行星状星云 (Chinese Wikipedia)
Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "行星状星云" in Chinese language version.
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archive.org
- Gregory, Stephen A.; Michael Zeilik. Introductory astronomy & astrophysics 4. Fort Worth [u.a.]: Saunders College Publ. 1998: 322. ISBN 0-03-006228-4.
archive.today
- Jacoby, George H.; Ciardullo, Robin; De Marco, Orsola; Lee, Myung Gyoon; Herrmann, Kimberly A.; Hwang, Ho Seong; Kaplan, Evan; Davies, James E., (2013). A Survey for Planetary Nebulae in M31 Globular Clusters Archive.is的存檔，存档日期2015-09-24, ApJ, 769, 1
- Majaess, D.; Carraro, G.; Moni Bidin, C.; Bonatto, C.; Turner, D.; Moyano, M.; Berdnikov, L.; Giorgi, E., (2014). On the crucial cluster Andrews-Lindsay 1 and a 4% distance solution for its planetary nebula Archive.is的存檔，存档日期2015-09-24, A&A, 567
- Moni Bidin, C.; Majaess, D.; Bonatto, C.; Mauro, F.; Turner, D.; Geisler, D.; Chené, A.-N.; Gormaz-Matamala, A. C.; Borissova, J.; Kurtev, R. G.; Minniti, D.; Carraro, G.; Gieren, W. (2014). Investigating potential planetary nebula/cluster pairs Archive.is的存檔，存档日期2015-09-24, A&A, 561
arxiv.org
- Miszalski et al. 2011 Miszalski, B.; Jones, D.; Rodríguez-Gil, P.; Boffin, H. M. J.; Corradi, R. L. M.; Santander-García, M., Discovery of close binary central stars in the planetary nebulae NGC 6326 and NGC 6778, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2011, 531: A158, Bibcode:2011A&A...531A.158M, arXiv:1105.5731
, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117084 - Frankowski & Soker 2009，第654–8頁 Frankowski, Adam; Soker, Noam, Very late thermal pulses influenced by accretion in planetary nebulae, New Astronomy, November 2009, 14 (8): 654–8, Bibcode:2009NewA...14..654F, arXiv:0903.3364 , doi:10.1016/j.newast.2009.03.006,
A planetary nebula (PN) is an expanding ionized circumstellar cloud that was ejected during the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) phase of the stellar progenitor.
- Frew & Parker 2010，第129–148頁 Frew, David J.; Parker, Quentin A., Planetary Nebulae: Observational Properties, Mimics and Diagnostics, Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia, May 2010, 27 (2): 129–148, Bibcode:2010PASA...27..129F, arXiv:1002.1525 , doi:10.1071/AS09040
- Reed et al. 1999，第2430–41頁 Reed, Darren S.; Balick, Bruce; Hajian, Arsen R.; Klayton, Tracy L.; Giovanardi, Stefano; Casertano, Stefano; Panagia, Nino; Terzian, Yervant, Hubble Space Telescope Measurements of the Expansion of NGC 6543: Parallax Distance and Nebular Evolution, Astronomical Journal, November 1999, 118 (5): 2430–41, Bibcode:1999AJ....118.2430R, arXiv:astro-ph/9907313 , doi:10.1086/301091
- Maciel, Costa & Idiart 2009，第127–37頁 Maciel, W. J.; Costa, R. D. D.; Idiart, T. E. P., Planetary nebulae and the chemical evolution of the Magellanic Clouds, Revista Mexicana de Astronomía y Astrofísica, October 2009, 45: 127–37, Bibcode:2009RMxAA..45..127M, arXiv:0904.2549 ,
These objects are produced by low and intermediate mass stars, with main sequence masses roughly between 0.8 and 8 M⊙, and present a reasonably large age and metallicity spread.
