注意力不足過動症 (Chinese Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "注意力不足過動症" in Chinese language version.

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adhd.org.hk

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apa.org

Crawford, Nicole. ADHD: a women's issue. Monitor on Psychology. 2003-02, 34 (2): 28 [2019-11-21]. （原始内容存档于2017-04-09）.

archive.org

National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (UK). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder : diagnosis and management of ADHD in children, young people, and adults. National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (Great Britain), National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (Great Britain), British Psychological Society., Royal College of Psychiatrists. Leicester: British Psychological Society. 2009: 17. ISBN 9781854334718. OCLC 244314955. PMID 22420012.
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de Cock M, Maas YG, van de Bor M. Does perinatal exposure to endocrine disruptors induce autism spectrum and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders? Review. Acta Paediatrica (Review. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't). 2012-08, 101 (8): 811–8. PMID 22458970. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2012.02693.x.
Mayes R, Bagwell C, Erkulwater JL. Medicating Children: ADHD and Pediatric Mental Health illustrated. Harvard University Press. 2009: 4–24. ISBN 978-0-674-03163-0.
Sonuga-Barke EJ, Brandeis D, Cortese S, Daley D, Ferrin M, Holtmann M, Stevenson J, Danckaerts M, van der Oord S, Döpfner M, Dittmann RW, Simonoff E, Zuddas A, Banaschewski T, Buitelaar J, Coghill D, Hollis C, Konofal E, Lecendreux M, Wong IC, Sergeant J. Nonpharmacological interventions for ADHD: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials of dietary and psychological treatments. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2013-03, 170 (3): 275–89. PMID 23360949. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12070991. Free fatty acid supplementation and artificial food color exclusions appear to have beneficial effects on ADHD symptoms, although the effect of the former are small and those of the latter may be limited to ADHD patients with food sensitivities...
Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE. Chapters 10 and 13. Sydor A, Brown RY (编). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience 2nd. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. 2009: 266, 315, 318–323. ISBN 978-0-07-148127-4. Early results with structural MRI show thinning of the cerebral cortex in ADHD subjects compared with age-matched controls in prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex, areas involved in working memory and attention.
Krain AL, Castellanos FX. Brain development and ADHD. Clin Psychol Rev. 2006-08, 26 (4): 433–444. PMID 16480802. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.01.005.
Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE. Chapter 6: Widely Projecting Systems: Monoamines, Acetylcholine, and Orexin. Sydor A, Brown RY (编). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience 2nd. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. 2009: 148, 154–157. ISBN 9780071481274.
NOTE: DA: dopamine, LC: locus coeruleus, VTA: ventral tegmental area, 5HT: serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine)
Cortese S, Kelly C, Chabernaud C, Proal E, Di Martino A, Milham MP, Castellanos FX. Toward systems neuroscience of ADHD: a meta-analysis of 55 fMRI studies. Am J Psychiatry. 2012-10, 169 (10): 1038–1055. PMC 3879048 . PMID 22983386. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.11101521.
Krause, KH; Dresel, SH; Krause, J; la Fougere, C; Ackenheil, M. The dopamine transporter and neuroimaging in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews. 2003, 27 (7): 605–13. ISSN 0149-7634. PMID 14624805.
Fabiano GA, Pelham WE, Coles EK, Gnagy EM, Chronis-Tuscano A, O'Connor BC. A meta-analysis of behavioral treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Clinical Psychology Review. 2009-03, 29 (2): 129–40. PMID 19131150. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2008.11.001.
Kratochvil CJ, Vaughan BS, Barker A, Corr L, Wheeler A, Madaan V. Review of pediatric attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder for the general psychiatrist. The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2009-03, 32 (1): 39–56. PMID 19248915. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2008.10.001.
Hart H, Radua J, Nakao T, Mataix-Cols D, Rubia K. Meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of inhibition and attention in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: exploring task-specific, stimulant medication, and age effects. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013-02, 70 (2): 185–98. PMID 23247506. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.277.
Spencer TJ, Brown A, Seidman LJ, Valera EM, Makris N, Lomedico A, Faraone SV, Biederman J. Effect of psychostimulants on brain structure and function in ADHD: a qualitative literature review of magnetic resonance imaging-based neuroimaging studies. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2013-09, 74 (9): 902–17. PMC 3801446 . PMID 24107764. doi:10.4088/JCP.12r08287.
Kessler S. Drug therapy in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Southern Medical Journal. 1996-01, 89 (1): 33–8. PMID 8545689. doi:10.1097/00007611-199601000-00005.
Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE. Sydor A, Brown RY , 编. Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience 2nd. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. 2009: 323, 368. ISBN 978-0-07-148127-4. supervised use of stimulants at therapeutic doses may decrease risk of experimentation with drugs to self-medicate symptoms. Second, untreated ADHD may lead to school failure, peer rejection, and subsequent association with deviant peer groups that encourage drug misuse. ... amphetamines and methylphenidate are used in low doses to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and in higher doses to treat narcolepsy (Chapter 12). Despite their clinical uses, these drugs are strongly reinforcing, and their long-term use at high doses is linked with potential addiction
Ramsay, J. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adult ADHD : an integrative psychosocial and medical approach. New York: Routledge. 2015. ISBN 0-415-81591-6. OCLC 876336915.
Biederman, Joseph; Faraone, Stephen V. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease (Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)). 2004, 192 (7): 453–454. ISSN 0022-3018. doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000131803.68229.96.
Polanczyk, Guilherme; de Lima, Maurício Silva; Horta, Bernardo Lessa; Biederman, Joseph; Rohde, Luis Augusto. The Worldwide Prevalence of ADHD: A Systematic Review and Metaregression Analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry (American Psychiatric Publishing). 2007, 164 (6): 942–948. ISSN 0002-953X. doi:10.1176/ajp.2007.164.6.942.
Polanczyk G, de Lima MS, Horta BL, Biederman J, Rohde LA. The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2007-06, 164 (6): 942–8. PMID 17541055. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.164.6.942.
Mannuzza, Salvatore; Klein, Rachel G.; Bessler, Abrah; Malloy, Patricia; LaPadula, Maria. Adult Psychiatric Status of Hyperactive Boys Grown Up. The American journal of psychiatry (American Psychiatric Publishing). 1998, 155 (4): 493–498. ISSN 0002-953X. PMID 9545994. doi:10.1176/ajp.155.4.493.

