Herstein 1975, §2, p. 26 Herstein, Israel Nathan, Topics in algebra 2nd, Lexington, Mass.: Xerox College Publishing, 1975, MR0356988.
Hall 1967, §1.1, p. 1:“群的想法遍布在包括純數學和應用數學二者的整個數學中。” Hall, G. G., Applied group theory, American Elsevier Publishing Co., Inc., New York, 1967, MR0219593, an elementary introduction.
Rosen 2000, p. 54 (Theorem 2.1) Rosen, Kenneth H., Elementary number theory and its applications 4th, Addison-Wesley, 2000, ISBN 978-0-201-87073-2, MR1739433.
Kuipers 1999 Kuipers, Jack B., Quaternions and rotation sequences - A primer with applications to orbits, aerospace, and virtual reality, Princeton University Press, 1999, ISBN 978-0-691-05872-6, MR1670862.
Lang 2002, Chapter VI (see in particular p. 273 for concrete examples) Lang, Serge, Algebra, Graduate Texts in Mathematics 211, Berlin, New York, 2002, ISBN 978-0-387-95385-4, MR1878556.
Kurzweil & Stellmacher 2004 Kurzweil, Hans; Stellmacher, Bernd, The theory of finite groups, Universitext, Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, 2004, ISBN 978-0-387-40510-0, MR2014408.
Artin 1991, Theorem 6.1.14.另见Lang 2002, p. 77,其中包含类似结果。 Artin, Michael, Algebra, Prentice Hall, 1991, ISBN 978-0-89871-510-1, Chapter 2 contains an undergraduate-level exposition of the notions covered in this article. Lang, Serge, Algebra, Graduate Texts in Mathematics 211, Berlin, New York, 2002, ISBN 978-0-387-95385-4, MR1878556.
Jahn & Teller 1937 Jahn, H.; Teller, E., Stability of Polyatomic Molecules in Degenerate Electronic States. I. Orbital Degeneracy, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences (1934-1990), 1937, 161 (905): 220–235, doi:10.1098/rspa.1937.0142.