苯二氮䓬类药物停药综合征 (Chinese Wikipedia)
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- Professor Heather Ashton. Benzodiazepines: How They Work and How to Withdraw. 2002 [2018-04-02]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-18）.
archive.org
- Petursson, H. The benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome. Addiction. 1994, 89 (11): 1455–9. PMID 7841856. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb03743.x.
- Nutt, David. Benzodiazepine dependence in the clinic: Reason for anxiety?. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 1986, 7: 457–60. doi:10.1016/0165-6147(86)90420-7.
- Salzman, Carl. Benzodiazepine treatment of panic and agoraphobic symptoms: Use, dependence, toxicity, abuse. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 1993, 27: 97–110. PMID 7908335. doi:10.1016/0022-3956(93)90021-S.
- Scharf, Martin B; Kales, Judith A; Bixler, EO; Jacoby, JA; Schweitzer, PK. Lorazepam—Efficacy, side effects, and rebound phenomena. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1982, 31 (2): 175–9. PMID 6120058. doi:10.1038/clpt.1982.27.
- Walsh, James K; Schweitzer, Paula K; Parwatikar, Sadashiv. Effects of lorazepam and its withdrawal on sleep, performance, and subjective state. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1983, 34 (4): 496–500. PMID 6617072. doi:10.1038/clpt.1983.203.
- Kales, Anthony; Manfredi, Rocco L; Vgontzas, Alexandras N; Bixler, Edward O; Vela-Bueno, Antonio; Fee, Eric C. Rebound insomnia after only brief and intermittent use of rapidly eliminated benzodiazepines. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1991, 49 (4): 468–76. PMID 2015735. doi:10.1038/clpt.1991.55.
- Saxon, L.; Hjemdahl, P.; Hiltunen, A. J.; Borg, S. Effects of flumazenil in the treatment of benzodiazepine withdrawal - a double-blind pilot study. Psychopharmacology. 1997, 131 (2): 153–60. PMID 9201803. doi:10.1007/s002130050278.
- Lader, Malcolm. Anxiety or depression during withdrawal of hypnotic treatments. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1994, 38: 113–23; discussion 118–23. PMID 7799243. doi:10.1016/0022-3999(94)90142-2.
- Mintzer, M. Z.; Stoller, K. B.; Griffiths, R. R. A controlled study of flumazenil-precipitated withdrawal in chronic low-dose benzodiazepine users. Psychopharmacology. 1999, 147 (2): 200–9. PMID 10591888. doi:10.1007/s002130051161.
- Biswas, AK; Feldman, BL; Davis, DH; Zintz, EA. Myocardial ischemia as a result of severe benzodiazepine and opioid withdrawal. Clinical Toxicology. 2005, 43 (3): 207–9. PMID 15902797. doi:10.1081/clt-200053099.
- Pecknold, J.C. Discontinuation reactions to alprazolam in panic disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 1993, 27: 155–170. doi:10.1016/0022-3956(93)90025-W.
- Van Engelen, BG; Gimbrere, JS; Booy, LH. Benzodiazepine withdrawal reaction in two children following discontinuation of sedation with midazolam. Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1993, 27 (5): 579–81. PMID 8347907. doi:10.1177/106002809302700509.
- Metten, Pamela; Crabbe, John C. Genetic Determinants of Severity of Acute Withdrawal from Diazepam in Mice. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 1999, 63 (3): 473–9. PMID 10418790. doi:10.1016/S0091-3057(99)00017-9.
- De Bard, ML. Diazepam withdrawal syndrome: A case with psychosis, seizure, and coma. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1979, 136 (1): 104–5. PMID 103443. doi:10.1176/ajp.136.1.104.
- Lapierre, YD; Labelle, A. Manic-like reaction induced by lorazepam withdrawal. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 1987, 32 (8): 697–8. PMID 3690487. doi:10.1177/070674378703200812.
- Strawn, Jeffrey; Keck Jr, PE; Caroff, SN. Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2007, 164 (6): 870–6. PMID 17541044. doi:10.1176/ajp.2007.164.6.870.
- Citrome, Leslie; Volavka, Jan. Violent Patients in the Emergency Setting. Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 1999, 22 (4): 789–801. PMID 10623971. doi:10.1016/S0193-953X(05)70126-X.
benzo.org.uk
- C. Heather Ashton DM. Chapter III: Benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms, acute & protracted. Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University. [29 April 2013]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-04）.
