believe nor disbelieve that the Pope is a robot', or 'As to whether or not eating this piece of chocolate will turn me into an elephant I am completely agnostic'. In the absence of any good reasons to believe these outlandish claims, we rightly disbelieve them, we don't just suspend judgement." Baggini, Julian. Atheism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2003. ISBN 0-19-280424-3.
Baggini 2003，第22頁. "A lack of proof is no grounds for the suspension of belief. This is because when we have a lack of absolute proof we can still have overwhelming evidence or one explanation which is far superior to the alternatives." Baggini, Julian. Atheism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2003. ISBN 0-19-280424-3.
Smith 1979，第275頁. "Perhaps the most common criticism of atheism is the claim that it leads inevitably to moral bankruptcy." Smith, George H. Atheism: The Case Against God. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books. 1979. ISBN 0-87975-124-X. LCCN 79002726. OL 4401616M.
Whitmarsh, Tim. 8. Atheism on Trial. Battling the Gods: Atheism in the Ancient World. Knopf Doubleday. 2016. ISBN 978-0-307-94877-9.
Wootton, David. 1. New Histories of Atheism. Hunter, Michael; Wootton, David (编). Atheism from the Reformation to the Enlightenment. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1992. ISBN 978-0-19-822736-6.
Armstrong 1999. Armstrong, Karen. A History of God. London: Vintage. 1999. ISBN 0-09-927367-5.
Baggini 2003，第73–74頁. "Atheism had its origins in Ancient Greece but did not emerge as an overt and avowed belief system until late in the Enlightenment." Baggini, Julian. Atheism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2003. ISBN 0-19-280424-3.
Brickhouse, Thomas C.; Nicholas D. Smith. Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Plato and the Trial of Socrates. Routledge. 2004: 112. ISBN 0415156815. In particular, he argues that the claim he is a complete atheist contradicts the other part of the indictment, that he introduced "new divinities".
Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr I. The Gulag Archipelago. Harper Perennial Modern Classics. 2002. ISBN 0-06-000776-1.
Shermer, Michael. How We Believe: Science, Skepticism, and the Search for God. New York: William H Freeman. 1999: pp76–79. ISBN 0-7167-3561-X.
Argyle, Michael. Religious Behaviour. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. 1958: 93–96. ISBN 0-415-17589-5.
Levin, S. Jewish Atheism. New Humanist. May 1995, 110 (2): 13–15.
Smith 1979，第275頁. "Among the many myths associated with religion, none is more widespread -or more disastrous in its effects -than the myth that moral values cannot be divorced from the belief in a god." Smith, George H. Atheism: The Case Against God. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books. 1979. ISBN 0-87975-124-X. LCCN 79002726. OL 4401616M.
Baggini 2003，第38頁 Baggini, Julian. Atheism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2003. ISBN 0-19-280424-3.
Baggini 2003，第40頁 Baggini, Julian. Atheism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2003. ISBN 0-19-280424-3.
Baggini 2003，第43頁 Baggini, Julian. Atheism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2003. ISBN 0-19-280424-3.
Smith 1979，第21–22頁 Smith, George H. Atheism: The Case Against God. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books. 1979. ISBN 0-87975-124-X. LCCN 79002726. OL 4401616M.
Dawkins, Richard. The God Delusion. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 2008.

archive.today

Gleeson, David. Common Misconceptions About Atheists and Atheism. American Chronicle. 2006 [2006-10-21]. （原始内容存档于2012-12-04）.

arsdisputandi.org

Garvey, Brian. Absence of evidence, evidence of absence, and the atheist’s teapot (PDF). Ars Disputandi. 2010, 10: 9–22. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013-01-24）.

atheists.org

American Atheists, <Ethics Without Gods>. [2021-03-01]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-24）. Ethical behavior – regardless of who the practitioner may be – results always from the same causes and is regulated by the same forces, and has nothing to do with the presence or absence of religious belief. The nature of these causes and forces is the subject of this essay.

bartleby.com

Atheism. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press. 2005 [2007-04-12]. （原始内容存档于2006-11-04）.

bbc.co.uk

BBC. Ethics and Religion—Atheism. bbc.co.uk. [2007-04-12]. （原始内容存档于2012-01-30）.
Humanistic Judaism. BBC. 2006-07-20 [2006-10-25]. （原始内容存档于2011-04-16）.
Christian Atheism. BBC. 2006-05-17 [2006-10-25]. （原始内容存档于2007-03-02）.
Atheist Buddhism. BBC. [2023-06-21]. （原始内容存档于2023-05-31）.

news.bbc.co.uk

UK among most secular nations. BBC News. 2004-02-26 [2015-01-14]. （原始内容存档于2017-09-02）.

