甲基苯丙胺 (Chinese Wikipedia)
Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "甲基苯丙胺" in Chinese language version.
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accessmedicine.com
- Westfall DP, Westfall TC. Miscellaneous Sympathomimetic Agonists. Brunton LL, Chabner BA, Knollmann BC (编). Goodman & Gilman's Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics 12th. New York: McGraw-Hill. 2010 [2018-05-11]. ISBN 978-0-07-162442-8. （原始内容存档于2013-11-10）.
ada.org
- Methamphetamine Use (Meth Mouth). American Dental Association. [2006-12-15]. （原始内容存档于June 2008）.
addictionlibrary.org
- Methedrine (methamphetamine hydrochloride): Uses, Symptoms, Signs and Addiction Treatment. Addictionlibrary.org. [2016-01-16]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-04）. 参数
|newspaper=与模板{{cite web}}不匹配（建议改用{{cite news}}或|website=） (帮助)
addictionresource.com
amazon.com
- San Francisco Meth Zombies (TV documentary). National Geographic Channel. August 2013 [2018-06-22]. ASIN B00EHAOBAO. （原始内容存档于2016-07-08）.
cnki.com.cn
- 张建新，张大明，等。从甲基苯丙胺的对映体特征推断前体化学品。卫生研究，2009，04. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-WSYJ200904015.htm （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
doi.org
dx.doi.org
- Schep LJ, Slaughter RJ, Beasley DM. The clinical toxicology of metamfetamine. Clinical Toxicology. August 2010, 48 (7): 675–694. ISSN 1556-3650. PMID 20849327. doi:10.3109/15563650.2010.516752.
- Krueger SK, Williams DE. Mammalian flavin-containing monooxygenases: structure/function, genetic polymorphisms and role in drug metabolism. Pharmacol. Ther. June 2005, 106 (3): 357–387. PMC 1828602
. PMID 15922018. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.01.001. - Yu S, Zhu L, Shen Q, Bai X, Di X. Recent advances in methamphetamine neurotoxicity mechanisms and its molecular pathophysiology. Behav. Neurol. March 2015, 2015: 103969. PMC 4377385 . PMID 25861156. doi:10.1155/2015/103969.
In 1971, METH was restricted by US law, although oral METH (Ovation Pharmaceuticals) continues to be used today in the USA as a second-line treatment for a number of medical conditions, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and refractory obesity [3].
- Yu S, Zhu L, Shen Q, Bai X, Di X. Recent advances in methamphetamine neurotoxicity mechanisms and its molecular pathophysiology. Behav Neurol. 2015, 2015: 1–11. PMC 4377385 . PMID 25861156. doi:10.1155/2015/103969.
- Krasnova IN, Cadet JL. Methamphetamine toxicity and messengers of death. Brain Res. Rev. May 2009, 60 (2): 379–407. PMC 2731235 . PMID 19328213. doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.03.002.
Neuroimaging studies have revealed that METH can indeed cause neurodegenerative changes in the brains of human addicts (Aron and Paulus, 2007; Chang et al., 2007). These abnormalities include persistent decreases in the levels of dopamine transporters (DAT) in the orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and the caudate-putamen (McCann et al., 1998, 2008; Sekine et al., 2003; Volkow et al., 2001a, 2001c). The density of serotonin transporters (5-HTT) is also decreased in the midbrain, caudate, putamen, hypothalamus, thalamus, the orbitofrontal, temporal, and cingulate cortices of METH-dependent individuals (Sekine et al., 2006) ...
Neuropsychological studies have detected deficits in attention, working memory, and decision-making in chronic METH addicts ...
There is compelling evidence that the negative neuropsychiatric consequences of METH abuse are due, at least in part, to drug-induced neuropathological changes in the brains of these METH-exposed individuals ...
Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies in METH addicts have revealed substantial morphological changes in their brains. These include loss of gray matter in the cingulate, limbic and paralimbic cortices, significant shrinkage of hippocampi, and hypertrophy of white matter (Thompson et al., 2004). In addition, the brains of METH abusers show evidence of hyperintensities in white matter (Bae et al., 2006; Ernst et al., 2000), decreases in the neuronal marker, N-acetylaspartate (Ernst et al., 2000; Sung et al., 2007), reductions in a marker of metabolic integrity, creatine (Sekine et al., 2002) and increases in a marker of glial activation, myoinositol (Chang et al., 2002; Ernst et al., 2000; Sung et al., 2007; Yen et al., 1994). Elevated choline levels, which are indicative of increased cellular membrane synthesis and turnover are also evident in the frontal gray matter of METH abusers (Ernst et al., 2000; Salo et al., 2007; Taylor et al., 2007). - Rusinyak, Daniel E. Neurologic manifestations of chronic methamphetamine abuse. Neurologic Clinics. 2011, 29 (3): 641–655. PMC 3148451 . PMID 21803215. doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2011.05.004.
