美国的种族与犯罪 (Chinese Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "美国的种族与犯罪" in Chinese language version.

refsWebsite

Global rank Chinese rank

17doi.org

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23^rd place

13worldcat.org

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12web.archive.org

1^st place

6nih.gov

4^th place

5^th place

3sciencedirect.com

149^th place

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3harvard.edu

18^th place

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2jstor.org

26^th place

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2semanticscholar.org

11^th place

332^nd place

1archive.org

6^th place

4^th place

1motherjones.com

2,008^th place

3,294^th place

1wiley.com

222^nd place

216^th place

1oup.com

485^th place

489^th place

1annualreviews.org

3,867^th place

2,916^th place

1books.google.com

3^rd place

8^th place

1umich.edu

459^th place

752^nd place

1nature.com

234^th place

227^th place

1washingtonpost.com

34^th place

129^th place

annualreviews.org

Hinton, Elizabeth; Cook, DeAnza. The Mass Criminalization of Black Americans: A Historical Overview. Annual Review of Criminology. 2021, 4 (1): annurev–criminol–060520–033306 [2021-04-06]. ISSN 2572-4568. doi:10.1146/annurev-criminol-060520-033306. （原始内容存档于2020-07-08）（英语）.

archive.org

Sampson, Robert J.; Morenoff, Jeffrey D.; Raudenbush, Stephen. Social Anatomy of Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Violence. American Journal of Public Health. February 2005, 95 (2): 224–232. PMC 1449156 . PMID 15671454. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2004.037705.

books.google.com

Engel, Robin S. Bucerius, Sandra , 编. The Oxford Handbook of Ethnicity, Crime, and Immigration. Oxford University Press. 2014: 147 [2021-04-06]. ISBN 9780199859016. （原始内容存档于2021-04-14）.