books.google.com

Zuckerman, Phil. Martin, Michael T , 编. The Cambridge Companion to Atheism. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 2007: 56 [2011-04-09]. ISBN 978-0-521-60367-6. OL 22379448M. （原始内容存档于2015-10-31）.
Martin, Michael. The Cambridge Companion to Atheism （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Cambridge University Press. 2006. ISBN 978-0-521-84270-9.
Martin, Michael. The Cambridge Companion to Atheism （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Cambridge University Press. 2006. ISBN 978-0-521-84270-9.
Stevens, Robert. Sermons on our duty towards God, our neighbour, and ourselves 4th Ed. London: Self published. 1813: 10–11 [2009-09-01]. OCLC 26059549. （原始内容存档于2015-03-22）.
Bishop Burnet. Discourse of the Pastoral Care. The young minister's companion: or, A collection of valuable and scarce treatises on the pastoral office.... Boston: Samuel T. Armstrong. 1813: 166 [2009-09-01]. OCLC 7381237. （原始内容存档于2015-03-22）.
Hancock, Ralph. The Legacy of the French Revolution. Lanham, United States: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers. 1996: 22 [2015-05-30]. ISBN 978-0-8476-7842-6. （原始内容存档于2015-09-30）. Extract of page 22 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
中国伦理思想简史. 社会科学文献出版社. 2013: 126 [2023-06-25]. ISBN 978-7-5097-4495-6. （原始内容存档于2023-06-25）（中文）.
第六屆漢代文學與思想學術研討會論文集. 無. 國立政治大學中國文學系. 2008: 295 [2023-06-25]. ISBN 978-986-01-3416-2. （原始内容存档于2023-06-25）（中文）.
觀瀾索源:先秦兩漢思想史新探. Taiwan Resource Center for Chinese Studies at UW-EAL. Wan juan lou tu shu gu fen you xian gong si. 2018: 329-331 [2023-06-25]. ISBN 978-986-478-209-3. （原始内容存档于2023-06-25）（中文）.
歷史的迷惘: 尋覓治世之門. 文史廣角書系. 雲龍出版社. 1995: 131 [2023-06-25]. ISBN 978-957-9663-90-8. （原始内容存档于2023-06-25）（中文）.
五四思想論戰. 五四運動百周年回顧. Xianggang cheng shi da xue chu ban she. 2019: 510 [2023-06-25]. ISBN 978-962-937-427-3. （原始内容存档于2023-06-25）（中文）.
中国哲学史. 北京大学哲学教材系列. 北京大学出版社. 2003: 304 [2023-06-25]. ISBN 978-7-301-04930-3. （原始内容存档于2023-06-25）（中文）.
Solmsen, Friedrich（1942）. Plato's Theology （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Cornell University Press. p 25.
Maycock, A. L. and Ronald Knox (2003). Inquisition from Its Establishment to the Great Schism: An Introductory Study （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. ISBN 978-0-7661-7290-6.
Ray, Matthew Alun. Subjectivity and Irreligion: Atheism and Agnosticism in Kant, Schopenhauer, and Nietzsche. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. 2003 [2007-04-12]. （原始内容存档于2011-07-21）.
Huxley, Andrew. Religion, law and tradition: comparative studies in religious law. Routledge. 2002: 120. ISBN 978-0-7007-1689-0.
Zuckerman, Phil. Martin, Michael T , 编. The Cambridge companion to atheism. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 2007: 51 [2011-03-12]. ISBN 0-521-84270-0. （原始内容存档于2015-03-22）.

britannica.com

Nielsen 2013: "atheism, in general, the critique and denial of metaphysical beliefs in God or spiritual beings. As such, it is usually distinguished from theism, which affirms the reality of the divine and often seeks to demonstrate its existence. Atheism is also distinguished from agnosticism, which leaves open the question whether there is a god or not, professing to find the questions unanswered or unanswerable." Nielsen, Kai. Atheism. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2013 [2013-11-25]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-12）.
Atheism as rejection of religious beliefs. Encyclopædia Britannica 1 15th: 666. 2011 [April 9, 2011]. 0852294735. （原始内容存档于May 12, 2011）.
Worldwide Adherents of All Religions by Six Continental Areas, Mid-2007. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007 [November 21, 2013]. （原始内容存档于December 12, 2013）.
Britannica. Atheism as rejection of religious beliefs. Encyclopædia Britannica 15th Edition. 1992, 1: 666 [2006-10-27]. 0852294735. （原始内容存档于2021-02-14）.

bschawaii.org

Buddhism and Atheism. bschawaii.org. [2023-06-21]. （原始内容存档于2023-06-21）.

buddhistinformation.com

V.A. Gunasekara, The Buddhist Attitude to God.. （原始内容存档于2008-01-02）. In the Bhuridatta Jataka, "The Buddha argues that the three most commonly given attributes of God, viz. omnipotence, omniscience and benevolence towards humanity cannot all be mutually compatible with the existential fact of dukkha."

ccel.org

The word αθεοι—in any of its forms—appears nowhere else in the Septuagint or the New Testament. Robertson, A.T. Ephesians: Chapter 2. Word Pictures in the New Testament. Broadman Press. 1960 [1932] [2007-04-12]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-12）. Old Greek word, not in LXX, only here in N.T. Atheists in the original sense of being without God and also in the sense of hostility to God from failure to worship him. See Paul's words in Ro 1:18–32.

cia.gov

美国中情局世界情况手册互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2006-12-27.，2006年3月5日版本（英文）；

ddm.org.tw

學佛Q&A：佛教是無神論，為什麼還要禮拜佛菩薩?. 法鼓山. [2023-06-21]. （原始内容存档于2023-06-21）.

deism.com

Murphy, Peter. Dogmatic Atheism and Scientific Ignorance. World Union of Deists. [2 October 2016]. （原始内容存档于2013-11-28）. The repeated arguments presented by atheists using science as evidence against the existence of God is erroneous -- and can be demonstrated such." and "This essay from this point will refer to active atheists as dogmatic atheists to better reflect their true mindset.

directionjournal.org

Paul Doerksen, Responding But Not Replying: David Bentley Hart and the ‘New Atheism’, Spring 2011 · Vol. 40 No. 1 · pp. 80–89. [2021-03-09]. （原始内容存档于2019-03-02）.