- Hart CL, Marvin CB, Silver R, Smith EE. Is cognitive functioning impaired in methamphetamine users? A critical review. Neuropsychopharmacology. February 2012, 37 (3): 586–608. PMC 3260986 . PMID 22089317. doi:10.1038/npp.2011.276.
- Halkitis PN, Pandey Mukherjee P, Palamar JJ. Longitudinal Modeling of Methamphetamine Use and Sexual Risk Behaviors in Gay and Bisexual Men. AIDS and Behavior. 2008, 13 (4): 783–791. PMC 4669892 . PMID 18661225. doi:10.1007/s10461-008-9432-y.
- Shoptaw SJ, Kao U, Ling W. Shoptaw SJ, Ali R , 编. Treatment for amphetamine psychosis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2009, (1): CD003026. PMID 19160215. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003026.pub3.
A minority of individuals who use amphetamines develop full-blown psychosis requiring care at emergency departments or psychiatric hospitals. In such cases, symptoms of amphetamine psychosis commonly include paranoid and persecutory delusions as well as auditory and visual hallucinations in the presence of extreme agitation. More common (about 18%) is for frequent amphetamine users to report psychotic symptoms that are sub-clinical and that do not require high-intensity intervention ...
About 5–15% of the users who develop an amphetamine psychosis fail to recover completely (Hofmann 1983) ...
Findings from one trial indicate use of antipsychotic medications effectively resolves symptoms of acute amphetamine psychosis. - Richards JR, Albertson TE, Derlet RW, Lange RA, Olson KR, Horowitz BZ. Treatment of toxicity from amphetamines, related derivatives, and analogues: a systematic clinical review. Drug Alcohol Depend. May 2015, 150: 1–13. PMID 25724076. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.01.040.
- Richards JR, Derlet RW, Duncan DR. Methamphetamine toxicity: treatment with a benzodiazepine versus a butyrophenone. Eur. J. Emerg. Med. September 1997, 4 (3): 130–135. PMID 9426992. doi:10.1097/00063110-199709000-00003.
- Stoops WW, Rush CR. Combination pharmacotherapies for stimulant use disorder: a review of clinical findings and recommendations for future research. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. May 2014, 7 (3): 363–374. PMC 4017926 . PMID 24716825. doi:10.1586/17512433.2014.909283.
Despite concerted efforts to identify a pharmacotherapy for managing stimulant use disorders, no widely effective medications have been approved.
- Perez-Mana C, Castells X, Torrens M, Capella D, Farre M. Efficacy of psychostimulant drugs for amphetamine abuse or dependence. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. September 2013, 9: CD009695. PMID 23996457. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009695.pub2.
To date, no pharmacological treatment has been approved for [addiction], and psychotherapy remains the mainstay of treatment. ... Results of this review do not support the use of psychostimulant medications at the tested doses as a replacement therapy
- Forray A, Sofuoglu M. Future pharmacological treatments for substance use disorders. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. February 2014, 77 (2): 382–400. PMC 4014020 . PMID 23039267. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04474.x.
- Cadet JL, Brannock C, Jayanthi S, Krasnova IN. Transcriptional and epigenetic substrates of methamphetamine addiction and withdrawal: evidence from a long-access self-administration model in the rat. Mol. Neurobiol. 2015, 51 (2): 696–717. PMC 4359351 . PMID 24939695. doi:10.1007/s12035-014-8776-8.
Figure 1
- Pérez-Mañá C, Castells X, Torrens M, Capellà D, Farre M. Pérez-Mañá, Clara , 编. Efficacy of psychostimulant drugs for amphetamine abuse or dependence. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2013, 9: CD009695. PMID 23996457. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009695.pub2.
- Shoptaw SJ, Kao U, Heinzerling K, Ling W. Shoptaw SJ , 编. Treatment for amphetamine withdrawal. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2009, (2): CD003021. PMID 19370579. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003021.pub2.