doi.org

Sampson, Robert J. Urban Black Violence: The Effect of Male Joblessness and Family Disruption. American Journal of Sociology. September 1987, 93 (2): 348–382. JSTOR 2779588. doi:10.1086/228748.
Sampson, Robert J.; Morenoff, Jeffrey D.; Raudenbush, Stephen. Social Anatomy of Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Violence. American Journal of Public Health. February 2005, 95 (2): 224–232. PMC 1449156 . PMID 15671454. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2004.037705.
Shihadeh, Edward S.; Shrum, Wesley. Serious Crime in Urban Neighborhoods: Is There a Race Effect?. Sociological Spectrum. 2004-07-01, 24 (4): 507–533. ISSN 0273-2173. doi:10.1080/02732170490459502.
Light, Michael T.; Ulmer, Jeffery T. Explaining the Gaps in White, Black, and Hispanic Violence since 1990: Accounting for Immigration, Incarceration, and Inequality. American Sociological Review. 2016-04-01, 81 (2): 290–315. ISSN 0003-1224. doi:10.1177/0003122416635667 （英语）.
Ulmer, Jeffery T.; Harris, Casey T.; Steffensmeier, Darrell. Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Structural Disadvantage and Crime: White, Black, and Hispanic Comparisons*. Social Science Quarterly. 2012, 93 (3): 799–819 [2021-04-06]. ISSN 1540-6237. PMC 4097310 . PMID 25035523. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6237.2012.00868.x. （原始内容存档于2021-03-09）（英语）.
Krivo, Lauren J.; Peterson, Ruth D. The Structural Context of Homicide: Accounting for Racial Differences in Process. American Sociological Review. 2000, 65 (4): 547–559 [2021-04-06]. ISSN 0003-1224. JSTOR 2657382. doi:10.2307/2657382. （原始内容存档于2021-04-22）.
Nevin, Rick. Understanding international crime trends: The legacy of preschool lead exposure. Environmental Research. 2007-07-01, 104 (3): 315–336 [2021-04-06]. Bibcode:2007ER....104..315N. ISSN 0013-9351. PMID 17451672. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2007.02.008. （原始内容存档于2018-10-12）（英语）.
Boutwell, Brian B.; Nelson, Erik J.; Emo, Brett; Vaughn, Michael G.; Schootman, Mario; Rosenfeld, Richard; Lewis, Roger. The intersection of aggregate-level lead exposure and crime. Environmental Research. 2016-07-01, 148: 79–85. Bibcode:2016ER....148...79B. ISSN 0013-9351. PMID 27035924. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2016.03.023 （英语）.
O’Flaherty, Brendan; Sethi, Rajiv. Crime and segregation. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization. November 1, 2007, 64 (3): 391–405 [2021-04-06]. ISSN 0167-2681. doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2006.07.005. （原始内容存档于2022-02-21）（英语）.
Shihadeh, Edward S.; Flynn, Nicole. Segregation and Crime: The Effect of Black Social Isolation on the Rates of Black Urban Violence. Social Forces. June 1, 1996, 74 (4): 1325–1352 [2021-04-06]. ISSN 0037-7732. doi:10.1093/sf/74.4.1325. （原始内容存档于2020-07-08）（英语）.
Feldmeyer, Ben. The Effects of Racial/Ethnic Segregation on Latino and Black Homicide. The Sociological Quarterly. September 1, 2010, 51 (4): 600–623. ISSN 0038-0253. PMID 20939127. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.2010.01185.x.
Hinton, Elizabeth; Cook, DeAnza. The Mass Criminalization of Black Americans: A Historical Overview. Annual Review of Criminology. 2021, 4 (1): annurev–criminol–060520–033306 [2021-04-06]. ISSN 2572-4568. doi:10.1146/annurev-criminol-060520-033306. （原始内容存档于2020-07-08）（英语）.
Drakulich, Kevin; Rodriguez-Whitney, Eric, Intentional Inequalities and Compounding Effects, The Handbook of Race, Ethnicity, Crime, and Justice (John Wiley & Sons, Inc.), June 22, 2018: 17–38, ISBN 9781119113799, doi:10.1002/9781119113799.ch1
Hinton, Elizabeth; Cook, DeAnza. The Mass Criminalization of Black Americans: A Historical Overview. Annual Review of Criminology. June 29, 2020, 4: 261–286. ISSN 2572-4568. doi:10.1146/annurev-criminol-060520-033306.
Rehavi, M. Marit; Starr, Sonja B. Racial Disparity in Federal Criminal Sentences. Journal of Political Economy. 2014, 122 (6): 1320–1354 [2021-04-06]. ISSN 0022-3808. doi:10.1086/677255. （原始内容存档于2021-04-17）（英语）.
Arnold, David; Dobbie, Will; Yang, Crystal S. Racial Bias in Bail Decisions. The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 2018, 133 (4): 1885–1932. doi:10.1093/qje/qjy012 （英语）.
Pierson, Emma; Simoiu, Camelia; Overgoor, Jan; Corbett-Davies, Sam; Jenson, Daniel; Shoemaker, Amy; Ramachandran, Vignesh; Barghouty, Phoebe; Phillips, Cheryl. A large-scale analysis of racial disparities in police stops across the United States. Nature Human Behaviour. May 4, 2020, 4 (7): 736–745 [2021-04-06]. ISSN 2397-3374. PMID 32367028. doi:10.1038/s41562-020-0858-1. （原始内容存档于2021-04-30）（英语）.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Nevin, Rick. Understanding international crime trends: The legacy of preschool lead exposure. Environmental Research. 2007-07-01, 104 (3): 315–336 [2021-04-06]. Bibcode:2007ER....104..315N. ISSN 0013-9351. PMID 17451672. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2007.02.008. （原始内容存档于2018-10-12）（英语）.
Boutwell, Brian B.; Nelson, Erik J.; Emo, Brett; Vaughn, Michael G.; Schootman, Mario; Rosenfeld, Richard; Lewis, Roger. The intersection of aggregate-level lead exposure and crime. Environmental Research. 2016-07-01, 148: 79–85. Bibcode:2016ER....148...79B. ISSN 0013-9351. PMID 27035924. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2016.03.023 （英语）.

nrs.harvard.edu

Sampson, Robert J. Urban Black Violence: The Effect of Male Joblessness and Family Disruption. American Journal of Sociology. September 1987, 93 (2): 348–382. JSTOR 2779588. doi:10.1086/228748.

jstor.org

Sampson, Robert J. Urban Black Violence: The Effect of Male Joblessness and Family Disruption. American Journal of Sociology. September 1987, 93 (2): 348–382. JSTOR 2779588. doi:10.1086/228748.
Krivo, Lauren J.; Peterson, Ruth D. The Structural Context of Homicide: Accounting for Racial Differences in Process. American Sociological Review. 2000, 65 (4): 547–559 [2021-04-06]. ISSN 0003-1224. JSTOR 2657382. doi:10.2307/2657382. （原始内容存档于2021-04-22）.

motherjones.com

Drum, Kevin. An updated lead-crime roundup for 2018. Mother Jones. [2021-02-20]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-24）（美国英语）.