ditext.com

Most dictionaries (see the OneLook query for "atheism" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）) first list one of the more narrow definitions.
- Runes, Dagobert D.(editor). Dictionary of Philosophy. New Jersey: Littlefield, Adams & Co. Philosophical Library. 1942 [2011-04-09]. ISBN 0-06-463461-2. （原始内容存档于2011-05-13）. (a) the belief that there is no God; (b) Some philosophers have been called "atheistic" because they have not held to a belief in a personal God. Atheism in this sense means "not theistic". The former meaning of the term is a literal rendering. The latter meaning is a less rigorous use of the term though widely current in the history of thought

doi.org

dx.doi.org

Zuckerman, Phil. Atheism, Secularity, and Well-Being: How the Findings of Social Science Counter Negative Stereotypes and Assumptions (PDF). Sociology Compass. 2009, 3 (6): 949–971. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9020.2009.00247.x. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2014-12-28）.
Larson, Edward J.; Larry Witham. Correspondence: Leading scientists still reject God. Nature. 1998, 394 (6691): 313–4. PMID 9690462. doi:10.1038/28478. Available at StephenJayGould.org 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2014-03-01., Stephen Jay Gould archive. Retrieved on 2006-12-17
Joshi, L.R. A New Interpretation of Indian Atheism. Philosophy East and West. 1966, 16 (3/4): 189–206. doi:10.2307/1397540.
Larson, Edward J.; Larry Witham. Correspondence: Leading scientists still reject God. Nature. 1998, 394 (6691): 313–4. PMID 9690462. doi:10.1038/28478. Available at StephenJayGould.org 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2014-03-01., Stephen Jay Gould archive. Retrieved on 2006-12-17

doi.org

ÇAĞLAR, M.E. Why does intellectuality weaken faith and sometimes foster it?. Humanit Soc Sci Commun 7, 88 (2020)..

dropbox.com

美国联邦监狱局数据 (PDF).

eb.com

search.eb.com

"religion, study of （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）".（2007）. In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved on April 2, 2007.

edge.org

Paul, Gregory; Phil Zuckerman. Why the Gods Are Not Winning. Edge. 2007, 209 [2007-05-16]. （原始内容存档于2007-05-13）.

europa.eu

ec.europa.eu

Social values, Science and Technology (PDF). Directorate General Research, European Union. 2010: 207 [April 9, 2011]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于April 30, 2011）.
ReportDGResearchSocialValuesEN2.PDF (PDF). [2011-02-24]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2011-08-21）.

fivethirtyeight.com

Mona Chalabi， Are Prisoners Less Likely To Be Atheists?， MAR. 12, 2015. [2021-03-01]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-27）. I recently read an article that said most of the prison population is religious while there are very few atheists in prison....Most importantly though, Caroline, you appear to be right about religiosity in prison. Overall, almost 1 in every 1,000 prisoners will identify as atheist compared to 1 in every 100 Americans.

freeinquiry.com

Schafersman, Steven D. "Naturalism is an Essential Part of Science and Critical Inquiry （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）". Conference on Naturalism, Theism and the Scientific Enterprise. Department of Philosophy, The University of Texas. February 1997. Revised May 2007. Retrieved on 2007-APR-09.

fulltextarchive.com

d'Holbach, P. H. T. The system of nature. 1770 [2007-10-31]. （原始内容存档于2018-10-03）.

gla.ac.uk

emblems.arts.gla.ac.uk

Translation of Latin text from "Summa impietas （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）"（1552）, Picta poesis, by Barthélemy Aneau. Glasgow University Emblem Website. Retrieved on 2007-03-26.

google.ca

books.google.ca

Drachmann, A. B. Atheism in Pagan Antiquity. Chicago: Ares Publishers. 1977（"an unchanged reprint of the 1922 edition"）. ISBN 0-89005-201-8. Atheism and atheist are words formed from Greek roots and with Greek derivative endings. Nevertheless they are not Greek; their formation is not consonant with Greek usage. In Greek they said atheos and atheotēs; to these the English words ungodly and ungodliness correspond rather closely. In exactly the same way as ungodly, atheos was used as an expression of severe censure and moral condemnation; this use is an old one, and the oldest that can be traced. Not till later do we find it employed to denote a certain philosophical creed. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)

gospelherald.com.hk

國際調查：香港無神論者比例成全球之「最」. [2012-04-28]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-05）.

gsu.edu

hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu

Steven Weinberg, Closing statements of presentation at Beyond Belief : Science, Religion, Reason and Survival, 5 November 2006. [2021-05-29]. （原始内容存档于2018-02-15）. I think the world needs to wake up from its long nightmare of religious belief; and anything that we scientists can do to weaken the hold of religion should be done, and may in fact be our greatest contribution to civilization

gutenberg.org

d'Holbach, P. H. T. Good Sense. 1772 [2006-10-27]. （原始内容存档于2009-09-24）.
David Hume. Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion. Project Gutenberg (e-text). [2010-01-27]. （原始内容存档于2010-07-06）.
- On the Nature of Things by Lucretius - 古腾堡计划

harrisinteractive.com

Religious Views and Beliefs Vary Greatly by Country, According to the Latest Financial Times/Harris Poll. Financial Times/Harris Interactive. 2006-12-20 [2007-01-17]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-23）.

hk01.com

「沒有神的宗教」可能嗎？為何說神論者與無神論者的體驗是一致的. 香港01.

