酷刑 (Chinese Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "酷刑" in Chinese language version.

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33doi.org

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archive.org

Whitney & Smith 1897，第6396頁. Whitney, William Dwight; Smith, Benjamin Eli. The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia: Dictionary. Century Company. 1897. OCLC 233135357.
Hajjar 2013，第40頁. Hajjar, Lisa. Torture: A Sociology of Violence and Human Rights. Routledge. 2013. ISBN 978-0-415-51806-2.
Wisnewski 2010，第73-74頁. Wisnewski, J. Jeremy. Understanding Torture. Edinburgh University Press. 2010. ISBN 978-0-7486-8672-8.
Hajjar 2013，第14頁. Hajjar, Lisa. Torture: A Sociology of Violence and Human Rights. Routledge. 2013. ISBN 978-0-415-51806-2.
Hajjar 2013，第16頁. Hajjar, Lisa. Torture: A Sociology of Violence and Human Rights. Routledge. 2013. ISBN 978-0-415-51806-2.
Wisnewski 2010，第34頁. Wisnewski, J. Jeremy. Understanding Torture. Edinburgh University Press. 2010. ISBN 978-0-7486-8672-8.
Hajjar 2013，第19頁. Hajjar, Lisa. Torture: A Sociology of Violence and Human Rights. Routledge. 2013. ISBN 978-0-415-51806-2.
Wisnewski 2010，第25頁. Wisnewski, J. Jeremy. Understanding Torture. Edinburgh University Press. 2010. ISBN 978-0-7486-8672-8.
Hajjar 2013，第24頁. Hajjar, Lisa. Torture: A Sociology of Violence and Human Rights. Routledge. 2013. ISBN 978-0-415-51806-2.
Wisnewski 2010，第38頁. Wisnewski, J. Jeremy. Understanding Torture. Edinburgh University Press. 2010. ISBN 978-0-7486-8672-8.
Hajjar 2013，第27-28頁. Hajjar, Lisa. Torture: A Sociology of Violence and Human Rights. Routledge. 2013. ISBN 978-0-415-51806-2.
Hajjar 2013，第1-2頁. Hajjar, Lisa. Torture: A Sociology of Violence and Human Rights. Routledge. 2013. ISBN 978-0-415-51806-2.
Hajjar 2013，第42頁. Hajjar, Lisa. Torture: A Sociology of Violence and Human Rights. Routledge. 2013. ISBN 978-0-415-51806-2.
Wisnewski 2010，第192–193頁. Wisnewski, J. Jeremy. Understanding Torture. Edinburgh University Press. 2010. ISBN 978-0-7486-8672-8.
Wisnewski 2010，第194-195頁. Wisnewski, J. Jeremy. Understanding Torture. Edinburgh University Press. 2010. ISBN 978-0-7486-8672-8.
Wisnewski 2010，第191-192頁. Wisnewski, J. Jeremy. Understanding Torture. Edinburgh University Press. 2010. ISBN 978-0-7486-8672-8.
Wisnewski 2010，第193頁. Wisnewski, J. Jeremy. Understanding Torture. Edinburgh University Press. 2010. ISBN 978-0-7486-8672-8.
Wisnewski 2010，第193-194頁. Wisnewski, J. Jeremy. Understanding Torture. Edinburgh University Press. 2010. ISBN 978-0-7486-8672-8.
Hajjar 2013，第23頁. Hajjar, Lisa. Torture: A Sociology of Violence and Human Rights. Routledge. 2013. ISBN 978-0-415-51806-2.
Hajjar 2013，第28頁. Hajjar, Lisa. Torture: A Sociology of Violence and Human Rights. Routledge. 2013. ISBN 978-0-415-51806-2.
Wisnewski 2010，第26頁. Wisnewski, J. Jeremy. Understanding Torture. Edinburgh University Press. 2010. ISBN 978-0-7486-8672-8.
Wisnewski 2010，第26–27頁. Wisnewski, J. Jeremy. Understanding Torture. Edinburgh University Press. 2010. ISBN 978-0-7486-8672-8.
Hajjar 2013，第22頁. Hajjar, Lisa. Torture: A Sociology of Violence and Human Rights. Routledge. 2013. ISBN 978-0-415-51806-2.