nature.com

Pierson, Emma; Simoiu, Camelia; Overgoor, Jan; Corbett-Davies, Sam; Jenson, Daniel; Shoemaker, Amy; Ramachandran, Vignesh; Barghouty, Phoebe; Phillips, Cheryl. A large-scale analysis of racial disparities in police stops across the United States. Nature Human Behaviour. May 4, 2020, 4 (7): 736–745 [2021-04-06]. ISSN 2397-3374. PMID 32367028. doi:10.1038/s41562-020-0858-1. （原始内容存档于2021-04-30）（英语）.

nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Sampson, Robert J.; Morenoff, Jeffrey D.; Raudenbush, Stephen. Social Anatomy of Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Violence. American Journal of Public Health. February 2005, 95 (2): 224–232. PMC 1449156 . PMID 15671454. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2004.037705.
Ulmer, Jeffery T.; Harris, Casey T.; Steffensmeier, Darrell. Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Structural Disadvantage and Crime: White, Black, and Hispanic Comparisons*. Social Science Quarterly. 2012, 93 (3): 799–819 [2021-04-06]. ISSN 1540-6237. PMC 4097310 . PMID 25035523. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6237.2012.00868.x. （原始内容存档于2021-03-09）（英语）.
Nevin, Rick. Understanding international crime trends: The legacy of preschool lead exposure. Environmental Research. 2007-07-01, 104 (3): 315–336 [2021-04-06]. Bibcode:2007ER....104..315N. ISSN 0013-9351. PMID 17451672. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2007.02.008. （原始内容存档于2018-10-12）（英语）.
Boutwell, Brian B.; Nelson, Erik J.; Emo, Brett; Vaughn, Michael G.; Schootman, Mario; Rosenfeld, Richard; Lewis, Roger. The intersection of aggregate-level lead exposure and crime. Environmental Research. 2016-07-01, 148: 79–85. Bibcode:2016ER....148...79B. ISSN 0013-9351. PMID 27035924. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2016.03.023 （英语）.
Feldmeyer, Ben. The Effects of Racial/Ethnic Segregation on Latino and Black Homicide. The Sociological Quarterly. September 1, 2010, 51 (4): 600–623. ISSN 0038-0253. PMID 20939127. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.2010.01185.x.
Pierson, Emma; Simoiu, Camelia; Overgoor, Jan; Corbett-Davies, Sam; Jenson, Daniel; Shoemaker, Amy; Ramachandran, Vignesh; Barghouty, Phoebe; Phillips, Cheryl. A large-scale analysis of racial disparities in police stops across the United States. Nature Human Behaviour. May 4, 2020, 4 (7): 736–745 [2021-04-06]. ISSN 2397-3374. PMID 32367028. doi:10.1038/s41562-020-0858-1. （原始内容存档于2021-04-30）（英语）.

oup.com

academic.oup.com

Shihadeh, Edward S.; Flynn, Nicole. Segregation and Crime: The Effect of Black Social Isolation on the Rates of Black Urban Violence. Social Forces. June 1, 1996, 74 (4): 1325–1352 [2021-04-06]. ISSN 0037-7732. doi:10.1093/sf/74.4.1325. （原始内容存档于2020-07-08）（英语）.

sciencedirect.com

Nevin, Rick. Understanding international crime trends: The legacy of preschool lead exposure. Environmental Research. 2007-07-01, 104 (3): 315–336 [2021-04-06]. Bibcode:2007ER....104..315N. ISSN 0013-9351. PMID 17451672. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2007.02.008. （原始内容存档于2018-10-12）（英语）.
Boutwell, Brian B.; Nelson, Erik J.; Emo, Brett; Vaughn, Michael G.; Schootman, Mario; Rosenfeld, Richard; Lewis, Roger. The intersection of aggregate-level lead exposure and crime. Environmental Research. 2016-07-01, 148: 79–85. Bibcode:2016ER....148...79B. ISSN 0013-9351. PMID 27035924. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2016.03.023 （英语）.
O’Flaherty, Brendan; Sethi, Rajiv. Crime and segregation. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization. November 1, 2007, 64 (3): 391–405 [2021-04-06]. ISSN 0167-2681. doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2006.07.005. （原始内容存档于2022-02-21）（英语）.

semanticscholar.org

Brown, Elizabeth; Males, Mike A. Does Age or Poverty Level Best Predict Criminal Arrest and Homicide Rates? A Preliminary Investigation. 2011 [2021-02-20]. （原始内容存档于2021-08-13）（英语）.
Arnold, David; Dobbie, Will; Yang, Crystal S. Racial Bias in Bail Decisions. The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 2018, 133 (4): 1885–1932. doi:10.1093/qje/qjy012 （英语）.

