物質濫用 (Chinese Wikipedia)

Owens PL, Barrett ML, Weiss AJ, Washington RE, Kronick R. Hospital Inpatient Utilization Related to Opioid Overuse Among Adults, 1993–2012. HCUP Statistical Brief #177. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. August 2014 [2021-06-02]. （原始内容存档于2019-09-03）.

apa.org

Chambless, D.L.; et al. An update on empirically validated therapies (PDF). Clinical Psychology. 1998, 49: 5–14 [2008-03-24]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2007-07-10）.

archive.org

Chambers RA, Taylor JR, Potenza MN. Developmental neurocircuitry of motivation in adolescence: a critical period of addiction vulnerability. Am J Psychiatry. 2003, 160 (6): 1041–52. PMC 2919168 . PMID 12777258. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.6.1041.
Uekermann J, Daum I. Social cognition in alcoholism: a link to prefrontal cortex dysfunction?. Addiction. May 2008, 103 (5): 726–35. PMID 18412750. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02157.x.
Hasin, Deborah S.; O’Brien, Charles P.; Auriacombe, Marc; Borges, Guilherme; Bucholz, Kathleen; Budney, Alan; Compton, Wilson M.; Crowley, Thomas; Ling, Walter. DSM-5 Criteria for Substance Use Disorders: Recommendations and Rationale. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2013-08-01, 170 (8): 834–851. ISSN 0002-953X. PMC 3767415 . PMID 23903334. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12060782.
Drachman, D. A stage-of-migration framework for service to immigrant populations. Social Work. 1992, 37 (1): 68–72. doi:10.1093/sw/37.1.68.
Pumariega A. J.; Rothe E.; Pumariega J. B. Mental health of immigrants and refugees. Community Mental Health Journal. 2005, 41 (5): 581–597. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.468.6034 . PMID 16142540. S2CID 7326036. doi:10.1007/s10597-005-6363-1.
Walitzer, Kimberly S.; Dearing, Ronda L. Gender differences in alcohol and substance use relapse. Clinical Psychology Review. Relapse in the addictive behaviors. 2006-03-01, 26 (2): 128–148. ISSN 0272-7358. PMID 16412541. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.11.003.

archive.today

Gerard Moeller M.D., Barratt Ernest S., Ph, Dougherty Donald M., Ph, Schmitz Joy M., Ph, Swann Alan C. Psychiatric Aspects of Impulsivity. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001, 158 (11): 1783–93. PMID 11691682. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.11.1783. （原始内容存档于2013-04-15）.
Copeman M. Drug supply and drug abuse. CMAJ. April 2003, 168 (9): 1113; author reply 1113. PMC 153673 . PMID 12719309. （原始内容存档于2009-09-06）.

arxiv.org

E. Fehrman, A. K. Muhammad, E. M. Mirkes, V. Egan, A. N. Gorban,The Five Factor Model of personality and evaluation of drug consumption risk （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, arXiv:1506.06297 [stat.AP], 2015
Fehrman, Elaine; Egan, Vincent; Gorban, Alexander N.; Levesley, Jeremy; Mirkes, Evgeny M.; Muhammad, Awaz K. Personality Traits and Drug Consumption. A Story Told by Data. Springer, Cham. 2019. ISBN 978-3-030-10441-2. S2CID 151160405. arXiv:2001.06520 . doi:10.1007/978-3-030-10442-9.

baojournal.com

O'Donohue, W; K.E. Ferguson. Evidence-Based Practice in Psychology and Behavior Analysis. The Behavior Analyst Today. 2006, 7 (3): 335–350 [2008-03-24]. doi:10.1037/h0100155. （原始内容存档于2010-03-23）.
Purvis G.; MacInnis D. M. Implementation of the Community Reinforcement Approach (CRA) in a Long-Standing Addictions Outpatient Clinic (PDF). Journal of Behavior Analysis of Sports, Health, Fitness and Behavioral Medicine. 2009, 2: 133–44. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2010-12-29）.