- Pan, Liubin; Scannapieco, Evan; Scalo, Jon. Modeling the Pollution of Pristine Gas in the Early Universe. The Astrophysical Journal. 1 October 2013, 775 (2): 111. Bibcode:2013ApJ...775..111P. arXiv:1306.4663 . doi:10.1088/0004-637X/775/2/111.
- Majaess, Turner & Lane 2007，第1349–60頁 Majaess, D. J.; Turner, D.; Lane, D., In Search of Possible Associations between Planetary Nebulae and Open Clusters, Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, December 2007, 119 (862): 1349–60, Bibcode:2007PASP..119.1349M, arXiv:0710.2900 , doi:10.1086/524414
- Rees & Zijlstra 2013 Rees, B.; Zijlstra, A.A., Alignment of the Angular Momentum Vectors of Planetary Nebulae in the Galactic Bulge, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, July 2013, 435 (2): 975–991, Bibcode:2013MNRAS.435..975R, arXiv:1307.5711 , doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1300
- Jordan, Werner & O'Toole 2005，第273–9頁 Jordan, S.; Werner, K.; O'Toole, S. J., Discovery of magnetic fields in central stars of planetary nebulae, Astronomy & Astrophysics, March 2005, 432 (1): 273–9, Bibcode:2005A&A...432..273J, arXiv:astro-ph/0501040 , doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20041993
- Parker 2011，第1835–1844頁 Parker, Quentin A.; Frew, David J.; Miszalski, B.; Kovacevic, Anna V.; Frinchaboy, Peter.; Dobbie, Paul D.; Köppen, J., PHR 1315–6555: A bipolar planetary nebula in the compact Hyades-age open cluster ESO 96-SC04, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, May 2011, 413 (3): 1835–1844, Bibcode:2011MNRAS.413.1835P, arXiv:1101.3814 , doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18259.x
- Kiss et al. 2008，第399–404頁 Kiss, L. L.; Szabó, Gy. M.; Balog, Z.; Parker, Q. A.; Frew, D. J., AAOmega radial velocities rule out current membership of the planetary nebula NGC 2438 in the open cluster M46, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, November 2008, 391 (1): 399–404, Bibcode:2008MNRAS.391..399K, arXiv:0809.0327 , doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13899.x
- Soker 2002，第481–6頁 Soker, Noam, Why every bipolar planetary nebula is 'unique', Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, February 2002, 330 (2): 481–6, Bibcode:2002MNRAS.330..481S, arXiv:astro-ph/0107554 , doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2002.05105.x
books.google.com
- Kwok 2000，第1–7頁 Kwok, Sun, The origin and evolution of planetary nebulae, Cambridge University Press, 2000, ISBN 0-521-62313-8 (Chapter 1 can be downloaded here.)
- Gurzadyan 1997 Gurzadyan, Grigor A., The Physics and dynamics of planetary nebulae, Springer, 1997, ISBN 978-3-540-60965-0
- Krause 1961，第187頁 Krause, Arthur, Astronomy, Oliver and Boyd: 187, 1961
- Harpaz 1994，第55–80頁 Harpaz, Amos, Stellar Evolution, A K Peters, Ltd., 1994, ISBN 978-1-56881-012-6
- Harpaz 1994，第99–112頁 Harpaz, Amos, Stellar Evolution, A K Peters, Ltd., 1994, ISBN 978-1-56881-012-6
- Kwok 2000，第199–207頁 Kwok, Sun, The origin and evolution of planetary nebulae, Cambridge University Press, 2000, ISBN 0-521-62313-8 (Chapter 1 can be downloaded here.)
