豹 (Chinese Wikipedia)

（英文）WCS, Wildlife Conservation Society. Monitoring Amur Leopards and Tiger in the Russian Far East (PDF). Russia. March 2012 [2014-02-09]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-02-07）.

archive.org

R I Pocock. Fauna of British India Mammals Volume 2.
Pedersen, Christian Fagd. The International Flag Book in Color. Morrow. 1971.
Anderson, Kenneth. Nine Man-Eaters and one Rogue. Allen & Unwin. 1954.

arkive.org

Amur leopard fact file. [2014-02-12]. （原始内容存档于2014-03-03）（英语）.
Persian leopard fact file. [2014-02-12]. （原始内容存档于2018-03-31）（英语）.
Arabian leopard fact file. [2014-02-12]. （原始内容存档于2017-11-17）（英语）.
Sri Lankan leopard fact file. [2014-02-12]. （原始内容存档于2011-04-28）（英语）.

aza.org

ams.aza.org

Association des Zoos et des Aquariums. Animal Program - Leopard, Amur SSP. [2015-07-02]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-26）（英语）.

bigcatrescue.org

BigCatRescue. Black Panthers Black Panther. [2014-02-13]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-26）（英语）.

bioone.org

Tharmalingam Ramesh, Riddhika Kalle, Kalyanasundaram Sankar, Qamar Qureshi. Dietary Partitioning in Sympatric Large Carnivores in a Tropical Forest of Western Ghats, India. 2012. doi:10.3106/041.037.0405.

blackwell-synergy.com

（英文） Miththapala, Sriyanie; Seidensticker, John; O'Brien, Stephen J. Phylogeographic Subspecies Recognition in Leopards (P. pardus): Molecular Genetic Variation.. Conservation Biology. August 1996, 10 (4): 1115–1132 [2010-04-23]. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10041115.x. （原始内容存档于2018-12-15）.
（英文） Uphyrkina, O.; Johnson, E.W.; et al. Phylogenetics, genome diversity and origin of modern leopard, Panthera pardus. Molecular Ecology. 2001年11月, 10 (11): 2617–2633 [2010-04-23]. PMID 11883877. doi:10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01350.x. （原始内容存档于2023-03-07）.

books.google.com

Nowak, R. M. Panthera pardus (Leopard). Walker's Mammals of the World Sixth. Baltimore, USA: Johns Hopkins University Press. 1999: 828–831 [2020-05-08]. ISBN 978-0-8018-5789-8. （原始内容存档于2021-04-26）.

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mammal species of the world. USA: Bucknell University. [2014-02-12]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-10）.

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Inbar Perez, Eli Geffen, Ofer Mokady. Critically Endangered Arabian leopards Panthera pardus nimr in Israel: estimating population parameters using molecular scatology. Israel. July 2006 [2014-02-12]. doi:10.1017/S0030605306000846. （原始内容存档于2016-08-26）.

carnivoraforum.com

（英文）Leopard and Puma Skulls. CARNIVORA. 2012-01-09 [2014-02-11]. （原始内容存档于2014-02-22）.
（英文）Ursus arctos. Skull comparison of big cats. CARNIVORA. 2012-01-10 [2014-02-11]. （原始内容存档于2014-02-22）.
Leopard kills two wild dogs. CARNIVORA. 2013-10-31 [2014-02-22]. （原始内容存档于2014-02-26）.

catsg.org

（英文）K.ULLAS KARANTH and MELVINE E.SUNQUIST. Prey selection by tiger, leopard and dhole in tropical forests. India: Journal of Animal Ecology. 1995 [2014-02-11]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-03）.
H. KRUUK, M. TURNER. Comparative Notes on Predation by Lion, Leopard, Cheetah, and Wild Dog in the Serengeti Area. East Africa. Mammalia (PDF) 31 (1): 1–27. Oct 2009 [2021-05-18]. doi:10.1515/mamm.1967.31.1.1. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-04-10）.

cites.org

（英文） Text of the Convention. [2015-07-01]. （原始内容存档于2008-11-13）.

conabio.gob.mx

（英文）Yolan Friedmann Kathy Traylor-Holzer. LEOPARD (PANTHERA PARDUS) CASE STUDY (PDF). SOUTH AFRICA. 2011 [2014-02-10]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-01-28）.

degruyter.com

（英文）S. MUKHERJEE, S.P. GOYAL and R. CHELLAM. Standardisation of scat analysis techniques for leopard(Panthera pardus) in Gir National Park, Western India. India. October 2009 [2014-02-11]. （原始内容存档于2018-06-24）.