Benzodiazepines : How they work and how to withdraw
- Professor Heather Ashton. Benzodiazepines: How They Work and How to Withdraw. 2002 [2018-04-02]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-18）.
- Professor Heather Ashton. Protracted Withdrawal Symptoms From Benzodiazepines. Comprehensive Handbook of Drug & Alcohol Addiction. 2004 [2018-04-02]. （原始内容存档于2020-09-28）. 引用错误：带有name属性“pwsfb”的
<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次 - BENZODIAZEPINE WITHDRAWAL SYMPTOMS, ACUTE AND PROTRACTED. Benzo.org.uk. [2018-04-05]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-04）.
- Khan, A; Joyce, P; Jones, AV. Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndromes. The New Zealand medical journal. 1980, 92 (665): 94–6 [2018-04-05]. PMID 6107888. （原始内容存档于2019-12-02）.
bnf.org
- Committee on Safety of Medicines. Hypnotics and anxiolytics. British National Formulary. 2007 [17 September 2007].
books.google.com
- Colvin, Rod. Overcoming Prescription Drug Addiction: A Guide to Coping and Understanding 3. United States of America: Addicus Books. 26 August 2008: 74–76. ISBN 978-1-886039-88-9.
I have treated ten thousand patients for alcohol and drug problems and have detoxed approximately 1,500 patients for benzodiazepines – the detox for the benzodiazepines is one of the hardest detoxes we do. It can take an extremely long time, about half the length of time they have been addicted – the ongoing relentless withdrawals can be so incapacitating it can cause total destruction to one’s life – marriages break up, businesses are lost, bankruptcy, hospitalization, and of course suicide is probably the most single serious side effect.
- Lee-chiong, Teofilo. Sleep Medicine: Essentials and Review. Oxford University Press, USA. 24 April 2008: 468. ISBN 0-19-530659-7.
- Evans, Katie; Sullivan, Michael J. Withdrawal and Medical Issues. Dual Diagnosis: Counseling the Mentally Ill Substance Abuser 2nd. Guilford Press. 2001: 52–3 [2018-04-02]. ISBN 978-1-57230-446-8. （原始内容存档于2018-05-03）.
- Gabbard, Glen O. Gabbard's Treatments of Psychiatric Disorders, Fourth Edition (Treatments of Psychiatric Disorders). American Psychiatric Publishing. 15 May 2007: 209–211. ISBN 1-58562-216-8.
- Lindsay, S. J. E. The Handbook of Clinical Adult Psychology. Psychology Press. 1994: 363 [2018-04-05]. ISBN 9780415072168. （原始内容存档于2019-09-05）.
doi.org
- Petursson, H. The benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome. Addiction. 1994, 89 (11): 1455–9. PMID 7841856. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb03743.x.
- Dodds TJ. Prescribed Benzodiazepines and Suicide Risk: A Review of the Literature. Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders. 2017, 19 (2). PMID 28257172. doi:10.4088/PCC.16r02037.
- Voshaar, R. C. O.; Couvée, JE; Van Balkom, AJ; Mulder, PG; Zitman, FG. Strategies for discontinuing long-term benzodiazepine use: Meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2006, 189 (3): 213–20. PMID 16946355. doi:10.1192/bjp.189.3.213.
- Nutt, David. Benzodiazepine dependence in the clinic: Reason for anxiety?. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 1986, 7: 457–60. doi:10.1016/0165-6147(86)90420-7.
- De Gier, N.; Gorgels, W.; Lucassen, P.; Oude Voshaar, R.; Mulder, J.; Zitman, F. Discontinuation of long-term benzodiazepine use: 10-year follow-up. Family Practice. 2010, 28 (3): 253–9. PMID 21193495. doi:10.1093/fampra/cmq113.
- Authier, Nicolas; Boucher, Alexandra; Lamaison, Dominique; Llorca, Pierre-Michel; Descotes, Jacques; Eschalier, Alain. Second Meeting of the French CEIP (Centres d'Évaluation et d'Information sur la Pharmacodépendance). Part II: Benzodiazepine Withdrawal. Thérapie. 2009, 64 (6): 365–70. PMID 20025839. doi:10.2515/therapie/2009051.
