自然對數 (Chinese Wikipedia)

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Ernest William Hobson, John Napier and the invention of logarithms, 1614, Cambridge: The University Press, 1914

Eves, Howard, Foundations and Fundamental Concepts of Mathematics, Courier Dover Publications: 59, 2012, ISBN 9780486132204, We also owe to Lambert the first systematic development of the theory of hyperbolic functions and, indeed, our present notation for these functions.
Ratcliffe, John, Foundations of Hyperbolic Manifolds, Graduate Texts in Mathematics 149, Springer: 99, 2006 [2014-03-28], ISBN 9780387331973, （原始内容存档于2014-01-12）, That the area of a hyperbolic triangle is proportional to its angle defect first appeared in Lambert's monograph Theorie der Parallellinien, which was published posthumously in 1786.

J. J. O'Connor; E. F. Robertson, The number e, The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, September 2001 [2009-02-02], （原始内容存档于2012-02-19）

J. J. O'Connor; E. F. Robertson, The number e, The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, September 2001 [2009-02-02], （原始内容存档于2012-02-19）
Wolfram, Stephen. "Calculation of d/dx(Log(b,x))". from Wolfram Alpha: Computational Knowledge Engine, Wolfram Research. （原始内容存档于2011-07-18）（英语）.
Ratcliffe, John, Foundations of Hyperbolic Manifolds, Graduate Texts in Mathematics 149, Springer: 99, 2006 [2014-03-28], ISBN 9780387331973, （原始内容存档于2014-01-12）, That the area of a hyperbolic triangle is proportional to its angle defect first appeared in Lambert's monograph Theorie der Parallellinien, which was published posthumously in 1786.

博納文圖拉·卡瓦列里在1635年的《Geometria indivisibilibus continuorum nova quadam ratione promota》中給出定積分：
$\int _{0}^{a}x^{n}\,dx={\tfrac {1}{n+1}}\,a^{n+1}\qquad n\geq 0,$
其不定積分形式為：
$\int x^{n}\,dx={\tfrac {1}{n+1}}\,x^{n+1}+C\qquad n\neq -1.$
獨立發現者還有：皮埃爾·德·費馬、罗贝瓦尔的吉尔（英语：Gilles de Roberval）和埃萬傑利斯塔·托里拆利。