遗传学 (Chinese Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "遗传学" in Chinese language version.

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49web.archive.org

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48nih.gov

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23doi.org

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3nature.com

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3archive.org

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2oxfordjournals.org

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1sinica.edu.tw

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1mendelweb.org

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1jic.ac.uk

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1esp.org

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1ornl.gov

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1cnu.edu

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1harvard.edu

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1tyc.edu.tw

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1blackwell-synergy.com

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1darwin-online.org.uk

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1wisc.edu

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1sciencemag.org

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archive.org

（英文）Mayeux R. Mapping the new frontier: complex genetic disorders. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2005, 115 (6): 1404–1407. PMID 15931374. doi:10.1172/JCI25421.
（英文）Prescott, L. Microbiology. Wm. C. Brown Publishers. 1993. ISBN 0697013723.
（英文）Wolf YI, Rogozin IB, Grishin NV, Koonin EV. Genome trees and the tree of life. Trends Genet. 2002, 18 (9): 472–479. PMID 12175808. doi:10.1016/S0168-9525(02)02744-0.

blackwell-synergy.com

（英文）Imes DL, Geary LA, Grahn RA, Lyons LA. Albinism in the domestic cat (Felis catus) is associated with a tyrosinase (TYR) mutation. Animal Genetics. 2006, 37 (2): 175 [2006-05-29]. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2052.2005.01409.x. （原始内容 (Short Communication)存档于2018-12-04）.

cnu.edu

faculty.users.cnu.edu

Richard W. Cheney. Genetic Notation. [2010-09-18]. （原始内容存档于2010-09-18）.

darwin-online.org.uk

（英文）Darwin, Charles. On the Origin of Species 1st. London: John Murray. 1859: 1 [2009-01-13]. （原始内容存档于2007-07-13）. ，相关的早期思想可参考Darwin, Charles. On the Origin of Species 3rd. London: John Murray. 1861. xiii [2009-01-13]. （原始内容存档于2010-12-14）.