- Heberlein, A.; Bleich, S.; Kornhuber, J.; Hillemacher, T. Benzodiazepin-Abhängigkeit: Ursachen und Behandlungsmöglichkeiten [Benzodiazepine Dependence: Causalities and Treatment Options]. Fortschritte der Neurologie · Psychiatrie. 2008, 77 (1): 7–15. PMID 19101875. doi:10.1055/s-0028-1100831 （德语）.
- Allison, C; Pratt, J.A. Neuroadaptive processes in GABAergic and glutamatergic systems in benzodiazepine dependence. Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2003, 98 (2): 171–95. PMID 12725868. doi:10.1016/S0163-7258(03)00029-9.
- Salzman, Carl. Benzodiazepine treatment of panic and agoraphobic symptoms: Use, dependence, toxicity, abuse. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 1993, 27: 97–110. PMID 7908335. doi:10.1016/0022-3956(93)90021-S.
- Ashton, Heather. Protracted withdrawal syndromes from benzodiazepines. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 1991, 8 (1–2): 19–28. PMID 1675688. doi:10.1016/0740-5472(91)90023-4.
- Soyka M. Treatment of Benzodiazepine Dependence. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2017, 376 (12): 1147–1157. PMID 28328330. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1611832.
- Authier, N.; Balayssac, D.; Sautereau, M.; Zangarelli, A.; Courty, P.; Somogyi, A.A.; Vennat, B.; Llorca, P.-M.; Eschalier, A. Benzodiazepine dependence: Focus on withdrawal syndrome. Annales pharmaceutiques françaises. 2009, 67 (6): 408–13. PMID 19900604. doi:10.1016/j.pharma.2009.07.001.
- Murphy, S. M.; Tyrer, P. A double-blind comparison of the effects of gradual withdrawal of lorazepam, diazepam and bromazepam in benzodiazepine dependence. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1991, 158 (4): 511–6. PMID 1675901. doi:10.1192/bjp.158.4.511.
- Adam, Kirstine; Oswald, I. Can a Rapidly-eliminated Hypnotic Cause Daytime Anxiety?. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2008, 22 (3): 115–9. PMID 2748714. doi:10.1055/s-2007-1014592.
- Scharf, Martin B; Kales, Judith A; Bixler, EO; Jacoby, JA; Schweitzer, PK. Lorazepam—Efficacy, side effects, and rebound phenomena. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1982, 31 (2): 175–9. PMID 6120058. doi:10.1038/clpt.1982.27.
- Walsh, James K; Schweitzer, Paula K; Parwatikar, Sadashiv. Effects of lorazepam and its withdrawal on sleep, performance, and subjective state. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1983, 34 (4): 496–500. PMID 6617072. doi:10.1038/clpt.1983.203.
- Fontaine, Réjean; Beaudry, Paul; Le Morvan, Patrick LE; Beauclair, Linda; Chouinard, GUY. Zopiclone and Triazolam in Insomnia Associated with Generalized Anxiety Disorder. International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1990, 5 (3): 173–83. PMID 2230061. doi:10.1097/00004850-199007000-00002.
- Kales, Anthony; Manfredi, Rocco L; Vgontzas, Alexandras N; Bixler, Edward O; Vela-Bueno, Antonio; Fee, Eric C. Rebound insomnia after only brief and intermittent use of rapidly eliminated benzodiazepines. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1991, 49 (4): 468–76. PMID 2015735. doi:10.1038/clpt.1991.55.
- Kales, Anthony; Bixler, Edward O.; Soldatos, Constantin R.; Jacoby, Judith A.; Kales, Joyce D. Lorazepam: Effects on Sleep and Withdrawal Phenomena. Pharmacology. 1986, 32 (3): 121–30. PMID 3960963. doi:10.1159/000138160.
- Bonnet, M H; Arand, D L. The use of lorazepam TID for chronic insomnia. International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1999, 14 (2): 81–9. PMID 10220122. doi:10.1097/00004850-199903000-00004.
- Saxon, L.; Hjemdahl, P.; Hiltunen, A. J.; Borg, S. Effects of flumazenil in the treatment of benzodiazepine withdrawal - a double-blind pilot study. Psychopharmacology. 1997, 131 (2): 153–60. PMID 9201803. doi:10.1007/s002130050278.
- Terao, T; Yoshimura, R; Terao, M; Abe, K. Depersonalization following nitrazepam withdrawal. Biological Psychiatry. 1992, 31 (2): 212–3. PMID 1737083. doi:10.1016/0006-3223(92)90209-I.