denverzoo.org

spotted hyena(Crocuta crocuta) (PDF). Denver Zoo. [2014-02-20]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-09-23）（英语）.

doi.org

Panthera pardus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. [2018-04-02]. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T15954A50659089.en  （英语）.
S. Lovari, M. Ventimiglia, I. Minder. Food habits of two leopard species, competition, climate change and upper treeline: a way to the decrease of an endangered species? 25 (4): 305–318. 2013-07-09 [2014-02-26]. doi:10.1080/03949370.2013.806362. （原始内容存档于2022-05-15）.
Wei L, Wu X, Zhu L, Jiang Z. Mitogenomic analysis of the genus Panthera. Sci China Life Sci. October 2011, 54 (10): 917–930. PMID 22038004. doi:10.1007/s11427-011-4219-1.
OLGA UPHYRKINA, WARREN E. JOHNSON, HOWARD QUIGLEY, DALE MIQUELLE,LAURIE MARKER, MITCHEL BUSH, STEPHEN J. O’BRIEN. Phylogenetics, genome diversity and origin of modern leopard, Panthera pardus 10 (11): 2617–2633. 2001-12-21 [2014-02-15]. doi:10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01350.x. （原始内容存档于2017-11-17）.
J du P Bothma, E. A. N le Riche. Aspects of the ecology and the behaviour of the Leopard Panthera pardus in the Kalahari desert. 1984-12-01 [2014-02-10]. doi:10.4102/koedoe.v27i2.585. （原始内容存档于2021-04-26）.
（英文）M. W. Hayward1, P. Henschel2, J. O'Brien3, M. Hofmeyr4, G. Balme5, G. I. H. Kerley1. Prey preferences of the leopard (Panthera pardus). October 2006 [2014-02-11]. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00139.x. （原始内容存档于2018-02-27）.
K. Muthamizh Selvan, Gopi Govindhan Veeraswami, Salvador Lyngdoh, Bilal Habib, Syed Ainul Hussain. Prey selection and food habits of three sympatric large carnivores in a tropical lowland forest of the Eastern Himalayan Biodiversity Hotspot 78 (4). India: 296–303. June 2013 [2014-02-19]. doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2012.11.009. （原始内容存档于2015-09-24）.
Tharmalingam Ramesh, Riddhika Kalle, Kalyanasundaram Sankar, Qamar Qureshi. Dietary Partitioning in Sympatric Large Carnivores in a Tropical Forest of Western Ghats, India. 2012. doi:10.3106/041.037.0405.
K. Mondal, S. Gupta, S. Bhattacharjee, Q. Qureshi, K. Sankar. Prey selection, food habits and dietary overlap between leopard Panthera pardus (Mammalia: Carnivora) and re-introduced tiger Panthera tigris (Mammalia: Carnivora) in a semi-arid forest of Sariska Tiger Reserve, Western India. Taylor & Francis. 2012-08-02 [2014-02-19]. doi:10.1080/11250003.2012.687402. （原始内容存档于2021-08-07）.
M. W. Hayward. Prey preferences of the spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta) and degree of dietary overlap with the lion (Panthera leo). July 2006 [2014-02-19]. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00183.x. （原始内容存档于2017-02-15）.
H. KRUUK, M. TURNER. Comparative Notes on Predation by Lion, Leopard, Cheetah, and Wild Dog in the Serengeti Area. East Africa. Mammalia (PDF) 31 (1): 1–27. Oct 2009 [2021-05-18]. doi:10.1515/mamm.1967.31.1.1. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-04-10）.
（英文）Sanei, A., Zakaria, M. Distribution pattern of the Persian leopard (“Panthera pardus saxicolor”) in Iran. 2011 [2014-02-12]. doi:10.4102/koedoe.v27i2.585. （原始内容存档于2013-10-19）.
（英文） Miththapala, Sriyanie; Seidensticker, John; O'Brien, Stephen J. Phylogeographic Subspecies Recognition in Leopards (P. pardus): Molecular Genetic Variation.. Conservation Biology. August 1996, 10 (4): 1115–1132 [2010-04-23]. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10041115.x. （原始内容存档于2018-12-15）.
（英文） Uphyrkina, O.; Johnson, E.W.; et al. Phylogenetics, genome diversity and origin of modern leopard, Panthera pardus. Molecular Ecology. 2001年11月, 10 (11): 2617–2633 [2010-04-23]. PMID 11883877. doi:10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01350.x. （原始内容存档于2023-03-07）.
Inbar Perez, Eli Geffen, Ofer Mokady. Critically Endangered Arabian leopards Panthera pardus nimr in Israel: estimating population parameters using molecular scatology. Israel. July 2006 [2014-02-12]. doi:10.1017/S0030605306000846. （原始内容存档于2016-08-26）.
K. Kawanishi, M. E. Sunquist, E. Eizirik, A. J. Lynam, D. Ngoprasert, W. N. Wan Shahruddin, D. M. Rayan, D. S. K. Sharma, R. Steinmetz. Near fixation of melanism in leopards of the Malay Peninsula. 2010-07-13 [2014-02-13]. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00731.x. （原始内容存档于2017-02-15）.