- Marochnik, Shukurov & Yastrzhembsky 1996，第6–10頁 Marochnik, L.S.; Shukurov, Anwar; Yastrzhembsky, Igor, Chapter 19: Chemical abundances, The Milky Way galaxy, Taylor & Francis: 6–10, 1996, ISBN 978-2-88124-931-0
- Gurzadyan 1997，第238頁 Gurzadyan, Grigor A., The Physics and dynamics of planetary nebulae, Springer, 1997, ISBN 978-3-540-60965-0
- Gurzadyan 1997，第130–7頁 Gurzadyan, Grigor A., The Physics and dynamics of planetary nebulae, Springer, 1997, ISBN 978-3-540-60965-0
- Kwok 2000，第89–96頁 Kwok, Sun, The origin and evolution of planetary nebulae, Cambridge University Press, 2000, ISBN 0-521-62313-8 (Chapter 1 can be downloaded here.)
- Morris 1990，第526–30頁 Morris, M., Bipolar asymmetry in the mass outflows of stars in transition, Mennessier, M.O.; Omont, Alain (编), From Miras to planetary nebulae: which path for stellar evolution?, Montpellier, France, September 4–7, 1989 IAP astrophysics meeting: Atlantica Séguier Frontières: 526–30, 1990, ISBN 978-2-86332-077-8
- Gurzadyan 1997，第424頁 Gurzadyan, Grigor A., The Physics and dynamics of planetary nebulae, Springer, 1997, ISBN 978-3-540-60965-0
doi.org
dx.doi.org
- Miszalski et al. 2011 Miszalski, B.; Jones, D.; Rodríguez-Gil, P.; Boffin, H. M. J.; Corradi, R. L. M.; Santander-García, M., Discovery of close binary central stars in the planetary nebulae NGC 6326 and NGC 6778, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2011, 531: A158, Bibcode:2011A&A...531A.158M, arXiv:1105.5731 , doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117084
- Frankowski & Soker 2009，第654–8頁 Frankowski, Adam; Soker, Noam, Very late thermal pulses influenced by accretion in planetary nebulae, New Astronomy, November 2009, 14 (8): 654–8, Bibcode:2009NewA...14..654F, arXiv:0903.3364 , doi:10.1016/j.newast.2009.03.006,
A planetary nebula (PN) is an expanding ionized circumstellar cloud that was ejected during the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) phase of the stellar progenitor.
- Frew & Parker 2010，第129–148頁 Frew, David J.; Parker, Quentin A., Planetary Nebulae: Observational Properties, Mimics and Diagnostics, Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia, May 2010, 27 (2): 129–148, Bibcode:2010PASA...27..129F, arXiv:1002.1525 , doi:10.1071/AS09040
- Huggins & Miller 1864，第437–44頁 Huggins, W.; Miller, W. A., On the Spectra of some of the Nebulae, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 1864, 154: 437–44, Bibcode:1864RSPT..154..437H, doi:10.1098/rstl.1864.0013
- Bowen 1927，第295–7頁 Bowen, I. S., The Origin of the Chief Nebular Lines, Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, October 1927, 39: 295–7, Bibcode:1927PASP...39..295B, doi:10.1086/123745
- Kwok 2005，第271–8頁 Kwok, Sun, Planetary Nebulae: New Challenges in the 21st Century, Journal of the Korean Astronomical Society, June 2005, 38 (2): 271–8, Bibcode:2005JKAS...38..271K, doi:10.5303/JKAS.2005.38.2.271
- Hora et al. 2004，第296–301頁 Hora, Joseph L.; Latter, William B.; Allen, Lori E.; Marengo, Massimo; Deutsch, Lynne K.; Pipher, Judith L., Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) Observations of Planetary Nebulae, Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, September 2004, 154 (1): 296–301, Bibcode:2004ApJS..154..296H, doi:10.1086/422820
- Kwok et al. 2006，第445–6頁 Kwok, Sun; Koning, Nico; Huang, Hsiu-Hui; Churchwell, Edward, Barlow, M. J.; Méndez, R. H. , 编, Planetary nebulae in the GLIMPSE survey, Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union, Symposium #234, Planetary Nebulae in our Galaxy and Beyond (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 2006, 2 (S234): 445–6, Bibcode:2006IAUS..234..445K, doi:10.1017/S1743921306003668,
Planetary nebulae (PNs) have high dust content and radiate strongly in the infrared. For young PNs, the dust component accounts for ∼1/3 of the total energy output of the nebulae (Zhang & Kwok 1991). The typical color temperatures of PNs are between 100 and 200 K, and at λ >5 μm, dust begins to dominate over bound-free emission from the ionized component. Although PNs are traditionally discovered through examination of photographic plates or Hα surveys, PNs can also be identified in infrared surveys by searching for red objects with a rising spectrum between 4–10 μm.