- Lader, Malcolm. Anxiety or depression during withdrawal of hypnotic treatments. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1994, 38: 113–23; discussion 118–23. PMID 7799243. doi:10.1016/0022-3999(94)90142-2.
- Mintzer, M. Z.; Stoller, K. B.; Griffiths, R. R. A controlled study of flumazenil-precipitated withdrawal in chronic low-dose benzodiazepine users. Psychopharmacology. 1999, 147 (2): 200–9. PMID 10591888. doi:10.1007/s002130051161.
- Schöpf, J. Withdrawal Phenomena after Long-term Administration of Benzodiazepines a Review of Recent Investigations. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2008, 16 (1): 1–8. PMID 6131447. doi:10.1055/s-2007-1017439.
- Mintzer, Miriam Z.; Griffiths, Roland R. Flumazenil-precipitated withdrawal in healthy volunteers following repeated diazepam exposure. Psychopharmacology. 2004, 178 (2–3): 259–67. PMID 15452683. doi:10.1007/s00213-004-2009-1.
- Biswas, AK; Feldman, BL; Davis, DH; Zintz, EA. Myocardial ischemia as a result of severe benzodiazepine and opioid withdrawal. Clinical Toxicology. 2005, 43 (3): 207–9. PMID 15902797. doi:10.1081/clt-200053099.
- Loeb, P; Adnet, P; Boittiaux, P; Forget, AP; Mille, FX. Sevrage en benzodiazépines révélé par un syndrome douloureux abdominal pseudochirurgical [Benzodiazepine withdrawal masquerading as surgical abdominal syndrome]. Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation. 1997, 16 (5): 521–2. doi:10.1016/S0750-7658(97)83345-X （法语）.
- Pecknold, J.C. Discontinuation reactions to alprazolam in panic disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 1993, 27: 155–170. doi:10.1016/0022-3956(93)90025-W.
- Drummond, Lynne M.; Matthews, Helen P. SINGLE CASE STUDY Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Occurring as a Complication in Benzodiazepine Withdrawal. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1988, 176 (11): 688–91. PMID 3183654. doi:10.1097/00005053-198811000-00008.
- Matthews, HP; Drummond, LM. Obsessive-compulsive disorder--a complication of benzodiazepine withdrawal. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1987, 150: 272. PMID 3651695. doi:10.1192/s0007125000122810.
- Shader, RI; Greenblatt, DJ. The use of benzodiazepines in clinical practice. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1981,. 11 Suppl 1 (Suppl 1): 5S–9S. PMC 1401641
. PMID 6133535. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1981.tb01832.x. - Pagel, J. F.; Parnes, Bennett L. Medications for the Treatment of Sleep Disorders. Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001, 3 (3): 118–125. PMC 181172 . PMID 15014609. doi:10.4088/PCC.v03n0303.
- Van Engelen, BG; Gimbrere, JS; Booy, LH. Benzodiazepine withdrawal reaction in two children following discontinuation of sedation with midazolam. Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1993, 27 (5): 579–81. PMID 8347907. doi:10.1177/106002809302700509.
- Beeley, L. Benzodiazepines and tinnitus. BMJ. 1991, 302 (6790): 1465. doi:10.1136/bmj.302.6790.1465.
- Olajide, Dele; Lader, Malcolm. Depression following withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: A report of four cases. Psychological Medicine. 2009, 14 (4): 937–40. PMID 6152745. doi:10.1017/S0033291700019899.
- Rosebush, Patricia I.; Mazurek, Michael F. Catatonia After Benzodiazepine Withdrawal. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1996, 16 (4): 315–9. PMID 8835707. doi:10.1097/00004714-199608000-00007.
- Deuschle, M.F.; Lederbogen, F. Benzodiazepine Withdrawal - Induced Catatonia. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2001, 34 (1): 41–2. PMID 11229621. doi:10.1055/s-2001-15188.
- Kanemoto, Kousuke; Miyamoto, Toshio; Abe, Ryuji. Ictal catatonia as a manifestation of de novo absence status epilepticus following benzodiazepine withdrawal. Seizure. 1999, 8 (6): 364–6. PMID 10512781. doi:10.1053/seiz.1999.0309.
- Metten, Pamela; Crabbe, John C. Genetic Determinants of Severity of Acute Withdrawal from Diazepam in Mice. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 1999, 63 (3): 473–9. PMID 10418790. doi:10.1016/S0091-3057(99)00017-9.