doi.org

（英文）Weiling F. Historical study: Johann Gregor Mendel 1822–1884. American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1991, 40 (1): 1–25; discussion 26. PMID 1887835. doi:10.1002/ajmg.1320400103.
（英文）Moore JA. Thomas Hunt Morgan—The Geneticist. American Zoologist. 1983, 23 (4): 855–865 [2009-01-13]. doi:10.1093/icb/23.4.855. （原始内容存档于2009-09-04）.
（英文）Avery OT, MacLeod CM, and McCarty M. Studies on the Chemical Nature of the Substance Inducing Transformation of Pneumococcal Types: Induction of Transformation by a Desoxyribonucleic Acid Fraction Isolated from Pneumococcus Type III. Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1944, 79 (1): 137–158. doi:10.1084/jem.79.2.137. 35th anniversary reprint available （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
（英文）Hershey AD, Chase M. Independent functions of viral protein and nucleic acid in growth of bacteriophage. The Journal of General Physiology. 1952, 36: 39–56. PMID 12981234. doi:10.1085/jgp.36.1.39.
（英文）Watson JD, Crick FHC. Molecular structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid (PDF). Nature. 1953, 171 (4356): 737–738 [2009-01-13]. doi:10.1038/171737a0. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-10-24）.
（英文）Watson JD, Crick FHC. Genetical Implications of the Structure of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (PDF). Nature. 1953, 171 (4361): 964–967 [2009-01-13]. doi:10.1038/171964b0. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2011-09-19）.
（英文）Sanger F, Nicklen S, and Coulson AR. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Nature. 1977, 74 (12): 5463–5467. PMID 271968. doi:10.1073/pnas.74.12.5463.
（英文）Saiki RK, Scharf S, Faloona F, Mullis KB, Horn GT, Erlich HA, Arnheim N. Enzymatic Amplification of β-Globin Genomic Sequences and Restriction Site Analysis for Diagnosis of Sickle Cell Anemia. Science. 1985, 230 (4732): 1350–1354. PMID 2999980. doi:10.1126/science.2999980.
（英文）Mayeux R. Mapping the new frontier: complex genetic disorders. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2005, 115 (6): 1404–1407. PMID 15931374. doi:10.1172/JCI25421.
（英文）Luke A, Guo X, Adeyemo AA, Wilks R, Forrester T, Lowe W Jr, Comuzzie AG, Martin LJ, Zhu X, Rotimi CN, Cooper RS. Heritability of obesity-related traits among Nigerians, Jamaicans and US black people. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001, 25 (7): 1034–1041. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801650.
（英文）Pearson H. Genetics: what is a gene?. Nature. 2006, 441 (7092): 398–401. PMID 16724031. doi:10.1038/441398a.
（英文）Gregory SG; et al. The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1. Nature. 2006, 441: 315–321. doi:10.1038/nature04727.
（英文）Imes DL, Geary LA, Grahn RA, Lyons LA. Albinism in the domestic cat (Felis catus) is associated with a tyrosinase (TYR) mutation. Animal Genetics. 2006, 37 (2): 175 [2006-05-29]. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2052.2005.01409.x. （原始内容 (Short Communication)存档于2018-12-04）.
（英文）Brivanlou AH, Darnell JE Jr. Signal transduction and the control of gene expression. Science. 2002, 295 (5556): 813–818. PMID 11823631. doi:10.1126/science.1066355.
（英文）Jaenisch R, Bird A. Epigenetic regulation of gene expression: how the genome integrates intrinsic and environmental signals. Nature Genetics: 245–254. doi:10.1038/ng1089.
（英文）Chandler VL. Paramutation: From Maize to Mice. Cell. 2007, 128: 641–645. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.02.007.
（英文）Kunkel TA. DNA Replication Fidelity. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2004, 279 (17): 16895–16898. doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7600158.
（英文）Sawyer SA, Parsch J, Zhang Z, Hartl DL. Prevalence of positive selection among nearly neutral amino acid replacements in Drosophila. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2007, 104 (16): 6504–10. PMID 17409186. doi:10.1073/pnas.0701572104.
（英文）Gavrilets S. Perspective: models of speciation: what have we learned in 40 years?. Evolution. 2003, 57 (10): 2197–2215. PMID 14628909. doi:10.1554/02-727.
（英文）Wolf YI, Rogozin IB, Grishin NV, Koonin EV. Genome trees and the tree of life. Trends Genet. 2002, 18 (9): 472–479. PMID 12175808. doi:10.1016/S0168-9525(02)02744-0.
Lu, Y.-F.; Goldstein, D. B.; Angrist, M.; Cavalleri, G. Personalized Medicine and Human Genetic Diversity. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. 24 July 2014, 4 (9): a008581–a008581. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a008581.
（英文）Davey Smith, G; Ebrahim, S. ‘Mendelian randomization’: can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease?. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2003, 32: 1–22 [2009-01-13]. PMID 12689998. doi:10.1093/ije/dyg070. （原始内容存档于2008-05-11）.
Service RF. The Race for the $1000 Genome. Science. 2006, 311 (5767): 1544–1546 [2009-01-13]. PMID 16543431. doi:10.1126/science.311.5767.1544. （原始内容存档于2009-08-04）.

esp.org

（英文）Sturtevant AH. The linear arrangement of six sex-linked factors in Drosophila, as shown by their mode of association. Journal of Experimental Biology. 1913, 14: 43–59. PDF from Electronic Scholarly Publishing （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

harvard.edu

sickle.bwh.harvard.edu

（英文）How Does Sickle Cell Cause Disease?. Brigham and Women's Hospital: Information Center for Sickle Cell and Thalassemic Disorders. 2002-04-11 [2007-07-23]. （原始内容存档于2010-09-23）.

jic.ac.uk

（英文）Bateson W. Letter from William Bateson to Alan Sedgwick in 1905. The John Innes Centre. [2008-03-15]. （原始内容存档于2007-10-13）.