umich.edu

repository.law.umich.edu

Rehavi, M. Marit; Starr, Sonja B. Racial Disparity in Federal Criminal Sentences. Journal of Political Economy. 2014, 122 (6): 1320–1354 [2021-04-06]. ISSN 0022-3808. doi:10.1086/677255. （原始内容存档于2021-04-17）（英语）.

washingtonpost.com

Black men sentenced to more time for committing the exact same crime as a white person, study finds. washingtonpost.com. [November 23, 2017]. （原始内容存档于2017-11-16）.

web.archive.org

Drum, Kevin. An updated lead-crime roundup for 2018. Mother Jones. [2021-02-20]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-24）（美国英语）.
Brown, Elizabeth; Males, Mike A. Does Age or Poverty Level Best Predict Criminal Arrest and Homicide Rates? A Preliminary Investigation. 2011 [2021-02-20]. （原始内容存档于2021-08-13）（英语）.
Ulmer, Jeffery T.; Harris, Casey T.; Steffensmeier, Darrell. Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Structural Disadvantage and Crime: White, Black, and Hispanic Comparisons*. Social Science Quarterly. 2012, 93 (3): 799–819 [2021-04-06]. ISSN 1540-6237. PMC 4097310 . PMID 25035523. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6237.2012.00868.x. （原始内容存档于2021-03-09）（英语）.
Krivo, Lauren J.; Peterson, Ruth D. The Structural Context of Homicide: Accounting for Racial Differences in Process. American Sociological Review. 2000, 65 (4): 547–559 [2021-04-06]. ISSN 0003-1224. JSTOR 2657382. doi:10.2307/2657382. （原始内容存档于2021-04-22）.
Nevin, Rick. Understanding international crime trends: The legacy of preschool lead exposure. Environmental Research. 2007-07-01, 104 (3): 315–336 [2021-04-06]. Bibcode:2007ER....104..315N. ISSN 0013-9351. PMID 17451672. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2007.02.008. （原始内容存档于2018-10-12）（英语）.
O’Flaherty, Brendan; Sethi, Rajiv. Crime and segregation. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization. November 1, 2007, 64 (3): 391–405 [2021-04-06]. ISSN 0167-2681. doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2006.07.005. （原始内容存档于2022-02-21）（英语）.
Shihadeh, Edward S.; Flynn, Nicole. Segregation and Crime: The Effect of Black Social Isolation on the Rates of Black Urban Violence. Social Forces. June 1, 1996, 74 (4): 1325–1352 [2021-04-06]. ISSN 0037-7732. doi:10.1093/sf/74.4.1325. （原始内容存档于2020-07-08）（英语）.
Hinton, Elizabeth; Cook, DeAnza. The Mass Criminalization of Black Americans: A Historical Overview. Annual Review of Criminology. 2021, 4 (1): annurev–criminol–060520–033306 [2021-04-06]. ISSN 2572-4568. doi:10.1146/annurev-criminol-060520-033306. （原始内容存档于2020-07-08）（英语）.
Engel, Robin S. Bucerius, Sandra , 编. The Oxford Handbook of Ethnicity, Crime, and Immigration. Oxford University Press. 2014: 147 [2021-04-06]. ISBN 9780199859016. （原始内容存档于2021-04-14）.
Rehavi, M. Marit; Starr, Sonja B. Racial Disparity in Federal Criminal Sentences. Journal of Political Economy. 2014, 122 (6): 1320–1354 [2021-04-06]. ISSN 0022-3808. doi:10.1086/677255. （原始内容存档于2021-04-17）（英语）.
Pierson, Emma; Simoiu, Camelia; Overgoor, Jan; Corbett-Davies, Sam; Jenson, Daniel; Shoemaker, Amy; Ramachandran, Vignesh; Barghouty, Phoebe; Phillips, Cheryl. A large-scale analysis of racial disparities in police stops across the United States. Nature Human Behaviour. May 4, 2020, 4 (7): 736–745 [2021-04-06]. ISSN 2397-3374. PMID 32367028. doi:10.1038/s41562-020-0858-1. （原始内容存档于2021-04-30）（英语）.
Black men sentenced to more time for committing the exact same crime as a white person, study finds. washingtonpost.com. [November 23, 2017]. （原始内容存档于2017-11-16）.

wiley.com

onlinelibrary.wiley.com

Ulmer, Jeffery T.; Harris, Casey T.; Steffensmeier, Darrell. Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Structural Disadvantage and Crime: White, Black, and Hispanic Comparisons*. Social Science Quarterly. 2012, 93 (3): 799–819 [2021-04-06]. ISSN 1540-6237. PMC 4097310 . PMID 25035523. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6237.2012.00868.x. （原始内容存档于2021-03-09）（英语）.