bap.org.uk

Lingford-Hughes A. R.; Welch S.; Peters L.; Nutt D. J. BAP updated guidelines: evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological management of substance abuse, harmful use, addiction and comorbidity: recommendations from BAP (PDF). Journal of Psychopharmacology. 2012, 26 (7): 899–952. PMID 22628390. S2CID 30030790. doi:10.1177/0269881112444324. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-12-03）.

bbc.co.uk

news.bbc.co.uk

"Drug Trade （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）". BBC News.

behavenet.com

DSM-IV & DSM-IV-TR:Substance Dependence 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2011-09-27.

bentham.org

Barrett SP, Meisner JR, Stewart SH. What constitutes prescription drug misuse? Problems and pitfalls of current conceptualizations (PDF). Curr Drug Abuse Rev. November 2008, 1 (3): 255–62. PMID 19630724. doi:10.2174/1874473710801030255. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2010-06-15）.

books.google.com

Ksir, Oakley Ray; Charles. Drugs, society, and human behavior 9th. Boston [u.a.]: McGraw-Hill. 2002 [2021-06-02]. ISBN 978-0072319637. （原始内容存档于2021-12-22）.
O'Connor, Rory; Sheehy, Noel. Understanding suicidal behaviour. Leicester: BPS Books. 2000-01-29: 33–36 [2021-06-02]. ISBN 978-1-85433-290-5. （原始内容存档于2021-12-22）.
Isralowitz, Richard. Drug use: a reference handbook. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. 2004: 122–123 [2021-06-02]. ISBN 978-1-57607-708-5. （原始内容存档于2021-12-22）.
Evans, Katie; Sullivan, Michael J. Dual Diagnosis: Counseling the Mentally Ill Substance Abuser 2nd. Guilford Press. 2001-03-01: 75–76 [2021-06-02]. ISBN 978-1-57230-446-8. （原始内容存档于2020-08-01）.

cdc.gov

CDC Newsroom Press Release June 3, 2010. [2021-06-02]. （原始内容存档于2021-12-07）.

cebc4cw.org

Current Pharmacological Treatment Available for Alchhol Abuse. The California Evidence-Based Clearinghouse. 2006–2013 [2021-06-02]. （原始内容存档于2021-12-22）.

cfdp.ca

A Public Health Approach (PDF). [2017-04-01]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2009-09-25）.

cimonline.ca

Dhalla S, Kopec JA. The CAGE questionnaire for alcohol misuse: a review of reliability and validity studies. Clinical and Investigative Medicine. 2007: 33–41 [2021-06-02]. doi:10.25011/cim.v30i1.447. （原始内容存档于2017-08-18）.

cmaj.ca

Copeman M. Drug supply and drug abuse. CMAJ. April 2003, 168 (9): 1113; author reply 1113. PMC 153673 . PMID 12719309. （原始内容存档于2009-09-06）.
Wood E, Tyndall MW, Spittal PM, et al. Impact of supply-side policies for control of illicit drugs in the face of the AIDS and overdose epidemics: investigation of a massive heroin seizure. CMAJ. January 2003, 168 (2): 165–9. PMC 140425 . PMID 12538544.