mendelweb.org

（英文）Mendel, GJ. Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden. Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereins Brünn. 1866, 4: 3–47. (in English in 1901, J. R. Hortic. Soc. 26: 1–32) English translation available online （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

nature.com

（英文）Watson JD, Crick FHC. Molecular structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid (PDF). Nature. 1953, 171 (4356): 737–738 [2009-01-13]. doi:10.1038/171737a0. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-10-24）.
（英文）Watson JD, Crick FHC. Genetical Implications of the Structure of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (PDF). Nature. 1953, 171 (4361): 964–967 [2009-01-13]. doi:10.1038/171964b0. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2011-09-19）.
（英文）Crick, F (1970): Central Dogma of Molecular Biology （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (PDF). Nature 227, 561–563. PMID 4913914

nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

（英文）Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 1 (Genetics and the Organism): Introduction
（英文）Weiling F. Historical study: Johann Gregor Mendel 1822–1884. American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1991, 40 (1): 1–25; discussion 26. PMID 1887835. doi:10.1002/ajmg.1320400103.
（英文）Balter M. Genetics: Was Lamarck just a little bit right?. Science. 2000, 288: 38. PMID 10766632.
（英文）Avery OT, MacLeod CM, and McCarty M. Studies on the Chemical Nature of the Substance Inducing Transformation of Pneumococcal Types: Induction of Transformation by a Desoxyribonucleic Acid Fraction Isolated from Pneumococcus Type III. Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1944, 79 (1): 137–158. doi:10.1084/jem.79.2.137. 35th anniversary reprint available （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
（英文）Hershey AD, Chase M. Independent functions of viral protein and nucleic acid in growth of bacteriophage. The Journal of General Physiology. 1952, 36: 39–56. PMID 12981234. doi:10.1085/jgp.36.1.39.
（英文）Sanger F, Nicklen S, and Coulson AR. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Nature. 1977, 74 (12): 5463–5467. PMID 271968. doi:10.1073/pnas.74.12.5463.
（英文）Saiki RK, Scharf S, Faloona F, Mullis KB, Horn GT, Erlich HA, Arnheim N. Enzymatic Amplification of β-Globin Genomic Sequences and Restriction Site Analysis for Diagnosis of Sickle Cell Anemia. Science. 1985, 230 (4732): 1350–1354. PMID 2999980. doi:10.1126/science.2999980.
（英文）Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 2 (Patterns of Inheritance): Introduction （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
（英文）Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 2 (Patterns of Inheritance): Mendel's experiments （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
（英文）Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 3 (Chromosomal Basis of Heredity): Mendelian genetics in eukaryotic life cycles （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
（英文）Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 4 (Gene Interaction): Interactions between the alleles of one gene （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 2 (Patterns of Inheritance): Human Genetics （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
（英文）Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 4 (Gene Interaction): Gene interaction and modified dihybrid ratios （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
（英文）Mayeux R. Mapping the new frontier: complex genetic disorders. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2005, 115 (6): 1404–1407. PMID 15931374. doi:10.1172/JCI25421.
（英文）Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 25 (Quantitative Genetics): Quantifying heritability （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
（英文）Pearson H. Genetics: what is a gene?. Nature. 2006, 441 (7092): 398–401. PMID 16724031. doi:10.1038/441398a.
（英文）Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 8 (The Structure and Replication of DNA): Mechanism of DNA Replication （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
（英文）Alberts et al. (2002), II.4. DNA and chromosomes: Chromosomal DNA and Its Packaging in the Chromatin Fiber （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
（英文）Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 2 (Patterns of Inheritance): Sex chromosomes and sex-linked inheritance （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
（英文）Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 7 (Gene Transfer in Bacteria and Their Viruses): Bacterial conjugation （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
（英文）Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 7 (Gene Transfer in Bacteria and Their Viruses): Bacterial transformation （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
（英文）Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 5 (Basic Eukaryotic Chromosome Mapping): Nature of crossing-over （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
（英文）Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 5 (Basic Eukaryotic Chromosome Mapping): Linkage maps （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
（英文）Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L, Clarke ND. Biochemistry 5th edition. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. 2002. I. 5. DNA, RNA, and the Flow of Genetic Information: Amino Acids Are Encoded by Groups of Three Bases Starting from a Fixed Point （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
（英文）Crick, F (1970): Central Dogma of Molecular Biology （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (PDF). Nature 227, 561–563. PMID 4913914
（英文）Alberts et al. (2002), I.3. Proteins: The Shape and Structure of Proteins （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
（英文）Alberts et al. (2002), I.3. Proteins: Protein Function （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
（英文）Brivanlou AH, Darnell JE Jr. Signal transduction and the control of gene expression. Science. 2002, 295 (5556): 813–818. PMID 11823631. doi:10.1126/science.1066355.
（英文）Alberts et al. (2002), II.3. Control of Gene Expression – The Tryptophan Repressor Is a Simple Switch That Turns Genes On and Off in Bacteria （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
（英文）Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 16 (Mechanisms of Gene Mutation): Spontaneous mutations （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
（英文）Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 16 (Mechanisms of Gene Mutation): Induced mutations （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
（英文）Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 17 (Chromosome Mutation I: Changes in Chromosome Structure): Introduction （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
（英文）Sawyer SA, Parsch J, Zhang Z, Hartl DL. Prevalence of positive selection among nearly neutral amino acid replacements in Drosophila. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2007, 104 (16): 6504–10. PMID 17409186. doi:10.1073/pnas.0701572104.
（英文）Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 24 (Population Genetics): Variation and its modulation （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
（英文）Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 24 (Population Genetics): Selection （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
（英文）Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 24 (Population Genetics): Random events
（英文）Gavrilets S. Perspective: models of speciation: what have we learned in 40 years?. Evolution. 2003, 57 (10): 2197–2215. PMID 14628909. doi:10.1554/02-727.
（英文）Wolf YI, Rogozin IB, Grishin NV, Koonin EV. Genome trees and the tree of life. Trends Genet. 2002, 18 (9): 472–479. PMID 12175808. doi:10.1016/S0168-9525(02)02744-0.
（英文）NCBI: Genes and Disease. NIH: National Center for Biotechnology Information. [2008-03-15]. （原始内容存档于2009-09-18）.
（英文）Davey Smith, G; Ebrahim, S. ‘Mendelian randomization’: can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease?. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2003, 32: 1–22 [2009-01-13]. PMID 12689998. doi:10.1093/ije/dyg070. （原始内容存档于2008-05-11）.
（英文）Strachan T, Read AP. 18: Cancer Genetics. Human Molecular Genetics 2 second edition. John Wiley & Sons Inc. 1999 [2005-09-26]. （原始内容存档于2005-09-26）.
（英文）Lodish et al. (2000), Chapter 7: 7.1. DNA Cloning with Plasmid Vectors （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
（英文）Lodish et al. (2000), Chapter 7: 7.7. Polymerase Chain Reaction: An Alternative to Cloning （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
（英文）Brown TA. Genomes 2 2nd edition. 2002. ISBN 1 85996 228 9. Section 2, Chapter 6: 6.1. The Methodology for DNA Sequencing （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
（英文）Brown (2002), Section 2, Chapter 6: 6.2. Assembly of a Contiguous DNA Sequence （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Service RF. The Race for the $1000 Genome. Science. 2006, 311 (5767): 1544–1546 [2009-01-13]. PMID 16543431. doi:10.1126/science.311.5767.1544. （原始内容存档于2009-08-04）.