The prevalence of this withdrawal syndrome is extremely common (Cantwell 1998; Gossop 1982) with 87.6% of 647 individuals with amphetamine dependence reporting six or more signs of amphetamine withdrawal listed in the DSM when the drug is not available (Schuckit 1999) ... Withdrawal symptoms typically present within 24 hours of the last use of amphetamine, with a withdrawal syndrome involving two general phases that can last 3 weeks or more. The first phase of this syndrome is the initial "crash" that resolves within about a week (Gossop 1982;McGregor 2005)
drugs.com
- Methamphetamine Side Effects. Drugs.com. [2017-11-28]. （原始内容存档于2018-07-13）.
erowid.org
- A Synthesis of Amphetamine. J. Chem. Educ. 51, 671 (1974). Erowid.org. [2011-01-09]. （原始内容存档于2010-10-17）.
europa.eu
emcdda.europa.eu
- Methamphetamine. Drug profiles. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). 2010-08-16 [2011-09-01]. （原始内容存档于2016-04-15）.
fda.gov
accessdata.fda.gov
- Adderall XR Prescribing Information (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration: 12–13. December 2013 [2013-12-30]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-07-18）.
- Desoxyn Prescribing Information (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration. December 2013 [2014-01-06]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2014-01-02）.
genome.jp
- Kanehisa Laboratories. Amphetamine – Homo sapiens (human). KEGG Pathway. 2014-10-10 [2014-10-31]. （原始内容存档于2018-07-23）.
Most addictive drugs increase extracellular concentrations of dopamine (DA) in nucleus accumbens (NAc) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), projection areas of mesocorticolimbic DA neurons and key components of the "brain reward circuit". Amphetamine achieves this elevation in extracellular levels of DA by promoting efflux from synaptic terminals. ... Chronic exposure to amphetamine induces a unique transcription factor delta FosB, which plays an essential role in long-term adaptive changes in the brain.
gov.cn
- 《2018年中国毒品形势报告》发布. 中华人民共和国公安部. 2019-06-18 [2019-06-26]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-26）.
illinoisattorneygeneral.gov
- Illinois Attorney General. Illinoisattorneygeneral.gov. [2011-01-09]. （原始内容存档于2010-09-10）. 已忽略文本“Basic Understanding Of Meth” (帮助)
medscape.com
emedicine.medscape.com
- Richards JR, Derlet RW, Albertson TE. Methamphetamine Toxicity. Medscape. WebMD. [2016-04-20]. （原始内容存档于2016-04-09）.
|section-url=被忽略 (帮助);|section=被忽略 (帮助)
merckmanuals.com
- O'Connor PG. Amphetamines. Merck Manual for Health Care Professionals. Merck. February 2012 [2012-05-08]. （原始内容存档于2012-05-06）.
- O'Connor, Patrick. Amphetamines: Drug Use and Abuse. Merck Manual Home Health Handbook. Merck. [2013-09-26]. （原始内容存档于2007-02-17）.
methhelponline.com
- Meth Slang Names. MethhelpOnline. [2014-01-01]. （原始内容存档于2013-12-07）.
mja.com.au
- Isbister GK, Buckley NA, Whyte IM. Serotonin toxicity: a practical approach to diagnosis and treatment (PDF). Med. J. Aust. September 2007, 187 (6): 361–365 [2018-05-27]. PMID 17874986. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2014-07-04）.
nationalgeographic.com
channel.nationalgeographic.com
- San Francisco Meth Zombies (TV documentary). National Geographic Channel. August 2013 [2018-06-22]. ASIN B00EHAOBAO. （原始内容存档于2016-07-08）.
nih.gov
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Schep LJ, Slaughter RJ, Beasley DM. The clinical toxicology of metamfetamine. Clinical Toxicology. August 2010, 48 (7): 675–694. ISSN 1556-3650. PMID 20849327. doi:10.3109/15563650.2010.516752.
- Krueger SK, Williams DE. Mammalian flavin-containing monooxygenases: structure/function, genetic polymorphisms and role in drug metabolism. Pharmacol. Ther. June 2005, 106 (3): 357–387. PMC 1828602 . PMID 15922018. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.01.001.
- Yu S, Zhu L, Shen Q, Bai X, Di X. Recent advances in methamphetamine neurotoxicity mechanisms and its molecular pathophysiology. Behav. Neurol. March 2015, 2015: 103969. PMC 4377385 . PMID 25861156. doi:10.1155/2015/103969.