doi.org

dx.doi.org

GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.. Lancet. 2016-10-08, 388 (10053): 1459–1544. PMC 5388903 . PMID 27733281. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1.
GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.. Lancet. 2014-12-17, 385 (9963): 117–71. PMC 4340604 . PMID 25530442. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2.
Nutt, David J; King, Leslie A; Phillips, Lawrence D. Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis. The Lancet. November 2010, 376 (9752): 1558–1565. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.690.1283 . PMID 21036393. S2CID 5667719. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61462-6.
Fehrman, Elaine; Egan, Vincent; Gorban, Alexander N.; Levesley, Jeremy; Mirkes, Evgeny M.; Muhammad, Awaz K. Personality Traits and Drug Consumption. A Story Told by Data. Springer, Cham. 2019. ISBN 978-3-030-10441-2. S2CID 151160405. arXiv:2001.06520 . doi:10.1007/978-3-030-10442-9.
Barrett SP, Meisner JR, Stewart SH. What constitutes prescription drug misuse? Problems and pitfalls of current conceptualizations (PDF). Curr Drug Abuse Rev. November 2008, 1 (3): 255–62. PMID 19630724. doi:10.2174/1874473710801030255. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2010-06-15）.
McCabe SE, Boyd CJ, Teter CJ. Subtypes of nonmedical prescription drug misuse. Drug Alcohol Depend. June 2009, 102 (1–3): 63–70. PMC 2975029 . PMID 19278795. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.01.007.
D. Nutt（英语：David Nutt）; King, L. A.; Saulsbury, W.; C. Blakemore. Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse. The Lancet. 2007, 369 (9566): 1047–1053. PMID 17382831. S2CID 5903121. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60464-4.
Burke PJ, O'Sullivan J, Vaughan BL. Adolescent substance use: brief interventions by emergency care providers. Pediatr Emerg Care. November 2005, 21 (11): 770–6 [2021-06-02]. PMID 16280955. S2CID 36410538. doi:10.1097/01.pec.0000186435.66838.b3. （原始内容存档于2023-11-30）.
Serafini G, Innamorati M, Dominici G, Ferracuti S, Kotzalidis GD, Serra G. Suicidal Behavior and Alcohol Abuse. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (International Journal Environmental Research and Public Health). April 2010, 7 (4): 1392–1431. PMC 2872355 . PMID 20617037. doi:10.3390/ijerph7041392.
Di Forti M, Marconi A, Carra E, Fraietta S, Trotta A, Bonomo M, Bianconi F, Gardner-Sood P, O'Connor J, Russo M, Stilo SA, Marques TR, Mondelli V, Dazzan P, Pariante C, David AS, Gaughran F, Atakan Z, Iyegbe C, Powell J, Morgan C, Lynskey M, Murray RM. Proportion of patients in south London with first-episode psychosis attributable to use of high potency cannabis: a case-control study (PDF). Lancet Psychiatry. 2015, 2 (3): 233–8 [2021-06-02]. PMID 26359901. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(14)00117-5. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-01-09）.
Marta Di Forti. Daily Use, Especially of High-Potency Cannabis, Drives the Earlier Onset of Psychosis in Cannabis Users. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2013-12-17, 40 (6): 1509–1517 [2021-06-02]. PMC 4193693 . PMID 24345517. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbt181. （原始内容存档于2016-10-12）.
Hampton WH, Hanik I, Olson IR. [Substance Abuse and White Matter: Findings, Limitations, and Future of Diffusion Tensor Imaging Research]. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2019, 197 (4): 288–298. PMC 6440853 . PMID 30875650. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.02.005 （英语）. Given that our the central nervous system is an intricately balanced, complex network of billions of neurons and supporting cells, some might imagine that extrinsic substances could cause irreversible brain damage. Our review paints a less gloomy picture of the substances reviewed, however. Following prolonged abstinence, abusers of alcohol (Pfefferbaum et al., 2014) or opiates (Wang et al., 2011) have white matter microstructure that is not significantly different from non-users. There was also no evidence that the white matter microstructural changes observed in longitudinal studies of cannabis, nicotine, or cocaine were completely irreparable. It is therefore possible that, at least to some degree, abstinence can reverse effects of substance abuse on white matter. The ability of white matter to “bounce back” very likely depends on the level and duration of abuse, as well as the substance being abused.