archive.today

紅豆Q粉粿. 放學前先遮傷口！過動症男孩瞞著父母獨忍霸凌　自殺當天微笑上學. 鍵盤大檸檬. 2018-09-14 [2018-09-28]. （原始内容存档于2018-09-29）（中文）.

books.google.com

Dulcan MK, Lake M. Axis I Disorders Usually First Diagnosed in Infancy, Childhood or Adolescence: Attention-Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders. Concise Guide to Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 4th illustrated. American Psychiatric Publishing. 2011: 34. ISBN 978-1-58562-416-4 –通过Google Books.
Caroline SC (编). Encyclopedia of Cross-Cultural School Psychology. Springer Science & Business Media. 2010: 133 [2017-11-02]. ISBN 9780387717982. （原始内容存档于2020-12-22）.
Cowen, Philip; Harrison, Paul; Burns, Tom. Drugs and other physical treatments. Shorter Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry 6th. Oxford University Press. 2012: 546. ISBN 978-0-19-960561-3.
Faraone SV. Ch. 25: Epidemiology of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Tsuang MT, Tohen M, Jones P (编). Textbook of Psychiatric Epidemiology 3rd. John Wiley & Sons. 2011: 450 [2018-09-16]. ISBN 9780470977408. （原始内容存档于2020-12-22）.
Parrillo VN. Encyclopedia of Social Problems. SAGE. 2008: 63 [2009-05-02]. ISBN 9781412941655.
Weiss LG. WISC-IV clinical use and interpretation scientist-practitioner perspectives 1st. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press. 2005: 237 [2019-01-01]. ISBN 978-0-12-564931-5. （原始内容存档于2021-01-16）.
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition: DSM-IV-TR®. American Psychiatric Association. 2000 [2017-02-17]. ISBN 978-0-89042-025-6. （原始内容存档于2020-09-23）.
Wiener JM, Dulcan MK. Textbook Of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry illustrated. American Psychiatric Publishing. 2004 [2014-11-02]. ISBN 978-1-58562-057-9. （原始内容存档于2020-12-22）.
高淑芬. 找回專注力：成人ADHD全方位自助手冊. 台北: 心靈工坊. 2016-05-09 [2016-12-12]. ISBN 9789863570592 （中文（臺灣））.
Millichap, J. Gordon. Chapter 2: Causative Factors. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Handbook: A Physician's Guide to ADHD 2nd. New York, NY: Springer Science. 2010: 26 [2021-02-06]. ISBN 978-1-4419-1396-8. LCCN 2009938108. doi:10.1007/978-104419-1397-5. （原始内容存档于2020-12-22）.
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Szasz T. Psychiatric Medicine: Disorder. Pharmacracy: medicine and politics in America. Westport, CT: Praeger. 2001: 101. ISBN 978-0-275-97196-0 –通过Google Books. Mental diseases are invented and then given a name, for example attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
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Millichap, J. Gordon. Chapter 1: Definition and History of ADHD. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Handbook: A Physician's Guide to ADHD 2nd. Springer Science. 2010: 2–3 [2021-02-06]. ISBN 978-1-4419-1396-8. LCCN 2009938108. doi:10.1007/978-104419-1397-5. （原始内容存档于2020-12-22）.
Weiss M. ADHD in Adulthood: A Guide to Current Theory, Diagnosis, and Treatment. JHU Press. 2010 [2014-01-17]. ISBN 9781421401317. （原始内容存档于2020-09-06）.

caddra.ca

Canadian ADHD Practice Guidelines (PDF). Canadian ADHD Alliance. [2011-02-04]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-01-21）.

cchr.org.tw

亞洲不應使用西方精神科對於注意力不足過動症（ADHD）的診斷，及興奮劑處方的治療. [2017-09-02]. （原始内容存档于2017-09-02）.

cdc.gov

Symptoms and Diagnosis. Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Division of Human Development, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2014-09-29 [2014-11-03]. （原始内容存档于2014-11-07）.
CDC. ADHD Symptoms and Diagnosis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2017-08-31 [2018-07-15]. （原始内容存档于2014-11-07）. Deciding if a child has ADHD is a several-step process. This page gives you an overview of how ADHD is diagnosed. There is no single test to diagnose ADHD, and many other problems, like sleep disorders, anxiety, depression, and certain types of learning disabilities, can have similar symptoms.
Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Recommendations. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2015-06-24 [2015-07-13]. （原始内容存档于2015-07-07）.
ADHD: Symptoms and Diagnosis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2017). 2017-08-31. （原始内容存档于2014-11-07）.
CDC, Facts About ADHD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016-01-06 [2016-03-20], （原始内容存档于2016-03-22）
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CDC, Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016-03-16 [2016-04-17], （原始内容存档于2016-04-14）
ADHD Throughout the Years (PDF). Center For Disease Control and Prevention. [2013-08-02]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2013-08-07）.

commonhealth.com.tw

m.commonhealth.com.tw

陳錦宏. 過動兒現象如何避免被以偏概全. 康健雜誌. 2017-01-25 [2018-04-14]. （原始内容存档于2017-09-24）（中文）.