nlm.nih.gov

（英文）MedlinePlus: Phenylketonuria. NIH: National Library of Medicine. [2008-03-15]. （原始内容存档于2016-07-05）.

nigms.nih.gov

（英文）Pharmacogenetics Fact Sheet. NIH: National Institute of General Medical Sciences. [2010-12-04]. （原始内容存档于2010-12-04）.

ornl.gov

web.ornl.gov

Human Genome Project Information. Human Genome Project. [2013-11-20]. （原始内容存档于2013-10-17）.

oxfordjournals.org

icb.oxfordjournals.org

（英文）Moore JA. Thomas Hunt Morgan—The Geneticist. American Zoologist. 1983, 23 (4): 855–865 [2009-01-13]. doi:10.1093/icb/23.4.855. （原始内容存档于2009-09-04）.

ije.oxfordjournals.org

（英文）Davey Smith, G; Ebrahim, S. ‘Mendelian randomization’: can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease?. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2003, 32: 1–22 [2009-01-13]. PMID 12689998. doi:10.1093/ije/dyg070. （原始内容存档于2008-05-11）.

sciencemag.org

Service RF. The Race for the $1000 Genome. Science. 2006, 311 (5767): 1544–1546 [2009-01-13]. PMID 16543431. doi:10.1126/science.311.5767.1544. （原始内容存档于2009-08-04）.

sinica.edu.tw

math.sinica.edu.tw

楊照崑. 遺傳, 環境與基因 (PDF). 数学传播. 1995, 19 (2). （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2007-05-08）.

tyc.edu.tw

home.ltjhs.tyc.edu.tw

人類的遺傳疾病：鐮刀型貧血症. [2009-01-13]. （原始内容存档于2009-06-14）.