Gerard Moeller M.D., Barratt Ernest S., Ph, Dougherty Donald M., Ph, Schmitz Joy M., Ph, Swann Alan C. Psychiatric Aspects of Impulsivity. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001, 158 (11): 1783–93. PMID 11691682. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.11.1783. （原始内容存档于2013-04-15）.
Bishara AJ, Pleskac TJ, Fridberg DJ, Yechiam E, Lucas J, Busemeyer JR, Finn PR, Stout JC. Similar Processes Despite Divergent Behavior in Two Commonly Used Measures of Risky Decision Making. J Behav Decis Mak. 2009, 22 (4): 435–454. PMC 3152830 . PMID 21836771. doi:10.1002/bdm.641.
Kreek, Mary Jeanne; Nielsen, David A; Butelman, Eduardo R; LaForge, K Steven. Genetic influences on impulsivity, risk taking, stress responsivity and vulnerability to drug abuse and addiction. Nature Neuroscience. 2005-10-26, 8 (11): 1450–1457. PMID 16251987. S2CID 12589277. doi:10.1038/nn1583.
Chambers RA, Taylor JR, Potenza MN. Developmental neurocircuitry of motivation in adolescence: a critical period of addiction vulnerability. Am J Psychiatry. 2003, 160 (6): 1041–52. PMC 2919168 . PMID 12777258. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.6.1041.
Jeronimus B.F.; Kotov, R.; Riese, H.; Ormel, J. Neuroticism's prospective association with mental disorders halves after adjustment for baseline symptoms and psychiatric history, but the adjusted association hardly decays with time: a meta-analysis on 59 longitudinal/prospective studies with 443 313 participants. Psychological Medicine. 2016, 46 (14): 2883–2906 [2021-06-02]. PMID 27523506. doi:10.1017/S0033291716001653. （原始内容存档于2019-12-29）.
Knight JR, Shrier LA, Harris SK, Chang G. Validity of the CRAFFT substance abuse screening test among adolescent clinic patients. JAMA Pediatrics. 2002, 156 (6): 607–614 [2021-06-02]. doi:10.1001/archpedi.156.6.607. （原始内容存档于2021-12-22）.
Dhalla S, Kopec JA. The CAGE questionnaire for alcohol misuse: a review of reliability and validity studies. Clinical and Investigative Medicine. 2007: 33–41 [2021-06-02]. doi:10.25011/cim.v30i1.447. （原始内容存档于2017-08-18）.
O'Donohue, W; K.E. Ferguson. Evidence-Based Practice in Psychology and Behavior Analysis. The Behavior Analyst Today. 2006, 7 (3): 335–350 [2008-03-24]. doi:10.1037/h0100155. （原始内容存档于2010-03-23）.
Hogue, A; Henderson, CE; Ozechowski, TJ; Robbins, MS. Evidence base on outpatient behavioral treatments for adolescent substance use: updates and recommendations 2007–2013.. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology. 2014, 43 (5): 695–720. PMID 24926870. S2CID 10036629. doi:10.1080/15374416.2014.915550.
Engle, Bretton; Macgowan, Mark J. A Critical Review of Adolescent Substance Abuse Group Treatments. Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work. 2009-08-05, 6 (3): 217–243. ISSN 1543-3714. PMID 20183675. S2CID 3293758. doi:10.1080/15433710802686971.
Carney, Tara; Myers, Bronwyn J; Louw, Johann; Okwundu, Charles I. Brief school-based interventions and behavioural outcomes for substance-using adolescents. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016-01-20, (1): CD008969. PMC 7119449 . PMID 26787125. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008969.pub3. hdl:10019.1/104381 .
Jensen, Chad D.; Cushing, Christopher C.; Aylward, Brandon S.; Craig, James T.; Sorell, Danielle M.; Steele, Ric G. Effectiveness of motivational interviewing interventions for adolescent substance use behavior change: A meta-analytic review.. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2011, 79 (4): 433–440. PMID 21728400. S2CID 19892519. doi:10.1037/a0023992.
Barnett, Elizabeth; Sussman, Steve; Smith, Caitlin; Rohrbach, Louise A.; Spruijt-Metz, Donna. Motivational Interviewing for adolescent substance use: A review of the literature. Addictive Behaviors. 2012, 37 (12): 1325–1334. PMC 3496394 . PMID 22958865. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.07.001.