commonhealth.com.tw

注意力不足過動症ＡＤＨＤ的第三條路：心動家族. 康健雜誌. 2016-10-04 [2017-06-21]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-25）（中文）. 「台灣對這個疾病的知識不足，網路民間常流竄1-20年前過時的資料，而真正接受過此疾病診斷及整合式治療訓練的專科醫師如兒心科醫師又少之又少。」、「ADHD全世界平均盛行率為7.2%，台灣社區研究為7.5%，而台灣健保資料庫研究顯示只有2.3%接受診斷，1.6%用藥，1%的人接受足夠時間完整的治療，所以可了解有許多人求助無門因而情況日益惡化。」

cqvip.com

lib.cqvip.com

鄭毅; 刘靖. 《中国注意缺陷多动障碍防治指南》第二版解读. 中华精神科杂志. 2016, 0 (3): p.132–135 [2017-03-04]. （原始内容存档于2017-03-04）.

doi.org

Coghill DR, Banaschewski T, Soutullo C, Cottingham MG, Zuddas A. Systematic review of quality of life and functional outcomes in randomized placebo-controlled studies of medications for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2017-11, 26 (11): 1283–1307. ISSN 1018-8827. PMC 5656703 . PMID 28429134. doi:10.1007/s00787-017-0986-y.
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Ginsberg Y, Quintero J, Anand E, Casillas M, Upadhyaya HP. Underdiagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adult patients: a review of the literature. The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders. 2014, 16 (3). PMC 4195639 . PMID 25317367. doi:10.4088/PCC.13r01600. Reports indicate that ADHD affects 2.5%–5% of adults in the general population,^5–8 compared with 5%–7% of children.^9,10 ... However, fewer than 20% of adults with ADHD are currently diagnosed and/or treated by psychiatrists.^7,15,16
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Shreeram S, He JP, Kalaydjian A, Brothers S, Merikangas KR. Prevalence of enuresis and its association with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder among U.S. children: results from a nationally representative study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2009-01, 48 (1): 35–41. PMC 2794242 . PMID 19096296. doi:10.1097/CHI.0b013e318190045c.
Instanes JT, Klungsøyr K, Halmøy A, Fasmer OB, Haavik J. Adult ADHD and Comorbid Somatic Disease: A Systematic Literature Review. Journal of Attention Disorders (Systematic Review). 2018-02, 22 (3): 203–228 [2021-02-06]. PMC 5987989 . PMID 27664125. doi:10.1177/1087054716669589. （原始内容存档于2017-02-07）.
Ertürk E, Wouters S, Imeraj L, Lampo A. Association of ADHD and Celiac Disease: What Is the Evidence? A Systematic Review of the Literature. Journal of Attention Disorders (Review). 2016-01: 108705471561149. PMID 26825336. doi:10.1177/1087054715611493. Up till now, there is no conclusive evidence for a relationship between ADHD and CD. Therefore, it is not advised to perform routine screening of CD when assessing ADHD (and vice versa) or to implement GFD as a standard treatment in ADHD. Nevertheless, the possibility of untreated CD predisposing to ADHD-like behavior should be kept in mind. ... It is possible that in untreated patients with CD, neurologic symptoms such as chronic fatigue, inattention, pain, and headache could predispose patients to ADHD-like behavior (mainly symptoms of inattentive type), which may be alleviated after GFD treatment. (CD: celiac disease; GFD: gluten-free diet)
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Faraone, Stephen V.; Ghirardi, Laura; Kuja-Halkola, Ralf; Lichtenstein, Paul; Larsson, Henrik. The Familial Co-Aggregation of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Intellectual Disability: A Register-Based Family Study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2017. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2016.11.011.
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Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. ScienceDirect: 42–58. 2015-01-01 [2018-09-19]. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-398270-4.00004-5. （原始内容存档于2021-02-09）. Despite being the most studied disorder in child psychiatry, the pathophysiology of ADHD remains elusive.
Millichap, J. Gordon. Chapter 2: Causative Factors. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Handbook: A Physician's Guide to ADHD 2nd. New York, NY: Springer Science. 2010: 26 [2021-02-06]. ISBN 978-1-4419-1396-8. LCCN 2009938108. doi:10.1007/978-104419-1397-5. （原始内容存档于2020-12-22）.
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Psychiatric GWAS Consortium: ADHD Subgroup, Neale BM, Medland SE, Ripke S, Asherson P, Franke B, et al. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2010-09, 49 (9): 884–97. PMC 2928252 . PMID 20732625. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.06.008.
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Berry MD. The potential of trace amines and their receptors for treating neurological and psychiatric diseases. Reviews on Recent Clinical Trials. 2007-01, 2 (1): 3–19 [2021-02-06]. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.329.563 . PMID 18473983. doi:10.2174/157488707779318107. （原始内容存档于2017-02-01）. Although there is little direct evidence, changes in trace amines, in particular PE, have been identified as a possible factor for the onset of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). … Further, amphetamines, which have clinical utility in ADHD, are good ligands at trace amine receptors. Of possible relevance in this aspect is modafanil, which has shown beneficial effects in ADHD patients and has been reported to enhance the activity of PE at TAAR1. Conversely, methylphenidate, …showed poor efficacy at the TAAR1 receptor. In this respect it is worth noting that the enhancement of functioning at TAAR1 seen with modafanil was not a result of a direct interaction with TAAR1.
Sotnikova TD, Caron MG, Gainetdinov RR. Trace amine-associated receptors as emerging therapeutic targets. Molecular Pharmacology. 2009-08, 76 (2): 229–35. PMC 2713119 . PMID 19389919. doi:10.1124/mol.109.055970.
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Burger PH, Goecke TW, Fasching PA, Moll G, Heinrich H, Beckmann MW, Kornhuber J. [How does maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy affect the development of attention deficit/hyperactivity syndrome in the child]. Fortschritte der Neurologie-Psychiatrie (Review). 2011-09, 79 (9): 500–6. PMID 21739408. doi:10.1055/s-0031-1273360 （德语）.
Eubig PA, Aguiar A, Schantz SL. Lead and PCBs as risk factors for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Environmental Health Perspectives (Review. Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural. Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.). 2010-12, 118 (12): 1654–67. PMC 3002184 . PMID 20829149. doi:10.1289/ehp.0901852.
de Cock M, Maas YG, van de Bor M. Does perinatal exposure to endocrine disruptors induce autism spectrum and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders? Review. Acta Paediatrica (Review. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't). 2012-08, 101 (8): 811–8. PMID 22458970. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2012.02693.x.
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Ystrom E, Gustavson K, Brandlistuen RE, Knudsen GP, Magnus P, Susser E, Davey Smith G, Stoltenberg C, Surén P, Håberg SE, Hornig M, Lipkin WI, Nordeng H, Reichborn-Kjennerud T. Prenatal Exposure to Acetaminophen and Risk of ADHD. Pediatrics. 2017-11, 140 (5): e20163840. PMC 5654387 . PMID 29084830. doi:10.1542/peds.2016-3840. hdl:11250/2465905.