infidels.org

Various authors. Logical Arguments for Atheism. The Secular Web Library. Internet Infidels. [October 2, 2012]. （原始内容存档于November 17, 2012）.
Drange, Theodore M. The Arguments From Evil and Nonbelief. Secular Web Library. Internet Infidels. 1996 [October 2, 2012]. （原始内容存档于January 10, 2007）.
Lowder, Jeffery Jay. Atheism and Society. 1997 [2007-01-10]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-22）.
Drange, Theodore M.（1998）. "Atheism, Agnosticism, Noncognitivism （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）". Internet Infidels, Secular Web Library. Retrieved on 2007-APR-07.
Drange, Theodore M.（1996）. "The Arguments From Evil and Nonbelief （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）". Internet Infidels, Secular Web Library. Retrieved 2007-04-18.

investigatingatheism.info

Atheism and Science. Investigating Atheism project - Cambridge and Oxford. （原始内容存档于2013-10-30）. Atheists have appealed to science in defence of their atheism since the first avowedly atheistic manuscripts of the mid seventeenth century. However, as the German expert on atheism Winfried Schroeder has shown, the relationship between early modern atheism and science tended to embarrass rather than strengthen the fledgling atheism's case.[1]"; "The renowned Denis Diderot, atheist and deist in turns, could still say in 1746 that science posed a greater threat to atheism than metaphysics.[3] Well into the eighteenth century it could be argued that it was atheism and not theism which required a sacrifice of the intellect. As Schroeder has pointed out, atheists were scientifically retrograde until at least the mid eighteenth century, and suffered from their reputation as scientifically unserious.[4]"; "As John Hedley Brooke has pointed out, for every nineteenth century person considering these issues who followed figures such as Thomas Henry Huxley or Francis Galton in regarding evolution as devastating for religious belief, there were others, such as the Oxford theologian Aubrey Moore, who regarded Darwin's evolutionary theory as an opportunity for religion.[7]At the beginning of the twenty first century the situation remains very similar:..

irishtimes.com

Many atheists I know would be certain of a high place in heaven. Irish Times. [2009-08-19]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-20）.

jcpa.org

丹尼尔·埃拉扎尔，以色列宗教：犹太传统调查（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆），2007年1月1日版本（英文）

jstor.org

links.jstor.org

Joshi, L.R. A New Interpretation of Indian Atheism. Philosophy East and West. 1966, 16 (3/4): 189–206. doi:10.2307/1397540.
See for example: Kahoe, R.D.（June 1977）. "(197706)16%3A2%3C179%3AIRAAAD%3E2.0.CO%3B2-X Intrinsic Religion and Authoritarianism: A Differentiated Relationship". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 16 (2). pp. 179-182. Also see: Altemeyer, Bob and Bruce Hunsberger (1992). "Authoritarianism, Religious Fundamentalism, Quest, and Prejudice". International Journal for the Psychology of Religion. 2（2）. pp. 113-133.

jstor.org

Protest for Religious Rights in the USSR: Characteristics and Consequences （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, David Kowalewski, Russian Review, Vol. 39, No. 4 (Oct., 1980), pp. 426-441, Blackwell Publishing on behalf of The Editors and Board of Trustees of the Russian Review

lds-mormon.com

See, for instance, Atheists call for church head to retract slur. 1996-09-03 [2008-07-02]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-15）.

leaonline.com

See for example: Kahoe, R.D.（June 1977）. "(197706)16%3A2%3C179%3AIRAAAD%3E2.0.CO%3B2-X Intrinsic Religion and Authoritarianism: A Differentiated Relationship". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 16 (2). pp. 179-182. Also see: Altemeyer, Bob and Bruce Hunsberger (1992). "Authoritarianism, Religious Fundamentalism, Quest, and Prejudice". International Journal for the Psychology of Religion. 2（2）. pp. 113-133.

libertyfund.org

oll.libertyfund.org

The Dialogues of Plato, vol. 1. [2010-02-12]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-12）.

loc.gov

lccn.loc.gov

Smith 1979，第14頁. Smith, George H. Atheism: The Case Against God. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books. 1979. ISBN 0-87975-124-X. LCCN 79002726. OL 4401616M.
Smith 1979，第275頁. "Perhaps the most common criticism of atheism is the claim that it leads inevitably to moral bankruptcy." Smith, George H. Atheism: The Case Against God. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books. 1979. ISBN 0-87975-124-X. LCCN 79002726. OL 4401616M.
Smith 1979，第275頁. "Among the many myths associated with religion, none is more widespread -or more disastrous in its effects -than the myth that moral values cannot be divorced from the belief in a god." Smith, George H. Atheism: The Case Against God. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books. 1979. ISBN 0-87975-124-X. LCCN 79002726. OL 4401616M.
Smith 1979，第21–22頁 Smith, George H. Atheism: The Case Against God. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books. 1979. ISBN 0-87975-124-X. LCCN 79002726. OL 4401616M.

merriam-webster.com

Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. [2011-04-09]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-14）. ...belief in the existence of a god or gods...
Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. [2011-04-09]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-14）. ...belief in the existence of a god or gods...
religion, merriam-webster dictionary. [2021-03-02]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-12）.

mit.edu

classics.mit.edu

Apology. [2010-02-12]. （原始内容存档于2012-05-18）.
The Republic. [2010-02-12]. （原始内容存档于2011-04-11）.

nd.edu

Maritain, Jacques. On the Meaning of Contemporary Atheism. The Review of Politics. July 1949, 11 (3): 267–280. （原始内容存档于2005-11-13）.