ecology.info

Sympatric Tiger, Leopard and Dhole. 2012 [2014-02-19]. （原始内容存档于2017-10-18）（英语）.

fao.org

Weerasinghe, U.M.I.R.K., Kariyawasm, D. and M. De Zoysa (2003). “Ruhuna (Yala) National Park in Sri Lanka: Visitors, Visitation, and Eco-Tourism” （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Contribution to the XII World Forestry Congress, Quebec.

fifa.com

存档副本. [2015-07-02]. （原始内容存档于2018-04-21）.

free.fr

carnivoractionplans1.free.fr

Nowell, K.; Jackson, P. eds. (1996). Wild Cats. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. (see Panthera Pardus, pp. 24 – 29.)

grida.no

enrin.grida.no

The Armenian leopard under a serious threat (PDF). the newspaper “Bnutyun”. [2014-02-20]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2014-02-27）.

hokudai.ac.jp

ees.hokudai.ac.jp

Taro Sugimoto. 糞を用いたアムールヒョウとシベリアトラの遺伝的解析 (PDF). Japan. [2014-02-10]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-04-26）（日语）.

iltaw.com

华北豹 North China Leopard. China. [2014-02-12]. （原始内容存档于2014-02-21）（中文（简体））.

iucn.org

portals.iucn.org

NORMAN MYERS. The Leopard Panthera pardus in Africa (PDF). 瑞士. 1976: 11 [2014-02-12]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2014-02-22）（英语）.

iucnredlist.org

Panthera pardus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. [2018-04-02]. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T15954A50659089.en  （英语）.
Henschel, P., Hunter, L., Breitenmoser, U., Purchase, N., Packer, C., Khorozyan, I., Bauer, H., Marker, L., Sogbohossou, E. and Breitenmoser-Wursten, C. Panthera pardus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [2010年4月22日] （英语）.
Panthera pardus ssp. saxicolor. [2014-02-13]. （原始内容存档于2014-10-28）（英语）.

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アムールヒョウとキタシナヒョウ. [2014-02-12]. （原始内容存档于2014-02-21）（日语）.

koedoe.co.za

J du P Bothma, E. A. N le Riche. Aspects of the ecology and the behaviour of the Leopard Panthera pardus in the Kalahari desert. 1984-12-01 [2014-02-10]. doi:10.4102/koedoe.v27i2.585. （原始内容存档于2021-04-26）.

latestsightings.com

Leopard and a Spotted Hyena Sharing Meal. South Africa. 2013-11-01 [2014-02-20]. （原始内容存档于2014-02-25）.

libflow.com

（英文）Achyut Aryal; Brigitte Kreigenhofer. Summer diet composition of the Common Leopard in Nepal. 2009-11 [2014-02-10]. （原始内容存档于2014-02-22）（英语）.

nationalgeographic.com

news.nationalgeographic.com

Owen, James. Medieval Lion Skulls Reveal Secrets of Tower of London 'Zoo'. National Geographic Magazine. National Geographic. 2005-11-03 [2007-09-05]. （原始内容存档于2018-07-16）（英语）.

nih.gov

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Wei L, Wu X, Zhu L, Jiang Z. Mitogenomic analysis of the genus Panthera. Sci China Life Sci. October 2011, 54 (10): 917–930. PMID 22038004. doi:10.1007/s11427-011-4219-1.
（英文） Uphyrkina, O.; Johnson, E.W.; et al. Phylogenetics, genome diversity and origin of modern leopard, Panthera pardus. Molecular Ecology. 2001年11月, 10 (11): 2617–2633 [2010-04-23]. PMID 11883877. doi:10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01350.x. （原始内容存档于2023-03-07）.

nytimes.com

Wines, M. In South Africa, It’s All in the Game. The New York Times. 2004 [2015-02-06]. （原始内容存档于2015-02-06）.