- Reed et al. 1999，第2430–41頁 Reed, Darren S.; Balick, Bruce; Hajian, Arsen R.; Klayton, Tracy L.; Giovanardi, Stefano; Casertano, Stefano; Panagia, Nino; Terzian, Yervant, Hubble Space Telescope Measurements of the Expansion of NGC 6543: Parallax Distance and Nebular Evolution, Astronomical Journal, November 1999, 118 (5): 2430–41, Bibcode:1999AJ....118.2430R, arXiv:astro-ph/9907313 , doi:10.1086/301091
- Sackmann, I. -J.; Boothroyd, A. I.; Kraemer, K. E. Our Sun. III. Present and Future. The Astrophysical Journal. 1993, 418: 457. Bibcode:1993ApJ...418..457S. doi:10.1086/173407.
- Castor, J.; McCray, R.; Weaver, R. Interstellar Bubbles. Astrophysical Journal Letters. 1975, 200: L107–L110. Bibcode:1975ApJ...200L.107C. doi:10.1086/181908.
- Pan, Liubin; Scannapieco, Evan; Scalo, Jon. Modeling the Pollution of Pristine Gas in the Early Universe. The Astrophysical Journal. 1 October 2013, 775 (2): 111. Bibcode:2013ApJ...775..111P. arXiv:1306.4663 . doi:10.1088/0004-637X/775/2/111.
- Parker et al. 2006，第79–94頁 Parker, Quentin A.; Acker, A.; Frew, D. J.; Hartley, M.; Peyaud, A. E. J.; Ochsenbein, F.; Phillipps, S.; Russeil, D.; Beaulieu, S. F.; Cohen, M.; Köppen, J.; Miszalski, B.; Morgan, D. H.; Morris, R. A. H.; Pierce, M. J.; Vaughan, A. E., The Macquarie/AAO/Strasbourg Hα Planetary Nebula Catalogue: MASH, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, November 2006, 373 (1): 79–94, Bibcode:2006MNRAS.373...79P, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10950.x
- Majaess, Turner & Lane 2007，第1349–60頁 Majaess, D. J.; Turner, D.; Lane, D., In Search of Possible Associations between Planetary Nebulae and Open Clusters, Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, December 2007, 119 (862): 1349–60, Bibcode:2007PASP..119.1349M, arXiv:0710.2900 , doi:10.1086/524414
- Jacoby, Ferland & Korista 2001，第272–86頁 Jacoby, George. H.; Ferland, Gary. J.; Korista, Kirk T., The Planetary Nebula A39: An Observational Benchmark for Numerical Modeling of Photoionized Plasmas, The Astrophysical Journal, 2001, 560 (1): 272–86, Bibcode:2001ApJ...560..272J, doi:10.1086/322489
- Kwok & Su 2005，第L49–52頁 Kwok, Sun; Su, Kate Y. L., Discovery of Multiple Coaxial Rings in the Quadrupolar Planetary Nebula NGC 6881, The Astrophysical Journal, December 2005, 635 (1): L49–52, Bibcode:2005ApJ...635L..49K, doi:10.1086/499332,
We report the discovery of multiple two-dimensional rings in the quadrupolar planetary nebula NGC 6881. As many as four pairs of rings are seen in the bipolar lobes, and three rings are seen in the central torus. While the rings in the lobes have the same axis as one pair of the bipolar lobes, the inner rings are aligned with the other pair. The two pairs of bipolar lobes are likely to be carved out by two separate high-velocity outflows from the circumstellar material left over from the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) wind. The two-dimensional rings could be the results of dynamical instabilities or the consequence of a fast outflow interacting with remnants of discrete AGB circumstellar shells.