- De Bard, ML. Diazepam withdrawal syndrome: A case with psychosis, seizure, and coma. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1979, 136 (1): 104–5. PMID 103443. doi:10.1176/ajp.136.1.104.
- Provini, F.; Cortelli, P.; Montagna, P.; Gambetti, P.; Lugaresi, E. Fatal insomnia and agrypnia excitata: Sleep and the limbic system. Revue Neurologique. 2008, 164 (8–9): 692–700. PMID 18805303. doi:10.1016/j.neurol.2007.11.003.
- Berezak, A.; Weber, M.; Hansmann, J.; Tulasne, P.A.; Laporte, B.; Ould Ouali, A. Dépendance physique aux benzodiazépines dans un contexte traumatologique [Benzodiazepine physical dependence in traumatology]. Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation. 1984, 3 (5): 383–4. doi:10.1016/S0750-7658(84)80078-7 （法语）.
- Turkington, Douglas; Gill, Paul. Mania induced by lorazepam withdrawal: A report of two cases. Journal of Affective Disorders. 1989, 17 (1): 93–5. PMID 2525581. doi:10.1016/0165-0327(89)90028-1.
- Lapierre, YD; Labelle, A. Manic-like reaction induced by lorazepam withdrawal. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 1987, 32 (8): 697–8. PMID 3690487. doi:10.1177/070674378703200812.
- Strawn, Jeffrey; Keck Jr, PE; Caroff, SN. Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2007, 164 (6): 870–6. PMID 17541044. doi:10.1176/ajp.2007.164.6.870.
- Fruensgaard, K. Withdrawal Psychosis: A Study of 30 Consecutive Cases. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1976, 53 (2): 105–18. PMID 3091. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1976.tb00065.x.
- Citrome, Leslie; Volavka, Jan. Violent Patients in the Emergency Setting. Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 1999, 22 (4): 789–801. PMID 10623971. doi:10.1016/S0193-953X(05)70126-X.
nih.gov
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Petursson, H. The benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome. Addiction. 1994, 89 (11): 1455–9. PMID 7841856. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb03743.x.
- Dodds TJ. Prescribed Benzodiazepines and Suicide Risk: A Review of the Literature. Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders. 2017, 19 (2). PMID 28257172. doi:10.4088/PCC.16r02037.
- O'Connor, RD. Benzodiazepine dependence--a treatment perspective and an advocacy for control. NIDA research monograph. 1993, 131: 266–9. PMID 8105385.
- Voshaar, R. C. O.; Couvée, JE; Van Balkom, AJ; Mulder, PG; Zitman, FG. Strategies for discontinuing long-term benzodiazepine use: Meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2006, 189 (3): 213–20. PMID 16946355. doi:10.1192/bjp.189.3.213.
- De Gier, N.; Gorgels, W.; Lucassen, P.; Oude Voshaar, R.; Mulder, J.; Zitman, F. Discontinuation of long-term benzodiazepine use: 10-year follow-up. Family Practice. 2010, 28 (3): 253–9. PMID 21193495. doi:10.1093/fampra/cmq113.
- Authier, Nicolas; Boucher, Alexandra; Lamaison, Dominique; Llorca, Pierre-Michel; Descotes, Jacques; Eschalier, Alain. Second Meeting of the French CEIP (Centres d'Évaluation et d'Information sur la Pharmacodépendance). Part II: Benzodiazepine Withdrawal. Thérapie. 2009, 64 (6): 365–70. PMID 20025839. doi:10.2515/therapie/2009051.
- Heberlein, A.; Bleich, S.; Kornhuber, J.; Hillemacher, T. Benzodiazepin-Abhängigkeit: Ursachen und Behandlungsmöglichkeiten [Benzodiazepine Dependence: Causalities and Treatment Options]. Fortschritte der Neurologie · Psychiatrie. 2008, 77 (1): 7–15. PMID 19101875. doi:10.1055/s-0028-1100831 （德语）.
- Lader, M. Long-term anxiolytic therapy: The issue of drug withdrawal. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1987,. 48 Suppl: 12–6. PMID 2891684.
- Boisse, NR; Periana, RM; Guarino, JJ; Kruger, HS; Samoriski, GM. Pharmacologic characterization of acute chlordiazepoxide dependence in the rat. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 1986, 239 (3): 775–83. PMID 3098961.