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D.B.Pence, E.Eeckermann. Sarcoptic mange in wildlife (PDF). 2002 [2014-03-16]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-05-18）.

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Persian Leopard. 2008 [2015-07-02]. （原始内容存档于2015-09-24）（英语）.
North Chinese Leopard. 2008 [2015-07-02]. （原始内容存档于2012-01-30）（英语）.
Sri Lanka Leopard. 2008 [2015-07-02]. （原始内容存档于2012-01-30）（英语）.
Amur Leopard. 2008 [2015-07-02]. （原始内容存档于2012-01-30）（英语）.

redorbit.com

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researchgate.net

T Ramesh, V Snehalatha, K Sankar, Qamar Qureshi. Food habits and prey selection of tiger and leopard in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, Tamil Nadu, India. India. January 2009 [2014-02-19]. （原始内容存档于2017-06-28）.

scienceblogs.com

Darren Naish. Europe, where the sabre-tooths, lions and leopards are. 2008-03-12 [2014-02-13]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-26）（英语）.

sciencedirect.com

K. Muthamizh Selvan, Gopi Govindhan Veeraswami, Salvador Lyngdoh, Bilal Habib, Syed Ainul Hussain. Prey selection and food habits of three sympatric large carnivores in a tropical lowland forest of the Eastern Himalayan Biodiversity Hotspot 78 (4). India: 296–303. June 2013 [2014-02-19]. doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2012.11.009. （原始内容存档于2015-09-24）.

si.edu

si-pddr.si.edu

John Seidensticker. On the Ecological Separation between Tigers and Leopards (PDF). USA: The Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation. [2014-02-19]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2014-02-28）.

tandfonline.com

S. Lovari, M. Ventimiglia, I. Minder. Food habits of two leopard species, competition, climate change and upper treeline: a way to the decrease of an endangered species? 25 (4): 305–318. 2013-07-09 [2014-02-26]. doi:10.1080/03949370.2013.806362. （原始内容存档于2022-05-15）.
K. Mondal, S. Gupta, S. Bhattacharjee, Q. Qureshi, K. Sankar. Prey selection, food habits and dietary overlap between leopard Panthera pardus (Mammalia: Carnivora) and re-introduced tiger Panthera tigris (Mammalia: Carnivora) in a semi-arid forest of Sariska Tiger Reserve, Western India. Taylor & Francis. 2012-08-02 [2014-02-19]. doi:10.1080/11250003.2012.687402. （原始内容存档于2021-08-07）.

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tigertribe.net

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tigrisfoundation.nl

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Panthera pardus leopard facts. Animal Diversity Web. [2014-02-12]. （原始内容存档于2014-10-08）（英语）.

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存档副本. [2015年7月2日]. （原始内容存档于2017年3月29日）.

uovs.ac.za

etd.uovs.ac.za

Michelle van As. LIVESTOCK, LEOPARDS AND BROWN HYAENAS: CONFLICTS OF COHABITATION IN THE ROODEWALSHOEK CONSERVANCY, MPUMALANGA (PDF). January 2012 [2014年2月20日]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2014年2月27日）.

uplb.edu.ph

journals.uplb.edu.ph

（英文）Sanei, A., Zakaria, M. Distribution pattern of the Persian leopard (“Panthera pardus saxicolor”) in Iran. 2011 [2014-02-12]. doi:10.4102/koedoe.v27i2.585. （原始内容存档于2013-10-19）.