newstatesman.com

Alice Gribbin. Preview: The Four Horsemen of New Atheism reunited. New Statesman. [2012-01-24]. （原始内容存档于2014-04-10）.
Alice Gribbin. Preview: The Four Horsemen of New Atheism reunited. New Statesman. [2012-01-24]. （原始内容存档于2014-04-10）.

nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Larson, Edward J.; Larry Witham. Correspondence: Leading scientists still reject God. Nature. 1998, 394 (6691): 313–4. PMID 9690462. doi:10.1038/28478. Available at StephenJayGould.org 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2014-03-01., Stephen Jay Gould archive. Retrieved on 2006-12-17
Larson, Edward J.; Larry Witham. Correspondence: Leading scientists still reject God. Nature. 1998, 394 (6691): 313–4. PMID 9690462. doi:10.1038/28478. Available at StephenJayGould.org 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2014-03-01., Stephen Jay Gould archive. Retrieved on 2006-12-17
Moreira-almeida, A.; Lotufo Neto, F.; Koenig, H.G. Religiousness and mental health: a review. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria. 2006, 28 (3): 242–250 [2007-07-12]. PMID 16924349. （原始内容存档于2021-03-12）.

npr.org

New Survey Shows the World's Most and Least Religious Places. NPR. April 13, 2015 [April 29, 2015]. （原始内容存档于May 6, 2015）.

ntu.edu.tw

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http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50014052 atheist. 牛津英語詞典 (第三版). 牛津大學出版社. 2005-09 （英语）. 外部链接存在于|title= (帮助)

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E. Ann Carson, Ph.D., BJS Statistician, 《Prisoners in 2013》, Revised September 30, 2014, U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics (PDF). [2023-06-22]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-05-29）.

onelook.com

Most dictionaries (see the OneLook query for "atheism" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）) first list one of the more narrow definitions.
- Runes, Dagobert D.(editor). Dictionary of Philosophy. New Jersey: Littlefield, Adams & Co. Philosophical Library. 1942 [2011-04-09]. ISBN 0-06-463461-2. （原始内容存档于2011-05-13）. (a) the belief that there is no God; (b) Some philosophers have been called "atheistic" because they have not held to a belief in a personal God. Atheism in this sense means "not theistic". The former meaning of the term is a literal rendering. The latter meaning is a less rigorous use of the term though widely current in the history of thought

onlysky.media

In 2021, atheists made up only 0.1% of the federal prison population. [2023-06-22]. （原始内容存档于2023-06-22）. When finding an openly nonreligious inmate in prison is like finding a needle in a haystack, it’s harder for Christian apologists and pastors to argue that faith is necessary to keep people on a righteous path.

openlibrary.org

Zuckerman, Phil. Martin, Michael T , 编. The Cambridge Companion to Atheism. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 2007: 56 [2011-04-09]. ISBN 978-0-521-60367-6. OL 22379448M. （原始内容存档于2015-10-31）.
Smith 1979，第14頁. Smith, George H. Atheism: The Case Against God. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books. 1979. ISBN 0-87975-124-X. LCCN 79002726. OL 4401616M.
Smith 1979，第275頁. "Perhaps the most common criticism of atheism is the claim that it leads inevitably to moral bankruptcy." Smith, George H. Atheism: The Case Against God. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books. 1979. ISBN 0-87975-124-X. LCCN 79002726. OL 4401616M.
Smith 1979，第275頁. "Among the many myths associated with religion, none is more widespread -or more disastrous in its effects -than the myth that moral values cannot be divorced from the belief in a god." Smith, George H. Atheism: The Case Against God. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books. 1979. ISBN 0-87975-124-X. LCCN 79002726. OL 4401616M.
Smith 1979，第21–22頁 Smith, George H. Atheism: The Case Against God. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books. 1979. ISBN 0-87975-124-X. LCCN 79002726. OL 4401616M.

oxforddictionaries.com

Atheism. Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. [2013-11-21]. （原始内容存档于2016-09-11）.

oxfordreference.com

Simon Blackburn (编). atheism. The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy 2008. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2008 [2013-11-21]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-12）. Either the lack of belief that there exists a god, or the belief that there exists none. Sometimes thought itself to be more dogmatic than mere agnosticism, although atheists retort that everyone is an atheist about most gods, so they merely advance one step further.

patheos.com

PASCAL-EMMANUEL GOBRY, Review: David Bentley Hart, “Atheist Delusions”, JULY 21, 2014. [2021-03-09]. （原始内容存档于2018-06-22）.

people.com.cn

theory.people.com.cn

为什么共产党员必须是彻底的无神论者，宁夏党校、行政学院民族宗教理论与政策研究中心，<宁夏日报> 2019年01月22日, 人民網. [2021年12月21日]. （原始内容存档于2021年12月21日）.

pewforum.org

"Timothy Samuel Shah Explains 'Why God is Winning' 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2010-02-12.." 2006-07-18. The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life. Retrieved 2007-04-18.

pewresearch.org

GREGORY A. SMITH， About Three-in-Ten U.S. Adults Are Now Religiously Unaffiliated， PEW RESEARCH CENTERDECEMBER 14, 2021. [2023-06-22]. （原始内容存档于2023-03-09）. In the 2021 NPORS, 4% of respondents describe themselves as atheists

physlink.com

Steven Weinberg, A Designer Universe?, PhysLink.com. [2021-03-08]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-14）. With or without religion, good people can behave well and bad people can do evil; but for good people to do evil—that takes religion.

pitzer.edu

Zuckerman, Phil. Atheism, Secularity, and Well-Being: How the Findings of Social Science Counter Negative Stereotypes and Assumptions (PDF). Sociology Compass. 2009, 3 (6): 949–971. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9020.2009.00247.x. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2014-12-28）.

dwardmac.pitzer.edu

Bakunin, Michael. God and the State. New York: Mother Earth Publishing Association. 1916 [2007-04-12]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-21）.