In 1971, METH was restricted by US law, although oral METH (Ovation Pharmaceuticals) continues to be used today in the USA as a second-line treatment for a number of medical conditions, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and refractory obesity [3].
- Yu S, Zhu L, Shen Q, Bai X, Di X. Recent advances in methamphetamine neurotoxicity mechanisms and its molecular pathophysiology. Behav Neurol. 2015, 2015: 1–11. PMC 4377385 . PMID 25861156. doi:10.1155/2015/103969.
- Krasnova IN, Cadet JL. Methamphetamine toxicity and messengers of death. Brain Res. Rev. May 2009, 60 (2): 379–407. PMC 2731235 . PMID 19328213. doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.03.002.
Neuroimaging studies have revealed that METH can indeed cause neurodegenerative changes in the brains of human addicts (Aron and Paulus, 2007; Chang et al., 2007). These abnormalities include persistent decreases in the levels of dopamine transporters (DAT) in the orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and the caudate-putamen (McCann et al., 1998, 2008; Sekine et al., 2003; Volkow et al., 2001a, 2001c). The density of serotonin transporters (5-HTT) is also decreased in the midbrain, caudate, putamen, hypothalamus, thalamus, the orbitofrontal, temporal, and cingulate cortices of METH-dependent individuals (Sekine et al., 2006) ...
Neuropsychological studies have detected deficits in attention, working memory, and decision-making in chronic METH addicts ...
There is compelling evidence that the negative neuropsychiatric consequences of METH abuse are due, at least in part, to drug-induced neuropathological changes in the brains of these METH-exposed individuals ...
Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies in METH addicts have revealed substantial morphological changes in their brains. These include loss of gray matter in the cingulate, limbic and paralimbic cortices, significant shrinkage of hippocampi, and hypertrophy of white matter (Thompson et al., 2004). In addition, the brains of METH abusers show evidence of hyperintensities in white matter (Bae et al., 2006; Ernst et al., 2000), decreases in the neuronal marker, N-acetylaspartate (Ernst et al., 2000; Sung et al., 2007), reductions in a marker of metabolic integrity, creatine (Sekine et al., 2002) and increases in a marker of glial activation, myoinositol (Chang et al., 2002; Ernst et al., 2000; Sung et al., 2007; Yen et al., 1994). Elevated choline levels, which are indicative of increased cellular membrane synthesis and turnover are also evident in the frontal gray matter of METH abusers (Ernst et al., 2000; Salo et al., 2007; Taylor et al., 2007). - Rusinyak, Daniel E. Neurologic manifestations of chronic methamphetamine abuse. Neurologic Clinics. 2011, 29 (3): 641–655. PMC 3148451 . PMID 21803215. doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2011.05.004.
- Hussain F, Frare RW, Py Berrios KL. Drug abuse identification and pain management in dental patients: a case study and literature review. Gen. Dent. 2012, 60 (4): 334–345. PMID 22782046.
- Hart CL, Marvin CB, Silver R, Smith EE. Is cognitive functioning impaired in methamphetamine users? A critical review. Neuropsychopharmacology. February 2012, 37 (3): 586–608. PMC 3260986 . PMID 22089317. doi:10.1038/npp.2011.276.
- Halkitis PN, Pandey Mukherjee P, Palamar JJ. Longitudinal Modeling of Methamphetamine Use and Sexual Risk Behaviors in Gay and Bisexual Men. AIDS and Behavior. 2008, 13 (4): 783–791. PMC 4669892 . PMID 18661225. doi:10.1007/s10461-008-9432-y.
- Isbister GK, Buckley NA, Whyte IM. Serotonin toxicity: a practical approach to diagnosis and treatment (PDF). Med. J. Aust. September 2007, 187 (6): 361–365 [2018-05-27]. PMID 17874986. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2014-07-04）.
- Shoptaw SJ, Kao U, Ling W. Shoptaw SJ, Ali R , 编. Treatment for amphetamine psychosis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2009, (1): CD003026. PMID 19160215. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003026.pub3.
A minority of individuals who use amphetamines develop full-blown psychosis requiring care at emergency departments or psychiatric hospitals. In such cases, symptoms of amphetamine psychosis commonly include paranoid and persecutory delusions as well as auditory and visual hallucinations in the presence of extreme agitation. More common (about 18%) is for frequent amphetamine users to report psychotic symptoms that are sub-clinical and that do not require high-intensity intervention ...
About 5–15% of the users who develop an amphetamine psychosis fail to recover completely (Hofmann 1983) ...