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Eme R. ADHD: an integration with pediatric traumatic brain injury. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics (Review). 2012-04, 12 (4): 475–83. PMID 22449218. doi:10.1586/ern.12.15.
Millichap JG, Yee MM. The diet factor in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics. 2012-02, 129 (2): 330–7 [2019-12-03]. PMID 22232312. doi:10.1542/peds.2011-2199. （原始内容存档于2015-09-11）.
Sonuga-Barke EJ, Brandeis D, Cortese S, Daley D, Ferrin M, Holtmann M, Stevenson J, Danckaerts M, van der Oord S, Döpfner M, Dittmann RW, Simonoff E, Zuddas A, Banaschewski T, Buitelaar J, Coghill D, Hollis C, Konofal E, Lecendreux M, Wong IC, Sergeant J. Nonpharmacological interventions for ADHD: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials of dietary and psychological treatments. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2013-03, 170 (3): 275–89. PMID 23360949. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12070991. Free fatty acid supplementation and artificial food color exclusions appear to have beneficial effects on ADHD symptoms, although the effect of the former are small and those of the latter may be limited to ADHD patients with food sensitivities...
Nigg JT, Holton K. Restriction and elimination diets in ADHD treatment. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America (Review). 2014-10, 23 (4): 937–53. PMC 4322780 . PMID 25220094. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2014.05.010. an elimination diet produces a small aggregate effect but may have greater benefit among some children. Very few studies enable proper evaluation of the likelihood of response in children with ADHD who are not already preselected based on prior diet response.
Parens E, Johnston J. Facts, values, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): an update on the controversies. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health. 2009-01, 3 (1): 1. PMC 2637252 . PMID 19152690. doi:10.1186/1753-2000-3-1.
Holland, Josephine; Sayal, Kapil. Relative age and ADHD symptoms, diagnosis and medication: a systematic review. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2018-10-06 [2019-12-03]. ISSN 1435-165X. PMID 30293121. doi:10.1007/s00787-018-1229-6. （原始内容存档于2020-05-13）.
Krain AL, Castellanos FX. Brain development and ADHD. Clin Psychol Rev. 2006-08, 26 (4): 433–444. PMID 16480802. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.01.005.
Chandler DJ, Waterhouse BD, Gao WJ. New perspectives on catecholaminergic regulation of executive circuits: evidence for independent modulation of prefrontal functions by midbrain dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurons. Front. Neural Circuits. 2014-05, 8: 53. PMC 4033238 . PMID 24904299. doi:10.3389/fncir.2014.00053.
Castellanos FX, Proal E. Large-scale brain systems in ADHD: beyond the prefrontal-striatal model. Trends Cogn. Sci. (Regul. Ed.). 2012-01, 16 (1): 17–26. PMC 3272832 . PMID 22169776. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.11.007. Recent conceptualizations of ADHD have taken seriously the distributed nature of neuronal processing [10,11,35,36]. Most of the candidate networks have focused on prefrontal-striatal-cerebellar circuits, although other posterior regions are also being proposed [10].
Cortese S, Kelly C, Chabernaud C, Proal E, Di Martino A, Milham MP, Castellanos FX. Toward systems neuroscience of ADHD: a meta-analysis of 55 fMRI studies. Am J Psychiatry. 2012-10, 169 (10): 1038–1055. PMC 3879048 . PMID 22983386. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.11101521.
Bymaster, F. Atomoxetine Increases Extracellular Levels of Norepinephrine and Dopamine in Prefrontal Cortex of Rat A Potential Mechanism for Efficacy in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology (Springer Nature). 2002, 27 (5): 699–711 [2017-02-17]. doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(02)00346-9. The selective norepinephrine (NE) transporter inhibitor atomoxetine (formerly called tomoxetine or LY139603) has been shown to alleviate symptoms in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).
Faraone, Stephen V. The pharmacology of amphetamine and methylphenidate: Relevance to the neurobiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and other psychiatric comorbidities. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews (Elsevier BV). 2018, 87: 255–270. ISSN 0149-7634. PMID 29428394. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.02.001. Although a substantial amount of research has focused on dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE), ADHD has also been linked to dysfunction in serotonin (5hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]), acetylcholine (ACH), opioid, and glutamate (GLU) pathways (Cortese, 2012; Maltezos et al., 2014; Blum et al., 2008; Potter et al., 2014; Elia et al., 2011). The alterations in these neurotransmitter systems affect the function of brain structures that moderate executive function, working memory, emotional regulation, and reward processing (Fig. 1) (Faraone et al., 2015).
Cortese S. The neurobiology and genetics of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): what every clinician should know. European Journal of Paediatric Neurology. 2012-09, 16 (5): 422–33. PMID 22306277. doi:10.1016/j.ejpn.2012.01.009.
Lesch KP, Merker S, Reif A, Novak M. Dances with black widow spiders: dysregulation of glutamate signalling enters centre stage in ADHD. European Neuropsychopharmacology. 2013-06, 23 (6): 479–91. PMID 22939004. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.07.013.
Shaw M, Hodgkins P, Caci H, Young S, Kahle J, Woods AG, Arnold LE. A systematic review and analysis of long-term outcomes in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: effects of treatment and non-treatment. BMC Medicine. 2012-09, 10: 99. PMC 3520745 . PMID 22947230. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-10-99.
Bidwell LC, McClernon FJ, Kollins SH. Cognitive enhancers for the treatment of ADHD. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 2011-08, 99 (2): 262–74. PMC 3353150 . PMID 21596055. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2011.05.002.
Modesto-Lowe V, Chaplin M, Soovajian V, Meyer A. Are motivation deficits underestimated in patients with ADHD? A review of the literature. Postgraduate Medicine. 2013-07, 125 (4): 47–52. PMID 23933893. doi:10.3810/pgm.2013.07.2677. Behavioral studies show altered processing of reinforcement and incentives in children with ADHD. These children respond more impulsively to rewards and choose small, immediate rewards over larger, delayed incentives. Interestingly, a high intensity of reinforcement is effective in improving task performance in children with ADHD. Pharmacotherapy may also improve task persistence in these children. ... Previous studies suggest that a clinical approach using interventions to improve motivational processes in patients with ADHD may improve outcomes as children with ADHD transition into adolescence and adulthood.