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伯特兰·罗素, 为什么我不是基督徒. [2021-03-04]. （原始内容存档于2009-07-14）.

positiveatheism.org

Walker, Cliff. The Philosophy of Positive Atheism. [2008-11-19]. （原始内容存档于2009-01-06）.
Stein, Gordon（Ed.，1980）. "The History of Freethought and Atheism 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2007-09-30.". An Anthology of Atheism and Rationalism. New York: Prometheus. Retrieved on 2007-APR-03.

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psychologytoday.com

Nigel Barber (May 18, 2010). Why Atheism Will Replace Religion . Psychology Today. Retrieved March 17, 2021.

ptta.pl

Zdybicka 2005，第20頁. Zdybicka, Zofia J. Atheism (PDF). Maryniarczyk, Andrzej (编). Universal Encyclopedia of Philosophy 1. Polish Thomas Aquinas Association. 2005 [2011-04-09]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-12）.
Zdybicka 2005，第21頁. Zdybicka, Zofia J. Atheism (PDF). Maryniarczyk, Andrzej (编). Universal Encyclopedia of Philosophy 1. Polish Thomas Aquinas Association. 2005 [2011-04-09]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-12）.
Zdybicka 2005，第19頁. Zdybicka, Zofia J. Atheism (PDF). Maryniarczyk, Andrzej (编). Universal Encyclopedia of Philosophy 1. Polish Thomas Aquinas Association. 2005 [2011-04-09]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-12）.
Zdybicka 2005，第4頁 Zdybicka, Zofia J. Atheism (PDF). Maryniarczyk, Andrzej (编). Universal Encyclopedia of Philosophy 1. Polish Thomas Aquinas Association. 2005 [2011-04-09]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-12）.
Zdybicka 2005，第16頁 Zdybicka, Zofia J. Atheism (PDF). Maryniarczyk, Andrzej (编). Universal Encyclopedia of Philosophy 1. Polish Thomas Aquinas Association. 2005 [2011-04-09]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-12）.

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Altizer, Thomas J. J. The Gospel of Christian Atheism. London: Collins. 1967: 102–103 [2006-10-27]. （原始内容存档于2006-09-29）.

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既然佛教是“無神論”，為何還有眾多神佛呢？. 聖地文化出版社. [2023-06-21]. （原始内容存档于2023-06-21）.

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Moreira-almeida, A.; Lotufo Neto, F.; Koenig, H.G. Religiousness and mental health: a review. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria. 2006, 28 (3): 242–250 [2007-07-12]. PMID 16924349. （原始内容存档于2021-03-12）.

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Draper, Paul, "Atheism and Agnosticism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2017 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). [2021-03-01]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-12）. The “a-” in “atheism” must be understood as negation instead of absence, as “not” instead of “without”. Therefore, in philosophy at least, atheism should be construed as the proposition that God does not exist (or, more broadly, the proposition that there are no gods).
Smart, J. J. C. Zalta, Edward N. , 编. Atheism and Agnosticism. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2013 Edition). [2016-05-30]. （原始内容存档于2013-12-02）.
Chignell, Andrew; Derk Pereboom. Natural Theology and Natural Religion（Fall 2020 Edition）, < Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy>. 2020 [2021-03-01]. （原始内容存档于2020-07-23）.
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Larson, Edward J.; Larry Witham. Correspondence: Leading scientists still reject God. Nature. 1998, 394 (6691): 313–4. PMID 9690462. doi:10.1038/28478. Available at StephenJayGould.org 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2014-03-01., Stephen Jay Gould archive. Retrieved on 2006-12-17
Larson, Edward J.; Larry Witham. Correspondence: Leading scientists still reject God. Nature. 1998, 394 (6691): 313–4. PMID 9690462. doi:10.1038/28478. Available at StephenJayGould.org 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2014-03-01., Stephen Jay Gould archive. Retrieved on 2006-12-17

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Johns, Ian. Atheism gets a kick in the fundamentals. The Times (London). 2006. （原始内容存档于March 19, 2007）.
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Harris, Sam. An Atheist Manifesto. Truthdig. 2005 [2006-10-29]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-16）. In a world riven by ignorance, only the atheist refuses to deny the obvious: Religious faith promotes human violence to an astonishing degree.

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Definitions: Atheism. Department of Religious Studies, University of Alabama. [2012-12-01]. （原始内容存档于2011-06-07）.