Findings from one trial indicate use of antipsychotic medications effectively resolves symptoms of acute amphetamine psychosis. - Richards JR, Albertson TE, Derlet RW, Lange RA, Olson KR, Horowitz BZ. Treatment of toxicity from amphetamines, related derivatives, and analogues: a systematic clinical review. Drug Alcohol Depend. May 2015, 150: 1–13. PMID 25724076. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.01.040.
- Richards JR, Derlet RW, Duncan DR. Methamphetamine toxicity: treatment with a benzodiazepine versus a butyrophenone. Eur. J. Emerg. Med. September 1997, 4 (3): 130–135. PMID 9426992. doi:10.1097/00063110-199709000-00003.
- Stoops WW, Rush CR. Combination pharmacotherapies for stimulant use disorder: a review of clinical findings and recommendations for future research. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. May 2014, 7 (3): 363–374. PMC 4017926 . PMID 24716825. doi:10.1586/17512433.2014.909283.
Despite concerted efforts to identify a pharmacotherapy for managing stimulant use disorders, no widely effective medications have been approved.
- Perez-Mana C, Castells X, Torrens M, Capella D, Farre M. Efficacy of psychostimulant drugs for amphetamine abuse or dependence. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. September 2013, 9: CD009695. PMID 23996457. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009695.pub2.
To date, no pharmacological treatment has been approved for [addiction], and psychotherapy remains the mainstay of treatment. ... Results of this review do not support the use of psychostimulant medications at the tested doses as a replacement therapy
- Forray A, Sofuoglu M. Future pharmacological treatments for substance use disorders. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. February 2014, 77 (2): 382–400. PMC 4014020 . PMID 23039267. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04474.x.
- Cadet JL, Brannock C, Jayanthi S, Krasnova IN. Transcriptional and epigenetic substrates of methamphetamine addiction and withdrawal: evidence from a long-access self-administration model in the rat. Mol. Neurobiol. 2015, 51 (2): 696–717. PMC 4359351 . PMID 24939695. doi:10.1007/s12035-014-8776-8.
Figure 1
- Nechifor M. Magnesium in drug dependences. Magnes. Res. March 2008, 21 (1): 5–15. PMID 18557129.
- Pérez-Mañá C, Castells X, Torrens M, Capellà D, Farre M. Pérez-Mañá, Clara , 编. Efficacy of psychostimulant drugs for amphetamine abuse or dependence. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2013, 9: CD009695. PMID 23996457. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009695.pub2.
- Shoptaw SJ, Kao U, Heinzerling K, Ling W. Shoptaw SJ , 编. Treatment for amphetamine withdrawal. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2009, (2): CD003021. PMID 19370579. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003021.pub2.
The prevalence of this withdrawal syndrome is extremely common (Cantwell 1998; Gossop 1982) with 87.6% of 647 individuals with amphetamine dependence reporting six or more signs of amphetamine withdrawal listed in the DSM when the drug is not available (Schuckit 1999) ... Withdrawal symptoms typically present within 24 hours of the last use of amphetamine, with a withdrawal syndrome involving two general phases that can last 3 weeks or more. The first phase of this syndrome is the initial "crash" that resolves within about a week (Gossop 1982;McGregor 2005)
- Winslow BT, Voorhees KI, Pehl KA. Methamphetamine abuse. American Family Physician. 2007, 76 (8): 1169–1174. PMID 17990840.
- Chomchai C, Na Manorom N, Watanarungsan P, Yossuck P, Chomchai S. Methamphetamine abuse during pregnancy and its health impact on neonates born at Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand. The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. 2004, 35 (1): 228–31. PMID 15272773.
pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- SID 271075 PubChem Substance Page on Methamphetamine. [2006-05-03]. （原始内容存档于2014-03-18）.
police.govt.nz
- Methamphetamine and the law. [2018-05-02]. （原始内容存档于2015-01-28）.
unboundmedicine.com
emergency.unboundmedicine.com
- Oskie SM, Rhee JW. Amphetamine Poisoning. Emergency Central. Unbound Medicine. 2011-02-11 [2013-06-11]. （原始内容存档于2013-09-26）.
unsw.edu.au
med.unsw.edu.au
- Methamphetamine Use and Health | UNSW: The University of New South Wales – Faculty of Medicine (PDF). [2011-01-15]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2008-08-16）.
villagevoice.com
- Patrick Moore. We Are Not OK. VillageVoice. June 2005 [2011-01-15]. （原始内容存档于2011-06-04）.
web.archive.org
- Methamphetamine. PubChem Compound. National Center for Biotechnology Information. （原始内容存档于2015-01-04） 使用
|archiveurl=需要含有|url=(帮助).|section-url=被忽略 (帮助);|section=被忽略 (帮助); - Adderall XR Prescribing Information (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration: 12–13. December 2013 [2013-12-30]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-07-18）.