web.archive.org

楊照崑. 遺傳, 環境與基因 (PDF). 数学传播. 1995, 19 (2). （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2007-05-08）.
（英文）Mendel, GJ. Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden. Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereins Brünn. 1866, 4: 3–47. (in English in 1901, J. R. Hortic. Soc. 26: 1–32) English translation available online （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
（英文）Bateson W. Letter from William Bateson to Alan Sedgwick in 1905. The John Innes Centre. [2008-03-15]. （原始内容存档于2007-10-13）.
（英文）Moore JA. Thomas Hunt Morgan—The Geneticist. American Zoologist. 1983, 23 (4): 855–865 [2009-01-13]. doi:10.1093/icb/23.4.855. （原始内容存档于2009-09-04）.
（英文）Sturtevant AH. The linear arrangement of six sex-linked factors in Drosophila, as shown by their mode of association. Journal of Experimental Biology. 1913, 14: 43–59. PDF from Electronic Scholarly Publishing （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
（英文）Avery OT, MacLeod CM, and McCarty M. Studies on the Chemical Nature of the Substance Inducing Transformation of Pneumococcal Types: Induction of Transformation by a Desoxyribonucleic Acid Fraction Isolated from Pneumococcus Type III. Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1944, 79 (1): 137–158. doi:10.1084/jem.79.2.137. 35th anniversary reprint available （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
（英文）Watson JD, Crick FHC. Molecular structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid (PDF). Nature. 1953, 171 (4356): 737–738 [2009-01-13]. doi:10.1038/171737a0. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-10-24）.
（英文）Watson JD, Crick FHC. Genetical Implications of the Structure of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (PDF). Nature. 1953, 171 (4361): 964–967 [2009-01-13]. doi:10.1038/171964b0. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2011-09-19）.
Human Genome Project Information. Human Genome Project. [2013-11-20]. （原始内容存档于2013-10-17）.
（英文）Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 2 (Patterns of Inheritance): Introduction （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
（英文）Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 2 (Patterns of Inheritance): Mendel's experiments （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
（英文）Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 3 (Chromosomal Basis of Heredity): Mendelian genetics in eukaryotic life cycles （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
（英文）Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 4 (Gene Interaction): Interactions between the alleles of one gene （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Richard W. Cheney. Genetic Notation. [2010-09-18]. （原始内容存档于2010-09-18）.
Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 2 (Patterns of Inheritance): Human Genetics （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
（英文）Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 4 (Gene Interaction): Gene interaction and modified dihybrid ratios （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
（英文）Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 25 (Quantitative Genetics): Quantifying heritability （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
（英文）Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 8 (The Structure and Replication of DNA): Mechanism of DNA Replication （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
（英文）Alberts et al. (2002), II.4. DNA and chromosomes: Chromosomal DNA and Its Packaging in the Chromatin Fiber （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
（英文）Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 2 (Patterns of Inheritance): Sex chromosomes and sex-linked inheritance （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
（英文）Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 7 (Gene Transfer in Bacteria and Their Viruses): Bacterial conjugation （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
（英文）Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 7 (Gene Transfer in Bacteria and Their Viruses): Bacterial transformation （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
（英文）Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 5 (Basic Eukaryotic Chromosome Mapping): Nature of crossing-over （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
（英文）Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 5 (Basic Eukaryotic Chromosome Mapping): Linkage maps （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