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Plutarch, Moralia—Isis and Osiris 23 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
恺撒（100–44 BCE）, who leaned considerably toward Epicureanism, also rejected the idea of an afterlife, which e.g. lead to his plea against the death sentence during the trial against Catiline, where he spoke out against the Stoicist Cato（cf. Sallust, The War With Catiline, Caesar's speech: 51.29 & Cato's reply: 52.13）。

chronicle.uchicago.edu

Survey on physicians’ religious beliefs shows majority faithful. The University of Chicago. [2007-10-18]. （原始内容存档于2011-04-26）. The first study of physician religious beliefs has found that 76 percent of doctors believe in God and 59 percent believe in some sort of afterlife. The survey, performed by researchers at the University and published in the July issue of the Journal of General Internal Medicine, found that 90 percent of doctors in the United States attend religious services at least occasionally compared to 81 percent of all adults.

washingtonpost.com

Gallup International Religiosity Index (PDF). Washington Post. WIN-Gallup International. April 2015 [January 9, 2016]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于February 1, 2016）.

web.archive.org

Draper, Paul, "Atheism and Agnosticism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2017 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). [2021-03-01]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-12）. The “a-” in “atheism” must be understood as negation instead of absence, as “not” instead of “without”. Therefore, in philosophy at least, atheism should be construed as the proposition that God does not exist (or, more broadly, the proposition that there are no gods).
Simon Blackburn (编). atheism. The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy 2008. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2008 [2013-11-21]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-12）. Either the lack of belief that there exists a god, or the belief that there exists none. Sometimes thought itself to be more dogmatic than mere agnosticism, although atheists retort that everyone is an atheist about most gods, so they merely advance one step further.
Most dictionaries (see the OneLook query for "atheism" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）) first list one of the more narrow definitions.
- Runes, Dagobert D.(editor). Dictionary of Philosophy. New Jersey: Littlefield, Adams & Co. Philosophical Library. 1942 [2011-04-09]. ISBN 0-06-463461-2. （原始内容存档于2011-05-13）. (a) the belief that there is no God; (b) Some philosophers have been called "atheistic" because they have not held to a belief in a personal God. Atheism in this sense means "not theistic". The former meaning of the term is a literal rendering. The latter meaning is a less rigorous use of the term though widely current in the history of thought
- Atheism. Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. [2013-11-21]. （原始内容存档于2016-09-11）.
- Nielsen 2013: "atheism, in general, the critique and denial of metaphysical beliefs in God or spiritual beings. As such, it is usually distinguished from theism, which affirms the reality of the divine and often seeks to demonstrate its existence. Atheism is also distinguished from agnosticism, which leaves open the question whether there is a god or not, professing to find the questions unanswered or unanswerable." Nielsen, Kai. Atheism. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2013 [2013-11-25]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-12）.
- Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. [2011-04-09]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-14）. ...belief in the existence of a god or gods...
- Smart, J. J. C. Zalta, Edward N. , 编. Atheism and Agnosticism. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2013 Edition). [2016-05-30]. （原始内容存档于2013-12-02）.
- Definitions: Atheism. Department of Religious Studies, University of Alabama. [2012-12-01]. （原始内容存档于2011-06-07）.
- Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. [2011-04-09]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-14）. ...belief in the existence of a god or gods...
- Atheism as rejection of religious beliefs. Encyclopædia Britannica 1 15th: 666. 2011 [April 9, 2011]. 0852294735. （原始内容存档于May 12, 2011）.
- Various authors. Logical Arguments for Atheism. The Secular Web Library. Internet Infidels. [October 2, 2012]. （原始内容存档于November 17, 2012）.
- Shook, John R. Skepticism about the Supernatural (PDF). [October 2, 2012]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于October 18, 2012）.
- Drange, Theodore M. The Arguments From Evil and Nonbelief. Secular Web Library. Internet Infidels. 1996 [October 2, 2012]. （原始内容存档于January 10, 2007）.
- 伯特兰·罗素, 为什么我不是基督徒. [2021-03-04]. （原始内容存档于2009-07-14）.
- Garvey, Brian. Absence of evidence, evidence of absence, and the atheist’s teapot (PDF). Ars Disputandi. 2010, 10: 9–22. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013-01-24）.
- 阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦，我的世界观（The World as I See It (book)）. [2021-03-04]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-15）. 我无法想象存在这样一个上帝，它会对自己的创造物加以赏罚，会具有我们在自己身上所体验到的那种意志。我不能也不愿去想象一个人在肉体死亡以后还会继续活着；让那些脆弱的灵魂，由于恐惧或者由于可笑的唯我论，去拿这种思想当宝贝吧！
- Alice Gribbin. Preview: The Four Horsemen of New Atheism reunited. New Statesman. [2012-01-24]. （原始内容存档于2014-04-10）.
- The Pope Would Like You to Accept Evolution and the Big Bang. [2021-03-02]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-16）.
- Steven Weinberg, Closing statements of presentation at Beyond Belief : Science, Religion, Reason and Survival, 5 November 2006. [2021-05-29]. （原始内容存档于2018-02-15）. I think the world needs to wake up from its long nightmare of religious belief; and anything that we scientists can do to weaken the hold of religion should be done, and may in fact be our greatest contribution to civilization
- Steven Weinberg, A Designer Universe?, PhysLink.com. [2021-03-08]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-14）. With or without religion, good people can behave well and bad people can do evil; but for good people to do evil—that takes religion.
- Zuckerman, Phil. Martin, Michael T , 编. The Cambridge Companion to Atheism. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 2007: 56 [2011-04-09]. ISBN 978-0-521-60367-6. OL 22379448M. （原始内容存档于2015-10-31）.