bbc.com

聯合國人權組織呼籲中國停止酷刑虐待囚犯. BBC News. BBC. 2015-12-09 [2023-02-12]. （原始内容存档于2023-06-05）.

bepress.com

works.bepress.com

Einolf 2007，第104頁. Einolf, Christopher J. The Fall and Rise of Torture: A Comparative and Historical Analysis. Sociological Theory. 2007, 25 (2): 101–121. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9558.2007.00300.x.
Einolf 2007，第107頁. Einolf, Christopher J. The Fall and Rise of Torture: A Comparative and Historical Analysis. Sociological Theory. 2007, 25 (2): 101–121. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9558.2007.00300.x.
Einolf 2007，第107-108頁. Einolf, Christopher J. The Fall and Rise of Torture: A Comparative and Historical Analysis. Sociological Theory. 2007, 25 (2): 101–121. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9558.2007.00300.x.
Einolf 2007，第108頁. Einolf, Christopher J. The Fall and Rise of Torture: A Comparative and Historical Analysis. Sociological Theory. 2007, 25 (2): 101–121. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9558.2007.00300.x.
Einolf 2007，第109頁. Einolf, Christopher J. The Fall and Rise of Torture: A Comparative and Historical Analysis. Sociological Theory. 2007, 25 (2): 101–121. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9558.2007.00300.x.
Einolf 2007，第104,109頁. Einolf, Christopher J. The Fall and Rise of Torture: A Comparative and Historical Analysis. Sociological Theory. 2007, 25 (2): 101–121. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9558.2007.00300.x.
Einolf 2007，第111頁. Einolf, Christopher J. The Fall and Rise of Torture: A Comparative and Historical Analysis. Sociological Theory. 2007, 25 (2): 101–121. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9558.2007.00300.x.
Einolf 2007，第112頁. Einolf, Christopher J. The Fall and Rise of Torture: A Comparative and Historical Analysis. Sociological Theory. 2007, 25 (2): 101–121. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9558.2007.00300.x.
Einolf 2007，第111-112頁. Einolf, Christopher J. The Fall and Rise of Torture: A Comparative and Historical Analysis. Sociological Theory. 2007, 25 (2): 101–121. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9558.2007.00300.x.
Einolf 2007，第106頁. Einolf, Christopher J. The Fall and Rise of Torture: A Comparative and Historical Analysis. Sociological Theory. 2007, 25 (2): 101–121. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9558.2007.00300.x.

cambridge.org

Oette 2021，第307頁. Oette, Lutz. The Prohibition of Torture and Persons Living in Poverty: From the Margins to the Centre. International & Comparative Law Quarterly. 2021, 70 (2): 307–341 [2022-09-07]. ISSN 0020-5893. doi:10.1017/S0020589321000038. （原始内容存档于2022-10-30）.
Oette 2021，第321頁. Oette, Lutz. The Prohibition of Torture and Persons Living in Poverty: From the Margins to the Centre. International & Comparative Law Quarterly. 2021, 70 (2): 307–341 [2022-09-07]. ISSN 0020-5893. doi:10.1017/S0020589321000038. （原始内容存档于2022-10-30）.
Oette 2021，第329-330頁. Oette, Lutz. The Prohibition of Torture and Persons Living in Poverty: From the Margins to the Centre. International & Comparative Law Quarterly. 2021, 70 (2): 307–341 [2022-09-07]. ISSN 0020-5893. doi:10.1017/S0020589321000038. （原始内容存档于2022-10-30）.
Oette 2021，第331頁. Oette, Lutz. The Prohibition of Torture and Persons Living in Poverty: From the Margins to the Centre. International & Comparative Law Quarterly. 2021, 70 (2): 307–341 [2022-09-07]. ISSN 0020-5893. doi:10.1017/S0020589321000038. （原始内容存档于2022-10-30）.