Fabiano GA, Pelham WE, Coles EK, Gnagy EM, Chronis-Tuscano A, O'Connor BC. A meta-analysis of behavioral treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Clinical Psychology Review. 2009-03, 29 (2): 129–40. PMID 19131150. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2008.11.001.
Kratochvil CJ, Vaughan BS, Barker A, Corr L, Wheeler A, Madaan V. Review of pediatric attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder for the general psychiatrist. The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2009-03, 32 (1): 39–56. PMID 19248915. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2008.10.001.
Evans SW, Owens JS, Bunford N. Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology. 2014, 43 (4): 527–51. PMC 4025987 . PMID 24245813. doi:10.1080/15374416.2013.850700.
Daley D, Van Der Oord S, Ferrin M, Cortese S, Danckaerts M, Doepfner M, Van den Hoofdakker BJ, Coghill D, Thompson M, Asherson P, Banaschewski T, Brandeis D, Buitelaar J, Dittmann RW, Hollis C, Holtmann M, Konofal E, Lecendreux M, Rothenberger A, Santosh P, Simonoff E, Soutullo C, Steinhausen HC, Stringaris A, Taylor E, Wong IC, Zuddas A, Sonuga-Barke EJ. Practitioner Review: Current best practice in the use of parent training and other behavioural interventions in the treatment of children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (PDF). Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 2017-10, 59 (9): 932–947 [2019-11-21]. PMID 29083042. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12825. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2019-04-04）.
Arns M, de Ridder S, Strehl U, Breteler M, Coenen A. Efficacy of neurofeedback treatment in ADHD: the effects on inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity: a meta-analysis. Clinical EEG and Neuroscience. 2009-07, 40 (3): 180–9. PMID 19715181. doi:10.1177/155005940904000311.
Cortese S, Ferrin M, Brandeis D, Holtmann M, Aggensteiner P, Daley D, Santosh P, Simonoff E, Stevenson J, Stringaris A, Sonuga-Barke EJ. Neurofeedback for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Meta-Analysis of Clinical and Neuropsychological Outcomes From Randomized Controlled Trials. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2016-06, 55 (6): 444–55. PMID 27238063. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2016.03.007. hdl:1854/LU-8123796.
Bjornstad G, Montgomery P. Bjornstad GJ , 编. Family therapy for attention-deficit disorder or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2005-04, (2): CD005042. PMID 15846741. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005042.pub2.
Mikami AY. The importance of friendship for youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review. 2010-06, 13 (2): 181–98. PMC 2921569 . PMID 20490677. doi:10.1007/s10567-010-0067-y.
Den Heijer AE, Groen Y, Tucha L, Fuermaier AB, Koerts J, Lange KW, Thome J, Tucha O. Sweat it out? The effects of physical exercise on cognition and behavior in children and adults with ADHD: a systematic literature review. Journal of Neural Transmission. 2017-02, 124 (Suppl 1): 3–26. PMC 5281644 . PMID 27400928. doi:10.1007/s00702-016-1593-7. Beneficial chronic effects of cardio exercise were found on various functions as well, including executive functions, attention and behavior.
Kamp CF, Sperlich B, Holmberg HC. Exercise reduces the symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and improves social behaviour, motor skills, strength and neuropsychological parameters. Acta Paediatrica. 2014-07, 103 (7): 709–14. PMID 24612421. doi:10.1111/apa.12628. We may conclude that all different types of exercise ... attenuate the characteristic symptoms of ADHD and improve social behaviour, motor skills, strength and neuropsychological parameters without any undesirable side effects. Available reports do not reveal which type, intensity, duration and frequency of exercise is most effective
Rommel AS, Halperin JM, Mill J, Asherson P, Kuntsi J. Protection from genetic diathesis in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: possible complementary roles of exercise. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2013-09, 52 (9): 900–10. PMC 4257065 . PMID 23972692. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.05.018. The findings from these studies provide some support for the notion that exercise has the potential to act as a protective factor for ADHD.
Wigal SB. Efficacy and safety limitations of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder pharmacotherapy in children and adults. CNS Drugs. 2009,. 23 Suppl 1: 21–31. PMID 19621975. doi:10.2165/00023210-200923000-00004.
Castells X, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Bosch R, Nogueira M, Casas M. Castells X , 编. Amphetamines for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in adults. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2011-06, (6): CD007813. PMID 21678370. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007813.pub2.
Parker J, Wales G, Chalhoub N, Harpin V. The long-term outcomes of interventions for the management of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Psychology Research and Behavior Management. 2013-09, 6: 87–99. PMC 3785407 . PMID 24082796. doi:10.2147/PRBM.S49114. Results suggest there is moderate-to-high-level evidence that combined pharmacological and behavioral interventions, and pharmacological interventions alone can be effective in managing the core ADHD symptoms and academic performance at 14 months. However, the effect size may decrease beyond this period. ... There is high level evidence suggesting that pharmacological treatment can have a major beneficial effect on the core symptoms of ADHD (hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity) in approximately 80% of cases compared with placebo controls, in the short term.22
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About 5–15% of the users who develop an amphetamine psychosis fail to recover completely (Hofmann 1983) ...
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Millichap, J. Gordon. Chapter 2: Causative Factors. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Handbook: A Physician's Guide to ADHD 2nd. New York, NY: Springer Science. 2010: 26 [2021-02-06]. ISBN 978-1-4419-1396-8. LCCN 2009938108. doi:10.1007/978-104419-1397-5. （原始内容存档于2020-12-22）.
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Hofvander B, Ossowski D, Lundström S, Anckarsäter H. Continuity of aggressive antisocial behavior from childhood to adulthood: The question of phenotype definition (PDF). International Journal of Law and Psychiatry. 2009, 32 (4): 224–34 [2019-12-03]. PMID 19428109. doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2009.04.004. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-11-28）.