- Religiosity and Atheism Index (PDF). Zurich: WIN/GIA. July 27, 2012 [October 1, 2013]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于October 21, 2013）.
- New Survey Shows the World's Most and Least Religious Places. NPR. April 13, 2015 [April 29, 2015]. （原始内容存档于May 6, 2015）.
- Religion prevails in the world (PDF). 2017-11-14 [2018-02-27]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于November 14, 2017）.
- UK among most secular nations. BBC News. 2004-02-26 [2015-01-14]. （原始内容存档于2017-09-02）.
- Worldwide Adherents of All Religions by Six Continental Areas, Mid-2007. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007 [November 21, 2013]. （原始内容存档于December 12, 2013）.
- Gallup International Religiosity Index (PDF). Washington Post. WIN-Gallup International. April 2015 [January 9, 2016]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于February 1, 2016）.
- Social values, Science and Technology (PDF). Directorate General Research, European Union. 2010: 207 [April 9, 2011]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于April 30, 2011）.
- Zuckerman, Phil. Atheism, Secularity, and Well-Being: How the Findings of Social Science Counter Negative Stereotypes and Assumptions (PDF). Sociology Compass. 2009, 3 (6): 949–971. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9020.2009.00247.x. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2014-12-28）.
- Larson, Edward J.; Larry Witham. Correspondence: Leading scientists still reject God. Nature. 1998, 394 (6691): 313–4. PMID 9690462. doi:10.1038/28478. Available at StephenJayGould.org 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2014-03-01., Stephen Jay Gould archive. Retrieved on 2006-12-17
- Atheism and Science. Investigating Atheism project - Cambridge and Oxford. （原始内容存档于2013-10-30）. Atheists have appealed to science in defence of their atheism since the first avowedly atheistic manuscripts of the mid seventeenth century. However, as the German expert on atheism Winfried Schroeder has shown, the relationship between early modern atheism and science tended to embarrass rather than strengthen the fledgling atheism's case.[1]"; "The renowned Denis Diderot, atheist and deist in turns, could still say in 1746 that science posed a greater threat to atheism than metaphysics.[3] Well into the eighteenth century it could be argued that it was atheism and not theism which required a sacrifice of the intellect. As Schroeder has pointed out, atheists were scientifically retrograde until at least the mid eighteenth century, and suffered from their reputation as scientifically unserious.[4]"; "As John Hedley Brooke has pointed out, for every nineteenth century person considering these issues who followed figures such as Thomas Henry Huxley or Francis Galton in regarding evolution as devastating for religious belief, there were others, such as the Oxford theologian Aubrey Moore, who regarded Darwin's evolutionary theory as an opportunity for religion.[7]At the beginning of the twenty first century the situation remains very similar:..
- The word αθεοι—in any of its forms—appears nowhere else in the Septuagint or the New Testament. Robertson, A.T. Ephesians: Chapter 2. Word Pictures in the New Testament. Broadman Press. 1960 [1932] [2007-04-12]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-12）. Old Greek word, not in LXX, only here in N.T. Atheists in the original sense of being without God and also in the sense of hostility to God from failure to worship him. See Paul's words in Ro 1:18–32.
- Martin, Michael. The Cambridge Companion to Atheism （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Cambridge University Press. 2006. ISBN 978-0-521-84270-9.
- Chignell, Andrew; Derk Pereboom. Natural Theology and Natural Religion（Fall 2020 Edition）, < Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy>. 2020 [2021-03-01]. （原始内容存档于2020-07-23）.
- Russell, Bertrand. "Will Religious Faith Cure Our Troubles?" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Human Society in Ethics and Politics. Ch 7. Pt 2. Retrieved 16 August 2009.
- Dawkins, Richard. Is Science a Religion?. American Humanist Association. January–February 1997 [15 March 2008]. （原始内容存档于30 October 2012）.
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- Britannica. Atheism as rejection of religious beliefs. Encyclopædia Britannica 15th Edition. 1992, 1: 666 [2006-10-27]. 0852294735. （原始内容存档于2021-02-14）.
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- Lowder, Jeffery Jay. Atheism and Society. 1997 [2007-01-10]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-22）.
- Stevens, Robert. Sermons on our duty towards God, our neighbour, and ourselves 4th Ed. London: Self published. 1813: 10–11 [2009-09-01]. OCLC 26059549. （原始内容存档于2015-03-22）.
- Bishop Burnet. Discourse of the Pastoral Care. The young minister's companion: or, A collection of valuable and scarce treatises on the pastoral office.... Boston: Samuel T. Armstrong. 1813: 166 [2009-09-01]. OCLC 7381237. （原始内容存档于2015-03-22）.
- Maritain, Jacques. On the Meaning of Contemporary Atheism. The Review of Politics. July 1949, 11 (3): 267–280. （原始内容存档于2005-11-13）.
- Many atheists I know would be certain of a high place in heaven. Irish Times. [2009-08-19]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-20）.
- Walker, Cliff. The Philosophy of Positive Atheism. [2008-11-19]. （原始内容存档于2009-01-06）.
- Translation of Latin text from "Summa impietas （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）"（1552）, Picta poesis, by Barthélemy Aneau. Glasgow University Emblem Website. Retrieved on 2007-03-26.
- Zdybicka 2005，第20頁. Zdybicka, Zofia J. Atheism (PDF). Maryniarczyk, Andrzej (编). Universal Encyclopedia of Philosophy 1. Polish Thomas Aquinas Association. 2005 [2011-04-09]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-12）.
- Schafersman, Steven D. "Naturalism is an Essential Part of Science and Critical Inquiry （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）". Conference on Naturalism, Theism and the Scientific Enterprise. Department of Philosophy, The University of Texas. February 1997. Revised May 2007. Retrieved on 2007-APR-09.
- Zdybicka 2005，第21頁. Zdybicka, Zofia J. Atheism (PDF). Maryniarczyk, Andrzej (编). Universal Encyclopedia of Philosophy 1. Polish Thomas Aquinas Association. 2005 [2011-04-09]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-12）.
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