- Rees & Zijlstra 2013 Rees, B.; Zijlstra, A.A., Alignment of the Angular Momentum Vectors of Planetary Nebulae in the Galactic Bulge, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, July 2013, 435 (2): 975–991, Bibcode:2013MNRAS.435..975R, arXiv:1307.5711 , doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1300
- Jordan, Werner & O'Toole 2005，第273–9頁 Jordan, S.; Werner, K.; O'Toole, S. J., Discovery of magnetic fields in central stars of planetary nebulae, Astronomy & Astrophysics, March 2005, 432 (1): 273–9, Bibcode:2005A&A...432..273J, arXiv:astro-ph/0501040 , doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20041993
- Parker 2011，第1835–1844頁 Parker, Quentin A.; Frew, David J.; Miszalski, B.; Kovacevic, Anna V.; Frinchaboy, Peter.; Dobbie, Paul D.; Köppen, J., PHR 1315–6555: A bipolar planetary nebula in the compact Hyades-age open cluster ESO 96-SC04, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, May 2011, 413 (3): 1835–1844, Bibcode:2011MNRAS.413.1835P, arXiv:1101.3814 , doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18259.x
- Kiss et al. 2008，第399–404頁 Kiss, L. L.; Szabó, Gy. M.; Balog, Z.; Parker, Q. A.; Frew, D. J., AAOmega radial velocities rule out current membership of the planetary nebula NGC 2438 in the open cluster M46, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, November 2008, 391 (1): 399–404, Bibcode:2008MNRAS.391..399K, arXiv:0809.0327 , doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13899.x
- Mermilliod et al. 2001，第30–9頁 Mermilliod, J.-C.; Clariá, J. J.; Andersen, J.; Piatti, A. E.; Mayor, M., Red giants in open clusters. IX. NGC 2324, 2818, 3960 and 6259, Astronomy and Astrophysics, August 2001, 375 (1): 30–9, Bibcode:2001A&A...375...30M, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20010845
- Soker 2002，第481–6頁 Soker, Noam, Why every bipolar planetary nebula is 'unique', Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, February 2002, 330 (2): 481–6, Bibcode:2002MNRAS.330..481S, arXiv:astro-ph/0107554 , doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2002.05105.x
- Liu et al. 2000，第585–587頁 Liu, X.-W.; Storey, P. J.; Barlow, M. J.; Danziger, I. J.; Cohen, M.; Bryce, M., NGC 6153: a super–metal–rich planetary nebula?, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, March 2000, 312 (3): 585–628, Bibcode:2000MNRAS.312..585L, doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03167.x
eso.org
esoads.eso.org
- Jacoby, George H.; Ciardullo, Robin; De Marco, Orsola; Lee, Myung Gyoon; Herrmann, Kimberly A.; Hwang, Ho Seong; Kaplan, Evan; Davies, James E., (2013). A Survey for Planetary Nebulae in M31 Globular Clusters Archive.is的存檔，存档日期2015-09-24, ApJ, 769, 1
- Frew, David J. (2008). Planetary Nebulae in the Solar Neighbourhood: Statistics, Distance Scale and Luminosity Function, PhD Thesis, Department of Physics, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
- Majaess, D.; Carraro, G.; Moni Bidin, C.; Bonatto, C.; Turner, D.; Moyano, M.; Berdnikov, L.; Giorgi, E., (2014). On the crucial cluster Andrews-Lindsay 1 and a 4% distance solution for its planetary nebula Archive.is的存檔，存档日期2015-09-24, A&A, 567
- Bonatto, C.; Bica, E.; Santos, J. F. C., (2008). Discovery of an open cluster with a possible physical association with a planetary nebula, MNRAS, 386, 1
- Turner, D. G.; Rosvick, J. M.; Balam, D. D.; Henden, A. A.; Majaess, D. J.; Lane, D. J. (2011). New Results for the Open Cluster Bica 6 and Its Associated Planetary Nebula Abell 8, PASP, 123, 909
- Moni Bidin, C.; Majaess, D.; Bonatto, C.; Mauro, F.; Turner, D.; Geisler, D.; Chené, A.-N.; Gormaz-Matamala, A. C.; Borissova, J.; Kurtev, R. G.; Minniti, D.; Carraro, G.; Gieren, W. (2014). Investigating potential planetary nebula/cluster pairs Archive.is的存檔，存档日期2015-09-24, A&A, 561
eso.org
- A Planetary Nebula Divided. [21 December 2015]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-04）.