medlineplus.gov

Hyperactivity: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. MedlinePlus. 2018-07-09 [2018-07-15]. （原始内容存档于2017-07-15）. Hyperactivity is often considered more of a problem for schools and parents than it is for the child. But many hyperactive children are unhappy, or even depressed. Hyperactive behavior may make a child a target for bullying, or make it harder to connect with other children. Schoolwork may be more difficult. Kids who are hyperactive are frequently punished for their behavior. Excessive movement (hyperkinetic behavior) often decreases as the child grows older. It may disappear entirely by adolescence.
Hyperactivity: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. MedlinePlus. 2018-07-09 [2018-07-15]. （原始内容存档于2017-07-15）. Hyperactivity is often considered more of a problem for schools and parents than it is for the child. But many hyperactive children are unhappy, or even depressed. Hyperactive behavior may make a child a target for bullying, or make it harder to connect with other children. Schoolwork may be more difficult. Kids who are hyperactive are frequently punished for their behavior. Excessive movement (hyperkinetic behavior) often decreases as the child grows older. It may disappear entirely by adolescence.
Guidelines May Have Helped Curb ADHD Diagnoses in Preschoolers. MedlinePlus.gov. HealthDay. 2016-11-15 [2017-01-01]. （原始内容存档于2016-12-25）. Still, too few with disorder receive behavior therapy, child psychologist says.

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Biederman, Joseph. New-Generation Long-Acting Stimulants for the Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Medscape. 2003 [2016-06-19]. （原始内容存档于2003-12-07）. As most treatment guidelines and prescribing information for stimulant medications relate to experience in school-aged children, prescribed doses for older patients are lacking. Emerging evidence for both methylphenidate and Adderall indicate that when weight-corrected daily doses, equipotent with those used in the treatment of younger patients, are used to treat adults with ADHD, these patients show a very robust clinical response consistent with that observed in pediatric studies. These data suggest that older patients may require a more aggressive approach in terms of dosing, based on the same target dosage ranges that have already been established – for methylphenidate, 1–1.5–2 mg/kg/day, and for D,L-amphetamine, 0.5–0.75–1 mg/kg/day....
In particular, adolescents and adults are vulnerable to underdosing, and are thus at potential risk of failing to receive adequate dosage levels. As with all therapeutic agents, the efficacy and safety of stimulant medications should always guide prescribing behavior: careful dosage titration of the selected stimulant product should help to ensure that each patient with ADHD receives an adequate dose, so that the clinical benefits of therapy can be fully attained.

medscape.org

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【校園欺凌】產後抑鬱媽媽：過度活躍的七歲兒子，最怕他自殺. 明周文化. 2018-03-19 [2018-03-31]. （原始内容存档于2018-03-29）（中文）.

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全民健康保險研究資料庫 National Health Insurance Research Database. Taiwan, Republic of China.. [2017-03-17]. （原始内容存档于2017-02-15）.

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National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. CG72 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): full guideline (PDF). NHS. 2008-09-24 [2018-12-26]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2014-02-25）.