Uekermann J, Daum I. Social cognition in alcoholism: a link to prefrontal cortex dysfunction?. Addiction. May 2008, 103 (5): 726–35. PMID 18412750. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02157.x.
Lingford-Hughes AR, Welch S, Peters L, Nutt DJ, ((British Association for Psychopharmacology, Expert Reviewers Group)). BAP updated guidelines: evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological management of substance abuse, harmful use, addiction and comorbidity: recommendations from BAP. Journal of Psychopharmacology. 2012-07-01, 26 (7): 899–952. ISSN 0269-8811. PMID 22628390. doi:10.1177/0269881112444324 . 温哥华格式错误 (帮助)
Lingford-Hughes A. R.; Welch S.; Peters L.; Nutt D. J. BAP updated guidelines: evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological management of substance abuse, harmful use, addiction and comorbidity: recommendations from BAP (PDF). Journal of Psychopharmacology. 2012, 26 (7): 899–952. PMID 22628390. S2CID 30030790. doi:10.1177/0269881112444324. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-12-03）.
Peterson Ashley L. Integrating Mental Health and Addictions Services to Improve Client Outcomes. Issues in Mental Health Nursing. 2013, 34 (10): 752–756. PMID 24066651. S2CID 11537206. doi:10.3109/01612840.2013.809830.
Hasin, Deborah S.; O’Brien, Charles P.; Auriacombe, Marc; Borges, Guilherme; Bucholz, Kathleen; Budney, Alan; Compton, Wilson M.; Crowley, Thomas; Ling, Walter. DSM-5 Criteria for Substance Use Disorders: Recommendations and Rationale. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2013-08-01, 170 (8): 834–851. ISSN 0002-953X. PMC 3767415 . PMID 23903334. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12060782.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5 (5th edition)2014 102 Washington, DC American Psychiatric Association 2013 xliv+947 pp. 9780890425541(hbck);9780890425558(pbck) £175 $199 (hbcchvk); £45 $69 (pbck). Reference Reviews. 2014-03-11, 28 (3): 36–37. doi:10.1108/rr-10-2013-0256.
Prieto L. Labelled drug-related public expenditure in relation to gross domestic product (gdp) in Europe: A luxury good?. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy. 2010, 5: 9. PMC 2881082 . PMID 20478069. doi:10.1186/1747-597x-5-9.
Drachman, D. A stage-of-migration framework for service to immigrant populations. Social Work. 1992, 37 (1): 68–72. doi:10.1093/sw/37.1.68.
Pumariega A. J.; Rothe E.; Pumariega J. B. Mental health of immigrants and refugees. Community Mental Health Journal. 2005, 41 (5): 581–597. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.468.6034 . PMID 16142540. S2CID 7326036. doi:10.1007/s10597-005-6363-1.
Cottrell-Boyce, Joe. The role of solvents in the lives of Kenyan street children: An ethnographic perspective (PDF). African Journal of Drug & Alcohol Studies. 2010, 9 (2): 93–102 [2014-01-28]. doi:10.4314/ajdas.v9i2.64142. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-04-20）.
Dunne, E. M., Burrell, L. I., Diggins, A. D., Whitehead, N. E., & Latimer, W. W. Increased risk for substance use and health‐related problems among homeless veterans. The American Journal on Addictions. 2015, 24 (7): 676–680. PMC 6941432 . PMID 26359444. doi:10.1111/ajad.12289.
Zlotnick, C., Tam, T., & Robertson, M. J. Disaffiliation, substance use, and exiting homelessness. Substance Use & Misuse. 2003, 38 (3–6): 577–599. PMID 12747398. S2CID 31815225. doi:10.1081/ja-120017386.
McHugh, R. Kathryn; Votaw, Victoria R.; Sugarman, Dawn E.; Greenfield, Shelly F. Sex and gender differences in substance use disorders. Clinical Psychology Review. Gender and Mental Health. 2018-12-01, 66: 12–23. ISSN 0272-7358. PMC 5945349 . PMID 29174306. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.10.012.
Becker, Jill B.; McClellan, Michele L.; Reed, Beth Glover. Sex differences, gender and addiction. Journal of Neuroscience Research. 2016-11-07, 95 (1–2): 136–147. ISSN 0360-4012. PMC 5120656 . PMID 27870394. doi:10.1002/jnr.23963.
Walitzer, Kimberly S.; Dearing, Ronda L. Gender differences in alcohol and substance use relapse. Clinical Psychology Review. Relapse in the addictive behaviors. 2006-03-01, 26 (2): 128–148. ISSN 0272-7358. PMID 16412541. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.11.003.