- Boisse, NR; Periana, RM; Guarino, JJ; Kruger, HS. Acute chlordiazepoxide dependence in the rat: Comparisons to chronic. NIDA research monograph. 1986, 67: 197–201. PMID 3092067.
- Allison, C; Pratt, J.A. Neuroadaptive processes in GABAergic and glutamatergic systems in benzodiazepine dependence. Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2003, 98 (2): 171–95. PMID 12725868. doi:10.1016/S0163-7258(03)00029-9.
- Herman, JB; Brotman, AW; Rosenbaum, JF. Rebound anxiety in panic disorder patients treated with shorter-acting benzodiazepines. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1987,. 48 Suppl: 22–8. PMID 2889722.
- Allgulander, C; Bandelow, B; Hollander, E; Montgomery, SA; Nutt, DJ; Okasha, A; Pollack, MH; Stein, DJ; Swinson, RP; World Council Of, Anxiety. WCA recommendations for the long-term treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. CNS Spectrums. 2003, 8 (8 Suppl 1): 53–61. PMID 14767398.
- Salzman, Carl. Benzodiazepine treatment of panic and agoraphobic symptoms: Use, dependence, toxicity, abuse. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 1993, 27: 97–110. PMID 7908335. doi:10.1016/0022-3956(93)90021-S.
- Onyett, SR. The benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome and its management. The Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 1989, 39 (321): 160–3. PMC 1711840 . PMID 2576073.
- Ashton, Heather. Protracted withdrawal syndromes from benzodiazepines. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 1991, 8 (1–2): 19–28. PMID 1675688. doi:10.1016/0740-5472(91)90023-4.
- Soyka M. Treatment of Benzodiazepine Dependence. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2017, 376 (12): 1147–1157. PMID 28328330. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1611832.
- Authier, N.; Balayssac, D.; Sautereau, M.; Zangarelli, A.; Courty, P.; Somogyi, A.A.; Vennat, B.; Llorca, P.-M.; Eschalier, A. Benzodiazepine dependence: Focus on withdrawal syndrome. Annales pharmaceutiques françaises. 2009, 67 (6): 408–13. PMID 19900604. doi:10.1016/j.pharma.2009.07.001.
- Murphy, S. M.; Tyrer, P. A double-blind comparison of the effects of gradual withdrawal of lorazepam, diazepam and bromazepam in benzodiazepine dependence. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1991, 158 (4): 511–6. PMID 1675901. doi:10.1192/bjp.158.4.511.
- Adam, Kirstine; Oswald, I. Can a Rapidly-eliminated Hypnotic Cause Daytime Anxiety?. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2008, 22 (3): 115–9. PMID 2748714. doi:10.1055/s-2007-1014592.
- Scharf, Martin B; Kales, Judith A; Bixler, EO; Jacoby, JA; Schweitzer, PK. Lorazepam—Efficacy, side effects, and rebound phenomena. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1982, 31 (2): 175–9. PMID 6120058. doi:10.1038/clpt.1982.27.
- Walsh, James K; Schweitzer, Paula K; Parwatikar, Sadashiv. Effects of lorazepam and its withdrawal on sleep, performance, and subjective state. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1983, 34 (4): 496–500. PMID 6617072. doi:10.1038/clpt.1983.203.
- Fontaine, Réjean; Beaudry, Paul; Le Morvan, Patrick LE; Beauclair, Linda; Chouinard, GUY. Zopiclone and Triazolam in Insomnia Associated with Generalized Anxiety Disorder. International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1990, 5 (3): 173–83. PMID 2230061. doi:10.1097/00004850-199007000-00002.
- Kales, Anthony; Manfredi, Rocco L; Vgontzas, Alexandras N; Bixler, Edward O; Vela-Bueno, Antonio; Fee, Eric C. Rebound insomnia after only brief and intermittent use of rapidly eliminated benzodiazepines. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1991, 49 (4): 468–76. PMID 2015735. doi:10.1038/clpt.1991.55.
- Kales, Anthony; Bixler, Edward O.; Soldatos, Constantin R.; Jacoby, Judith A.; Kales, Joyce D. Lorazepam: Effects on Sleep and Withdrawal Phenomena. Pharmacology. 1986, 32 (3): 121–30. PMID 3960963. doi:10.1159/000138160.
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