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National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis and Management of ADHD in Children, Young People and Adults. NICE Clinical Guidelines 72. Leicester: British Psychological Society. 2009 [2017-06-22]. ISBN 978-1-85433-471-8. （原始内容存档于2016-01-13） –通过NCBI Bookshelf.
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Sonuga-Barke EJ, Brandeis D, Cortese S, Daley D, Ferrin M, Holtmann M, Stevenson J, Danckaerts M, van der Oord S, Döpfner M, Dittmann RW, Simonoff E, Zuddas A, Banaschewski T, Buitelaar J, Coghill D, Hollis C, Konofal E, Lecendreux M, Wong IC, Sergeant J. Nonpharmacological interventions for ADHD: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials of dietary and psychological treatments. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2013-03, 170 (3): 275–89. PMID 23360949. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12070991. Free fatty acid supplementation and artificial food color exclusions appear to have beneficial effects on ADHD symptoms, although the effect of the former are small and those of the latter may be limited to ADHD patients with food sensitivities...
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Krause, KH; Dresel, SH; Krause, J; la Fougere, C; Ackenheil, M. The dopamine transporter and neuroimaging in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews. 2003, 27 (7): 605–13. ISSN 0149-7634. PMID 14624805.
Faraone, Stephen V. The pharmacology of amphetamine and methylphenidate: Relevance to the neurobiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and other psychiatric comorbidities. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews (Elsevier BV). 2018, 87: 255–270. ISSN 0149-7634. PMID 29428394. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.02.001. Although a substantial amount of research has focused on dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE), ADHD has also been linked to dysfunction in serotonin (5hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]), acetylcholine (ACH), opioid, and glutamate (GLU) pathways (Cortese, 2012; Maltezos et al., 2014; Blum et al., 2008; Potter et al., 2014; Elia et al., 2011). The alterations in these neurotransmitter systems affect the function of brain structures that moderate executive function, working memory, emotional regulation, and reward processing (Fig. 1) (Faraone et al., 2015).
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Modesto-Lowe V, Chaplin M, Soovajian V, Meyer A. Are motivation deficits underestimated in patients with ADHD? A review of the literature. Postgraduate Medicine. 2013-07, 125 (4): 47–52. PMID 23933893. doi:10.3810/pgm.2013.07.2677. Behavioral studies show altered processing of reinforcement and incentives in children with ADHD. These children respond more impulsively to rewards and choose small, immediate rewards over larger, delayed incentives. Interestingly, a high intensity of reinforcement is effective in improving task performance in children with ADHD. Pharmacotherapy may also improve task persistence in these children. ... Previous studies suggest that a clinical approach using interventions to improve motivational processes in patients with ADHD may improve outcomes as children with ADHD transition into adolescence and adulthood.
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Daley D, Van Der Oord S, Ferrin M, Cortese S, Danckaerts M, Doepfner M, Van den Hoofdakker BJ, Coghill D, Thompson M, Asherson P, Banaschewski T, Brandeis D, Buitelaar J, Dittmann RW, Hollis C, Holtmann M, Konofal E, Lecendreux M, Rothenberger A, Santosh P, Simonoff E, Soutullo C, Steinhausen HC, Stringaris A, Taylor E, Wong IC, Zuddas A, Sonuga-Barke EJ. Practitioner Review: Current best practice in the use of parent training and other behavioural interventions in the treatment of children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (PDF). Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 2017-10, 59 (9): 932–947 [2019-11-21]. PMID 29083042. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12825. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2019-04-04）.
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Den Heijer AE, Groen Y, Tucha L, Fuermaier AB, Koerts J, Lange KW, Thome J, Tucha O. Sweat it out? The effects of physical exercise on cognition and behavior in children and adults with ADHD: a systematic literature review. Journal of Neural Transmission. 2017-02, 124 (Suppl 1): 3–26. PMC 5281644 . PMID 27400928. doi:10.1007/s00702-016-1593-7. Beneficial chronic effects of cardio exercise were found on various functions as well, including executive functions, attention and behavior.
Kamp CF, Sperlich B, Holmberg HC. Exercise reduces the symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and improves social behaviour, motor skills, strength and neuropsychological parameters. Acta Paediatrica. 2014-07, 103 (7): 709–14. PMID 24612421. doi:10.1111/apa.12628. We may conclude that all different types of exercise ... attenuate the characteristic symptoms of ADHD and improve social behaviour, motor skills, strength and neuropsychological parameters without any undesirable side effects. Available reports do not reveal which type, intensity, duration and frequency of exercise is most effective
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Parker J, Wales G, Chalhoub N, Harpin V. The long-term outcomes of interventions for the management of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Psychology Research and Behavior Management. 2013-09, 6: 87–99. PMC 3785407 . PMID 24082796. doi:10.2147/PRBM.S49114. Results suggest there is moderate-to-high-level evidence that combined pharmacological and behavioral interventions, and pharmacological interventions alone can be effective in managing the core ADHD symptoms and academic performance at 14 months. However, the effect size may decrease beyond this period. ... There is high level evidence suggesting that pharmacological treatment can have a major beneficial effect on the core symptoms of ADHD (hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity) in approximately 80% of cases compared with placebo controls, in the short term.22
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About 5–15% of the users who develop an amphetamine psychosis fail to recover completely (Hofmann 1983) ...
Findings from one trial indicate use of antipsychotic medications effectively resolves symptoms of acute amphetamine psychosis.
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Storebø, Ole Jakob; Ramstad, Erica; Krogh, Helle B.; Nilausen, Trine Danvad; Skoog, Maria; Holmskov, Mathilde; Rosendal, Susanne; Groth, Camilla; Magnusson, Frederik L; Moreira-Maia, Carlos R; Gillies, Donna; Buch Rasmussen, Kirsten; Gauci, Dorothy; Zwi, Morris; Kirubakaran, Richard; Forsbøl, Bente; Simonsen, Erik; Gluud, Christian, Storebø, Ole Jakob , 编, Methylphenidate for children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (systematic review) (Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd), 2015-11-25, (11), PMID 26599576, doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009885.pub2
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nimh.nih.gov

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An estimated 40 to 60 percent of people with ASD have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which encompasses such symptoms as difficulty paying attention, problems controlling behavior and hyperactivity. Co-investigators Geraldine Dawson, Ph.D., and Scott Kollins, Ph.D., aim to learn how ADHD may influence the diagnosis and treatment of autism and plan to observe children who have ASD alone, ASD and ADHD, and ADHD alone and compare them to typically developing children. They will also test whether the stimulant medication used to treat ADHD will help children with both conditions.

nottingham.ac.uk

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Daley D, Van Der Oord S, Ferrin M, Cortese S, Danckaerts M, Doepfner M, Van den Hoofdakker BJ, Coghill D, Thompson M, Asherson P, Banaschewski T, Brandeis D, Buitelaar J, Dittmann RW, Hollis C, Holtmann M, Konofal E, Lecendreux M, Rothenberger A, Santosh P, Simonoff E, Soutullo C, Steinhausen HC, Stringaris A, Taylor E, Wong IC, Zuddas A, Sonuga-Barke EJ. Practitioner Review: Current best practice in the use of parent training and other behavioural interventions in the treatment of children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (PDF). Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 2017-10, 59 (9): 932–947 [2019-11-21]. PMID 29083042. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12825. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2019-04-04）.