- Cosmic Sprinklers Explained. ESO Press Release. [13 February 2013]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-04）.
- R. Gathier. Distances to Planetary Nebulae (PDF). ESO Messenger. [31 May 2014]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-01-05）.
harvard.edu
ui.adsabs.harvard.edu
- Miszalski et al. 2011 Miszalski, B.; Jones, D.; Rodríguez-Gil, P.; Boffin, H. M. J.; Corradi, R. L. M.; Santander-García, M., Discovery of close binary central stars in the planetary nebulae NGC 6326 and NGC 6778, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2011, 531: A158, Bibcode:2011A&A...531A.158M, arXiv:1105.5731 , doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117084
- Frankowski & Soker 2009，第654–8頁 Frankowski, Adam; Soker, Noam, Very late thermal pulses influenced by accretion in planetary nebulae, New Astronomy, November 2009, 14 (8): 654–8, Bibcode:2009NewA...14..654F, arXiv:0903.3364 , doi:10.1016/j.newast.2009.03.006,
A planetary nebula (PN) is an expanding ionized circumstellar cloud that was ejected during the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) phase of the stellar progenitor.
- Frew & Parker 2010，第129–148頁 Frew, David J.; Parker, Quentin A., Planetary Nebulae: Observational Properties, Mimics and Diagnostics, Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia, May 2010, 27 (2): 129–148, Bibcode:2010PASA...27..129F, arXiv:1002.1525 , doi:10.1071/AS09040
- Moore 2007，第279–80頁 Moore, S. L., Observing the Cat's Eye Nebula, Journal of the British Astronomical Association, October 2007, 117 (5): 279–80, Bibcode:2007JBAA..117R.279M
- Huggins & Miller 1864，第437–44頁 Huggins, W.; Miller, W. A., On the Spectra of some of the Nebulae, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 1864, 154: 437–44, Bibcode:1864RSPT..154..437H, doi:10.1098/rstl.1864.0013
- Bowen 1927，第295–7頁 Bowen, I. S., The Origin of the Chief Nebular Lines, Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, October 1927, 39: 295–7, Bibcode:1927PASP...39..295B, doi:10.1086/123745
- Kwok 2005，第271–8頁 Kwok, Sun, Planetary Nebulae: New Challenges in the 21st Century, Journal of the Korean Astronomical Society, June 2005, 38 (2): 271–8, Bibcode:2005JKAS...38..271K, doi:10.5303/JKAS.2005.38.2.271
- Hora et al. 2004，第296–301頁 Hora, Joseph L.; Latter, William B.; Allen, Lori E.; Marengo, Massimo; Deutsch, Lynne K.; Pipher, Judith L., Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) Observations of Planetary Nebulae, Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, September 2004, 154 (1): 296–301, Bibcode:2004ApJS..154..296H, doi:10.1086/422820
- Kwok et al. 2006，第445–6頁 Kwok, Sun; Koning, Nico; Huang, Hsiu-Hui; Churchwell, Edward, Barlow, M. J.; Méndez, R. H. , 编, Planetary nebulae in the GLIMPSE survey, Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union, Symposium #234, Planetary Nebulae in our Galaxy and Beyond (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 2006, 2 (S234): 445–6, Bibcode:2006IAUS..234..445K, doi:10.1017/S1743921306003668,
Planetary nebulae (PNs) have high dust content and radiate strongly in the infrared. For young PNs, the dust component accounts for ∼1/3 of the total energy output of the nebulae (Zhang & Kwok 1991). The typical color temperatures of PNs are between 100 and 200 K, and at λ >5 μm, dust begins to dominate over bound-free emission from the ionized component. Although PNs are traditionally discovered through examination of photographic plates or Hα surveys, PNs can also be identified in infrared surveys by searching for red objects with a rising spectrum between 4–10 μm.