drugabuse.gov

"Topics in Brief: Prescription Drug Abuse" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） NIDA, December 2011.
Vaping popular among teens; opioid misuse at historic lows. National Institute on Drug Abuse. 2017-12-14 [2019-04-10]. （原始内容存档于2020-05-29）（英语）.
Overdose Death Rates （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. By National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA).

archives.drugabuse.gov

Addiction is a Chronic Disease. [2014-07-02]. （原始内容存档于2014-06-24）.

drugs.homeoffice.gov.uk

Home Office | Tackling Drugs Changing Lives | Drugs in the workplace. 2007-06-09 [2016-09-19]. （原始内容存档于2007-06-09）.

effectivechildtherapy.com

Effective Child Therapy: Substance Abuse and Dependence. Copyright 2012 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2013-05-03.

europa.eu

emcdda.europa.eu

EMCDDA | Information on the high-risk drug use (HRDU) (formerly 'problem drug use' (PDU)) key indicator. emcdda.europa.eu. [2016-09-27]. （原始内容存档于2019-07-17）.

google.com.tw

books.google.com.tw

Drug Use in America Problem in Perspective Second Report. United States Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse. : 13 [2021-06-02]. ISBN 0-8422-7239-9. （原始内容存档于2021-12-22）.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Carney, Tara; Myers, Bronwyn J; Louw, Johann; Okwundu, Charles I. Brief school-based interventions and behavioural outcomes for substance-using adolescents. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016-01-20, (1): CD008969. PMC 7119449 . PMID 26787125. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008969.pub3. hdl:10019.1/104381 .

helpguide.org

Self-Help Groups Article. [2015-05-27]. （原始内容存档于2015-05-21）.

jamanetwork.com

Knight JR, Shrier LA, Harris SK, Chang G. Validity of the CRAFFT substance abuse screening test among adolescent clinic patients. JAMA Pediatrics. 2002, 156 (6): 607–614 [2021-06-02]. doi:10.1001/archpedi.156.6.607. （原始内容存档于2021-12-22）.

mises.org

Thornton, Mark. The Economics of Prohibition. [2021-06-02]. （原始内容存档于2009-05-03）.

monitoringthefuture.org

Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2011). Monitoring the Future national results on adolescent drug use: Overview of key findings, 2010 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan.

ncemch.org

Morse, Barbara. Screening for Substance Abuse During Pregnancy: Improving Care, Improving Health (PDF). 1997: 4–5 [2021-06-02]. ISBN 978-1-57285-042-2. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-12-07）.

ncjrs.gov

The economic costs of drug abuse in the United States (PDF). [2021-06-02]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-03-24）.

nhs.uk

NHS and Drug Abuse. National Health Service (NHS). 2010-03-22 [2010-03-22]. （原始内容存档于2010-08-12）.

nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.. Lancet. 2016-10-08, 388 (10053): 1459–1544. PMC 5388903 . PMID 27733281. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1.
GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.. Lancet. 2014-12-17, 385 (9963): 117–71. PMC 4340604 . PMID 25530442. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2.
Nutt, David J; King, Leslie A; Phillips, Lawrence D. Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis. The Lancet. November 2010, 376 (9752): 1558–1565. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.690.1283 . PMID 21036393. S2CID 5667719. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61462-6.
Barrett SP, Meisner JR, Stewart SH. What constitutes prescription drug misuse? Problems and pitfalls of current conceptualizations (PDF). Curr Drug Abuse Rev. November 2008, 1 (3): 255–62. PMID 19630724. doi:10.2174/1874473710801030255. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2010-06-15）.
McCabe SE, Boyd CJ, Teter CJ. Subtypes of nonmedical prescription drug misuse. Drug Alcohol Depend. June 2009, 102 (1–3): 63–70. PMC 2975029 . PMID 19278795. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.01.007.
D. Nutt（英语：David Nutt）; King, L. A.; Saulsbury, W.; C. Blakemore. Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse. The Lancet. 2007, 369 (9566): 1047–1053. PMID 17382831. S2CID 5903121. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60464-4.
Burke PJ, O'Sullivan J, Vaughan BL. Adolescent substance use: brief interventions by emergency care providers. Pediatr Emerg Care. November 2005, 21 (11): 770–6 [2021-06-02]. PMID 16280955. S2CID 36410538. doi:10.1097/01.pec.0000186435.66838.b3. （原始内容存档于2023-11-30）.
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