worldcat.org

Shihadeh, Edward S.; Shrum, Wesley. Serious Crime in Urban Neighborhoods: Is There a Race Effect?. Sociological Spectrum. 2004-07-01, 24 (4): 507–533. ISSN 0273-2173. doi:10.1080/02732170490459502.
Light, Michael T.; Ulmer, Jeffery T. Explaining the Gaps in White, Black, and Hispanic Violence since 1990: Accounting for Immigration, Incarceration, and Inequality. American Sociological Review. 2016-04-01, 81 (2): 290–315. ISSN 0003-1224. doi:10.1177/0003122416635667 （英语）.
Ulmer, Jeffery T.; Harris, Casey T.; Steffensmeier, Darrell. Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Structural Disadvantage and Crime: White, Black, and Hispanic Comparisons*. Social Science Quarterly. 2012, 93 (3): 799–819 [2021-04-06]. ISSN 1540-6237. PMC 4097310 . PMID 25035523. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6237.2012.00868.x. （原始内容存档于2021-03-09）（英语）.
Krivo, Lauren J.; Peterson, Ruth D. The Structural Context of Homicide: Accounting for Racial Differences in Process. American Sociological Review. 2000, 65 (4): 547–559 [2021-04-06]. ISSN 0003-1224. JSTOR 2657382. doi:10.2307/2657382. （原始内容存档于2021-04-22）.
Nevin, Rick. Understanding international crime trends: The legacy of preschool lead exposure. Environmental Research. 2007-07-01, 104 (3): 315–336 [2021-04-06]. Bibcode:2007ER....104..315N. ISSN 0013-9351. PMID 17451672. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2007.02.008. （原始内容存档于2018-10-12）（英语）.
Boutwell, Brian B.; Nelson, Erik J.; Emo, Brett; Vaughn, Michael G.; Schootman, Mario; Rosenfeld, Richard; Lewis, Roger. The intersection of aggregate-level lead exposure and crime. Environmental Research. 2016-07-01, 148: 79–85. Bibcode:2016ER....148...79B. ISSN 0013-9351. PMID 27035924. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2016.03.023 （英语）.
O’Flaherty, Brendan; Sethi, Rajiv. Crime and segregation. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization. November 1, 2007, 64 (3): 391–405 [2021-04-06]. ISSN 0167-2681. doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2006.07.005. （原始内容存档于2022-02-21）（英语）.
Shihadeh, Edward S.; Flynn, Nicole. Segregation and Crime: The Effect of Black Social Isolation on the Rates of Black Urban Violence. Social Forces. June 1, 1996, 74 (4): 1325–1352 [2021-04-06]. ISSN 0037-7732. doi:10.1093/sf/74.4.1325. （原始内容存档于2020-07-08）（英语）.
Feldmeyer, Ben. The Effects of Racial/Ethnic Segregation on Latino and Black Homicide. The Sociological Quarterly. September 1, 2010, 51 (4): 600–623. ISSN 0038-0253. PMID 20939127. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.2010.01185.x.
Hinton, Elizabeth; Cook, DeAnza. The Mass Criminalization of Black Americans: A Historical Overview. Annual Review of Criminology. 2021, 4 (1): annurev–criminol–060520–033306 [2021-04-06]. ISSN 2572-4568. doi:10.1146/annurev-criminol-060520-033306. （原始内容存档于2020-07-08）（英语）.
Hinton, Elizabeth; Cook, DeAnza. The Mass Criminalization of Black Americans: A Historical Overview. Annual Review of Criminology. June 29, 2020, 4: 261–286. ISSN 2572-4568. doi:10.1146/annurev-criminol-060520-033306.
Rehavi, M. Marit; Starr, Sonja B. Racial Disparity in Federal Criminal Sentences. Journal of Political Economy. 2014, 122 (6): 1320–1354 [2021-04-06]. ISSN 0022-3808. doi:10.1086/677255. （原始内容存档于2021-04-17）（英语）.
Pierson, Emma; Simoiu, Camelia; Overgoor, Jan; Corbett-Davies, Sam; Jenson, Daniel; Shoemaker, Amy; Ramachandran, Vignesh; Barghouty, Phoebe; Phillips, Cheryl. A large-scale analysis of racial disparities in police stops across the United States. Nature Human Behaviour. May 4, 2020, 4 (7): 736–745 [2021-04-06]. ISSN 2397-3374. PMID 32367028. doi:10.1038/s41562-020-0858-1. （原始内容存档于2021-04-30）（英语）.