- Reed et al. 1999，第2430–41頁 Reed, Darren S.; Balick, Bruce; Hajian, Arsen R.; Klayton, Tracy L.; Giovanardi, Stefano; Casertano, Stefano; Panagia, Nino; Terzian, Yervant, Hubble Space Telescope Measurements of the Expansion of NGC 6543: Parallax Distance and Nebular Evolution, Astronomical Journal, November 1999, 118 (5): 2430–41, Bibcode:1999AJ....118.2430R, arXiv:astro-ph/9907313 , doi:10.1086/301091
- Aller & Hyung 2003，第15頁 Aller, Lawrence H.; Hyung, Siek, Historical Remarks on the Spectroscopic Analysis of Planetary Nebulae (invited review), Kwok, Sun; Dopita, Michael; Sutherland, Ralph (编), Planetary Nebulae: Their Evolution and Role in the Universe, Proceedings of the 209th Symposium of the International Astronomical Union, 19–23 November 2001, International Astronomical Union Symposium 209, Canberra, Australia: Astronomical Society of the Pacific: 15, 2003, Bibcode:2003IAUS..209...15A
- Maciel, Costa & Idiart 2009，第127–37頁 Maciel, W. J.; Costa, R. D. D.; Idiart, T. E. P., Planetary nebulae and the chemical evolution of the Magellanic Clouds, Revista Mexicana de Astronomía y Astrofísica, October 2009, 45: 127–37, Bibcode:2009RMxAA..45..127M, arXiv:0904.2549 ,
These objects are produced by low and intermediate mass stars, with main sequence masses roughly between 0.8 and 8 M⊙, and present a reasonably large age and metallicity spread.
- Sackmann, I. -J.; Boothroyd, A. I.; Kraemer, K. E. Our Sun. III. Present and Future. The Astrophysical Journal. 1993, 418: 457. Bibcode:1993ApJ...418..457S. doi:10.1086/173407.
- Castor, J.; McCray, R.; Weaver, R. Interstellar Bubbles. Astrophysical Journal Letters. 1975, 200: L107–L110. Bibcode:1975ApJ...200L.107C. doi:10.1086/181908.
- Pan, Liubin; Scannapieco, Evan; Scalo, Jon. Modeling the Pollution of Pristine Gas in the Early Universe. The Astrophysical Journal. 1 October 2013, 775 (2): 111. Bibcode:2013ApJ...775..111P. arXiv:1306.4663 . doi:10.1088/0004-637X/775/2/111.
- Parker et al. 2006，第79–94頁 Parker, Quentin A.; Acker, A.; Frew, D. J.; Hartley, M.; Peyaud, A. E. J.; Ochsenbein, F.; Phillipps, S.; Russeil, D.; Beaulieu, S. F.; Cohen, M.; Köppen, J.; Miszalski, B.; Morgan, D. H.; Morris, R. A. H.; Pierce, M. J.; Vaughan, A. E., The Macquarie/AAO/Strasbourg Hα Planetary Nebula Catalogue: MASH, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, November 2006, 373 (1): 79–94, Bibcode:2006MNRAS.373...79P, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10950.x
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