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Berry MD. The potential of trace amines and their receptors for treating neurological and psychiatric diseases. Reviews on Recent Clinical Trials. 2007-01, 2 (1): 3–19 [2021-02-06]. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.329.563 . PMID 18473983. doi:10.2174/157488707779318107. （原始内容存档于2017-02-01）. Although there is little direct evidence, changes in trace amines, in particular PE, have been identified as a possible factor for the onset of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). … Further, amphetamines, which have clinical utility in ADHD, are good ligands at trace amine receptors. Of possible relevance in this aspect is modafanil, which has shown beneficial effects in ADHD patients and has been reported to enhance the activity of PE at TAAR1. Conversely, methylphenidate, …showed poor efficacy at the TAAR1 receptor. In this respect it is worth noting that the enhancement of functioning at TAAR1 seen with modafanil was not a result of a direct interaction with TAAR1.
Faraone SV, Asherson P, Banaschewski T, Biederman J, Buitelaar JK, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Rohde LA, Sonuga-Barke EJ, Tannock R, Franke B. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (PDF). Nature Reviews. Disease Primers (Review). 2015-08, 1: 15020 [2018-12-31]. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.497.1346 . PMID 27189265. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2015.20. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-07-28）.

racgp.org.au

Sim MG, Hulse G, Khong E. When the child with ADHD grows up (PDF). Australian Family Physician. 2004-08, 33 (8): 615–8 [2019-01-01]. PMID 15373378. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2015-09-24）.

researchgate.net

Instanes JT, Klungsøyr K, Halmøy A, Fasmer OB, Haavik J. Adult ADHD and Comorbid Somatic Disease: A Systematic Literature Review. Journal of Attention Disorders (Systematic Review). 2018-02, 22 (3): 203–228 [2021-02-06]. PMC 5987989 . PMID 27664125. doi:10.1177/1087054716669589. （原始内容存档于2017-02-07）.
Ibrahim K, Donyai P. Drug Holidays From ADHD Medication: International Experience Over the Past Four Decades. Journal of Attention Disorders. 2015-07, 19 (7): 551–68 [2019-11-21]. PMID 25253684. doi:10.1177/1087054714548035. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-06-30）.

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Ekstein S, Glick B, Weill M, Kay B, Berger I. Down syndrome and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Journal of Child Neurology. 2011-10, 26 (10): 1290–5 [2021-02-06]. PMID 21628698. doi:10.1177/0883073811405201. （原始内容存档于2015-11-20）.

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Ashton H, Gallagher P, Moore B. The adult psychiatrist's dilemma: psychostimulant use in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Psychopharmacology. 2006-09, 20 (5): 602–10 [2019-11-21]. PMID 16478756. doi:10.1177/0269881106061710. （原始内容存档于2009-08-15）.

sciencedirect.com

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. ScienceDirect: 42–58. 2015-01-01 [2018-09-19]. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-398270-4.00004-5. （原始内容存档于2021-02-09）. Despite being the most studied disorder in child psychiatry, the pathophysiology of ADHD remains elusive.

sebastiaandovis.com

Faraone SV, Asherson P, Banaschewski T, Biederman J, Buitelaar JK, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Rohde LA, Sonuga-Barke EJ, Tannock R, Franke B. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (PDF). Nature Reviews. Disease Primers (Review). 2015-08, 1: 15020 [2018-12-31]. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.497.1346 . PMID 27189265. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2015.20. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-07-28）.

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陳錦宏. 心動家族:注意力不足過動症ＡＤＨＤ的第三條路. 台灣心動家族兒童青少年關懷協會. Tc-adhd.com. 2016-12-13 [2017-02]. （原始内容存档于2018-02-24）（中文（臺灣））.

theinitium.com

呂苡榕. 健保給付制度造成醫療資源分配傾斜. Taiwan: 端傳媒. 2017-04-25 [2017-04-25]. （原始内容存档于2017-05-01）. 健保給付制度困境令孩童就醫難\ 除了診斷的時間受到侷限，行為治療、親職教育等資源更是少得可憐。醫院的親子團體治療每一期排隊至少要排上四個月到半年才有可能有名額......

thesun.co.uk

'Bullied' schoolboy, 14, was found hanged in school toilet by his sister as dad calls for headteacher's resignation. The Sun. 2018-09-20 [2018-09-29]. （原始内容存档于2018-09-29）.

tscap.org.tw

TSCAP. 臺灣兒童青少年精神醫學會新聞稿20160603. Tscap.org.tw. [2016-12-27]. （原始内容存档于2016-11-30）.

tvbs.com.tw

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林瑩真. 過動男童遭霸凌一年半　學校上吊輕生「妹目睹崩潰痛哭」. TVBS. 2018-09-26 [2018-09-28]. （原始内容存档于2018-09-29）（中文）.

ubc.ca

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uiowa.edu

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uptodate.com

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Hyperactivity: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. MedlinePlus. 2018-07-09 [2018-07-15]. （原始内容存档于2017-07-15）. Hyperactivity is often considered more of a problem for schools and parents than it is for the child. But many hyperactive children are unhappy, or even depressed. Hyperactive behavior may make a child a target for bullying, or make it harder to connect with other children. Schoolwork may be more difficult. Kids who are hyperactive are frequently punished for their behavior. Excessive movement (hyperkinetic behavior) often decreases as the child grows older. It may disappear entirely by adolescence.
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In particular, adolescents and adults are vulnerable to underdosing, and are thus at potential risk of failing to receive adequate dosage levels. As with all therapeutic agents, the efficacy and safety of stimulant medications should always guide prescribing behavior: careful dosage titration of the selected stimulant product should help to ensure that each patient with ADHD receives an adequate dose, so that the clinical benefits of therapy can be fully attained.
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An estimated 40 to 60 percent of people with ASD have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which encompasses such symptoms as difficulty paying attention, problems controlling behavior and hyperactivity. Co-investigators Geraldine Dawson, Ph.D., and Scott Kollins, Ph.D., aim to learn how ADHD may influence the diagnosis and treatment of autism and plan to observe children who have ASD alone, ASD and ADHD, and ADHD alone and compare them to typically developing children. They will also test whether the stimulant medication used to treat ADHD will help children with both conditions.
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