（英文）Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L, Clarke ND. Biochemistry 5th edition. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. 2002. I. 5. DNA, RNA, and the Flow of Genetic Information: Amino Acids Are Encoded by Groups of Three Bases Starting from a Fixed Point （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
（英文）Crick, F (1970): Central Dogma of Molecular Biology （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (PDF). Nature 227, 561–563. PMID 4913914
（英文）Alberts et al. (2002), I.3. Proteins: The Shape and Structure of Proteins （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
（英文）Alberts et al. (2002), I.3. Proteins: Protein Function （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
（英文）How Does Sickle Cell Cause Disease?. Brigham and Women's Hospital: Information Center for Sickle Cell and Thalassemic Disorders. 2002-04-11 [2007-07-23]. （原始内容存档于2010-09-23）.
人類的遺傳疾病：鐮刀型貧血症. [2009-01-13]. （原始内容存档于2009-06-14）.
（英文）Imes DL, Geary LA, Grahn RA, Lyons LA. Albinism in the domestic cat (Felis catus) is associated with a tyrosinase (TYR) mutation. Animal Genetics. 2006, 37 (2): 175 [2006-05-29]. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2052.2005.01409.x. （原始内容 (Short Communication)存档于2018-12-04）.
（英文）MedlinePlus: Phenylketonuria. NIH: National Library of Medicine. [2008-03-15]. （原始内容存档于2016-07-05）.
（英文）Alberts et al. (2002), II.3. Control of Gene Expression – The Tryptophan Repressor Is a Simple Switch That Turns Genes On and Off in Bacteria （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
（英文）Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 16 (Mechanisms of Gene Mutation): Spontaneous mutations （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
（英文）Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 16 (Mechanisms of Gene Mutation): Induced mutations （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
（英文）Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 17 (Chromosome Mutation I: Changes in Chromosome Structure): Introduction （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
（英文）Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 24 (Population Genetics): Variation and its modulation （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
（英文）Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 24 (Population Genetics): Selection （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
（英文）Darwin, Charles. On the Origin of Species 1st. London: John Murray. 1859: 1 [2009-01-13]. （原始内容存档于2007-07-13）. ，相关的早期思想可参考Darwin, Charles. On the Origin of Species 3rd. London: John Murray. 1861. xiii [2009-01-13]. （原始内容存档于2010-12-14）.
（英文）The Use of Model Organisms in Instruction. University of Wisconsin: Wisconsin Outreach Research Modules. [2008-03-15]. （原始内容存档于2008-03-13）.
（英文）NCBI: Genes and Disease. NIH: National Center for Biotechnology Information. [2008-03-15]. （原始内容存档于2009-09-18）.
（英文）Davey Smith, G; Ebrahim, S. ‘Mendelian randomization’: can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease?. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2003, 32: 1–22 [2009-01-13]. PMID 12689998. doi:10.1093/ije/dyg070. （原始内容存档于2008-05-11）.
（英文）Pharmacogenetics Fact Sheet. NIH: National Institute of General Medical Sciences. [2010-12-04]. （原始内容存档于2010-12-04）.
（英文）Strachan T, Read AP. 18: Cancer Genetics. Human Molecular Genetics 2 second edition. John Wiley & Sons Inc. 1999 [2005-09-26]. （原始内容存档于2005-09-26）.
（英文）Lodish et al. (2000), Chapter 7: 7.1. DNA Cloning with Plasmid Vectors （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
（英文）Lodish et al. (2000), Chapter 7: 7.7. Polymerase Chain Reaction: An Alternative to Cloning （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
（英文）Brown TA. Genomes 2 2nd edition. 2002. ISBN 1 85996 228 9. Section 2, Chapter 6: 6.1. The Methodology for DNA Sequencing （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
（英文）Brown (2002), Section 2, Chapter 6: 6.2. Assembly of a Contiguous DNA Sequence （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Service RF. The Race for the $1000 Genome. Science. 2006, 311 (5767): 1544–1546 [2009-01-13]. PMID 16543431. doi:10.1126/science.311.5767.1544. （原始内容存档于2009-08-04）.

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（英文）The Use of Model Organisms in Instruction. University of Wisconsin: Wisconsin Outreach Research Modules. [2008-03-15]. （原始内容存档于2008-03-13）.