- butyrate-CoA ligase. BRENDA. Technische Universität Braunschweig. （原始内容存档于2017-06-22） 使用
|archiveurl=需要含有|url=(帮助).|section-url=被忽略 (帮助);|section=被忽略 (帮助); - glycine N-acyltransferase. BRENDA. Technische Universität Braunschweig. （原始内容存档于2017-06-23） 使用
|archiveurl=需要含有|url=(帮助).|section-url=被忽略 (帮助);|section=被忽略 (帮助); - Methamphetamine. PubChem Compound. National Center for Biotechnology Information. （原始内容存档于2015-01-04） 使用
|archiveurl=需要含有|url=(帮助).|section-url=被忽略 (帮助);|section=被忽略 (帮助); - Methmphetamine. Chemspider. （原始内容存档于2014-01-03） 使用
|archiveurl=需要含有|url=(帮助).|section-url=被忽略 (帮助);|section=被忽略 (帮助); - Methamphetamine. Drug profiles. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). 2010-08-16 [2011-09-01]. （原始内容存档于2016-04-15）.
- Methamphetamine. DrugBank. University of Alberta. 2013-02-08. （原始内容存档于2015-12-28） 使用
|archiveurl=需要含有|url=(帮助).|section-url=被忽略 (帮助);|section=被忽略 (帮助); - Methedrine (methamphetamine hydrochloride): Uses, Symptoms, Signs and Addiction Treatment. Addictionlibrary.org. [2016-01-16]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-04）. 参数
|newspaper=与模板{{cite web}}不匹配（建议改用{{cite news}}或|website=） (帮助) - Meth Slang Names. MethhelpOnline. [2014-01-01]. （原始内容存档于2013-12-07）.
- Methamphetamine and the law. [2018-05-02]. （原始内容存档于2015-01-28）.
- Code of Federal Regulations Title 21: Subchapter D – Drugs for human use. United States Food and Drug Administration. April 2015. （原始内容存档于2015-09-18） 使用
|archiveurl=需要含有|url=(帮助).Topical nasal decongestants --(i) For products containing levmetamfetamine identified in 341.20(b)(1) when used in an inhalant dosage form. The product delivers in each 800 milliliters of air 0.04 to 0.150 milligrams of levmetamfetamine.
|section-url=被忽略 (帮助);|section=被忽略 (帮助); - Levomethamphetamine. Pubchem Compound. National Center for Biotechnology Information. （原始内容存档于2014-10-06） 使用
|archiveurl=需要含有|url=(帮助).|section-url=被忽略 (帮助);|section=被忽略 (帮助); - San Francisco Meth Zombies (TV documentary). National Geographic Channel. August 2013 [2018-06-22]. ASIN B00EHAOBAO. （原始内容存档于2016-07-08）.
- 张建新，张大明，等。从甲基苯丙胺的对映体特征推断前体化学品。卫生研究，2009，04. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-WSYJ200904015.htm （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Desoxyn Prescribing Information (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration. December 2013 [2014-01-06]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2014-01-02）.
- Methamphetamine Side Effects. Drugs.com. [2017-11-28]. （原始内容存档于2018-07-13）.
- Westfall DP, Westfall TC. Miscellaneous Sympathomimetic Agonists. Brunton LL, Chabner BA, Knollmann BC (编). Goodman & Gilman's Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics 12th. New York: McGraw-Hill. 2010 [2018-05-11]. ISBN 978-0-07-162442-8. （原始内容存档于2013-11-10）.
- Methamphetamine Use (Meth Mouth). American Dental Association. [2006-12-15]. （原始内容存档于June 2008）.
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Most addictive drugs increase extracellular concentrations of dopamine (DA) in nucleus accumbens (NAc) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), projection areas of mesocorticolimbic DA neurons and key components of the "brain reward circuit". Amphetamine achieves this elevation in extracellular levels of DA by promoting efflux from synaptic terminals. ... Chronic exposure to amphetamine induces a unique transcription factor delta FosB, which plays an essential role in long-term adaptive changes in the brain.
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