web.archive.org

（英文）Achyut Aryal; Brigitte Kreigenhofer. Summer diet composition of the Common Leopard in Nepal. 2009-11 [2014-02-10]. （原始内容存档于2014-02-22）（英语）.
leopard study. [2014-02-11]. （原始内容存档于2015-09-24）.
S. Lovari, M. Ventimiglia, I. Minder. Food habits of two leopard species, competition, climate change and upper treeline: a way to the decrease of an endangered species? 25 (4): 305–318. 2013-07-09 [2014-02-26]. doi:10.1080/03949370.2013.806362. （原始内容存档于2022-05-15）.
Nowak, R. M. Panthera pardus (Leopard). Walker's Mammals of the World Sixth. Baltimore, USA: Johns Hopkins University Press. 1999: 828–831 [2020-05-08]. ISBN 978-0-8018-5789-8. （原始内容存档于2021-04-26）.
（英文）Leopard and Puma Skulls. CARNIVORA. 2012-01-09 [2014-02-11]. （原始内容存档于2014-02-22）.
（英文）Ursus arctos. Skull comparison of big cats. CARNIVORA. 2012-01-10 [2014-02-11]. （原始内容存档于2014-02-22）.
OLGA UPHYRKINA, WARREN E. JOHNSON, HOWARD QUIGLEY, DALE MIQUELLE,LAURIE MARKER, MITCHEL BUSH, STEPHEN J. O’BRIEN. Phylogenetics, genome diversity and origin of modern leopard, Panthera pardus 10 (11): 2617–2633. 2001-12-21 [2014-02-15]. doi:10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01350.x. （原始内容存档于2017-11-17）.
Igor Khorozyan, Alexander Malkhasyan. Ecology of the leopard in Khosrov Reserve, Armenia (PDF). Italy. 2003 [2021-05-18]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-04-10）.
J du P Bothma, E. A. N le Riche. Aspects of the ecology and the behaviour of the Leopard Panthera pardus in the Kalahari desert. 1984-12-01 [2014-02-10]. doi:10.4102/koedoe.v27i2.585. （原始内容存档于2021-04-26）.
Nowell, K.; Jackson, P. eds. (1996). Wild Cats. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. (see Panthera Pardus, pp. 24 – 29.)
（英文）M. W. Hayward1, P. Henschel2, J. O'Brien3, M. Hofmeyr4, G. Balme5, G. I. H. Kerley1. Prey preferences of the leopard (Panthera pardus). October 2006 [2014-02-11]. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00139.x. （原始内容存档于2018-02-27）.
（英文）S. MUKHERJEE, S.P. GOYAL and R. CHELLAM. Standardisation of scat analysis techniques for leopard(Panthera pardus) in Gir National Park, Western India. India. October 2009 [2014-02-11]. （原始内容存档于2018-06-24）.
（英文）K.ULLAS KARANTH and MELVINE E.SUNQUIST. Prey selection by tiger, leopard and dhole in tropical forests. India: Journal of Animal Ecology. 1995 [2014-02-11]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-03）.
Panthera pardus leopard facts. Animal Diversity Web. [2014-02-12]. （原始内容存档于2014-10-08）（英语）.
（英文）Yolan Friedmann Kathy Traylor-Holzer. LEOPARD (PANTHERA PARDUS) CASE STUDY (PDF). SOUTH AFRICA. 2011 [2014-02-10]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-01-28）.
T Ramesh, V Snehalatha, K Sankar, Qamar Qureshi. Food habits and prey selection of tiger and leopard in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, Tamil Nadu, India. India. January 2009 [2014-02-19]. （原始内容存档于2017-06-28）.
K. Muthamizh Selvan, Gopi Govindhan Veeraswami, Salvador Lyngdoh, Bilal Habib, Syed Ainul Hussain. Prey selection and food habits of three sympatric large carnivores in a tropical lowland forest of the Eastern Himalayan Biodiversity Hotspot 78 (4). India: 296–303. June 2013 [2014-02-19]. doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2012.11.009. （原始内容存档于2015-09-24）.
John Seidensticker. On the Ecological Separation between Tigers and Leopards (PDF). USA: The Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation. [2014-02-19]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2014-02-28）.
Sympatric Tiger, Leopard and Dhole. 2012 [2014-02-19]. （原始内容存档于2017-10-18）（英语）.
K. Mondal, S. Gupta, S. Bhattacharjee, Q. Qureshi, K. Sankar. Prey selection, food habits and dietary overlap between leopard Panthera pardus (Mammalia: Carnivora) and re-introduced tiger Panthera tigris (Mammalia: Carnivora) in a semi-arid forest of Sariska Tiger Reserve, Western India. Taylor & Francis. 2012-08-02 [2014-02-19]. doi:10.1080/11250003.2012.687402. （原始内容存档于2021-08-07）.
M. W. Hayward. Prey preferences of the spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta) and degree of dietary overlap with the lion (Panthera leo). July 2006 [2014-02-19]. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00183.x. （原始内容存档于2017-02-15）.
spotted hyena(Crocuta crocuta) (PDF). Denver Zoo. [2014-02-20]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-09-23）（英语）.
Leopard and a Spotted Hyena Sharing Meal. South Africa. 2013-11-01 [2014-02-20]. （原始内容存档于2014-02-25）.
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