cna.com.tw

中國前公安接受CNN專訪坦承酷刑虐待新疆維族. 中央社. 2021-10-05 [2023-02-12]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-12）.

cnn.com

edition.cnn.com

‘Some are just psychopaths’: Chinese detective in exile reveals extent of torture against Uyghurs. CNN. 2021-10-05 [2023-02-12]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-12）.

doi.org

Einolf 2007，第104頁. Einolf, Christopher J. The Fall and Rise of Torture: A Comparative and Historical Analysis. Sociological Theory. 2007, 25 (2): 101–121. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9558.2007.00300.x.
Meyer et al. 2015，第11217頁. Meyer, Christian; Lohr, Christian; Gronenborn, Detlef; Alt, Kurt W. The massacre mass grave of Schöneck-Kilianstädten reveals new insights into collective violence in Early Neolithic Central Europe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2015, 112 (36): 11217–11222. Bibcode:2015PNAS..11211217M. PMC 4568710 . PMID 26283359. doi:10.1073/pnas.1504365112 .
Evans 2020，History of Torture. Evans, Rebecca. The Ethics of Torture: Definitions, History, and Institutions. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies. Oxford University Press. 2020 [2022-09-07]. ISBN 978-0-19-084662-6. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.326. （原始内容存档于2022-10-30）.
Einolf 2007，第107頁. Einolf, Christopher J. The Fall and Rise of Torture: A Comparative and Historical Analysis. Sociological Theory. 2007, 25 (2): 101–121. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9558.2007.00300.x.
Einolf 2007，第107-108頁. Einolf, Christopher J. The Fall and Rise of Torture: A Comparative and Historical Analysis. Sociological Theory. 2007, 25 (2): 101–121. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9558.2007.00300.x.
Einolf 2007，第108頁. Einolf, Christopher J. The Fall and Rise of Torture: A Comparative and Historical Analysis. Sociological Theory. 2007, 25 (2): 101–121. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9558.2007.00300.x.
Einolf 2007，第109頁. Einolf, Christopher J. The Fall and Rise of Torture: A Comparative and Historical Analysis. Sociological Theory. 2007, 25 (2): 101–121. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9558.2007.00300.x.
Einolf 2007，第104,109頁. Einolf, Christopher J. The Fall and Rise of Torture: A Comparative and Historical Analysis. Sociological Theory. 2007, 25 (2): 101–121. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9558.2007.00300.x.
Einolf 2007，第111頁. Einolf, Christopher J. The Fall and Rise of Torture: A Comparative and Historical Analysis. Sociological Theory. 2007, 25 (2): 101–121. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9558.2007.00300.x.
Bourgon 2003，第851頁. Bourgon, Jérôme. Abolishing 'Cruel Punishments': A Reappraisal of the Chinese Roots and Long-term Efficiency of the Xinzheng Legal Reforms. Modern Asian Studies. 2003, 37 (4): 851–862. doi:10.1017/S0026749X03004050.
Einolf 2007，第112頁. Einolf, Christopher J. The Fall and Rise of Torture: A Comparative and Historical Analysis. Sociological Theory. 2007, 25 (2): 101–121. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9558.2007.00300.x.
Einolf 2007，第111-112頁. Einolf, Christopher J. The Fall and Rise of Torture: A Comparative and Historical Analysis. Sociological Theory. 2007, 25 (2): 101–121. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9558.2007.00300.x.
Kelly 2019，第2頁. Kelly, Tobias. The Struggle Against Torture: Challenges, Assumptions and New Directions. Journal of Human Rights Practice. 2019, 11 (2): 324–333. doi:10.1093/jhuman/huz019.
Jensena et al. 2017，第406-407頁. Jensena, Steffen; Kelly, Tobias; Andersen, Morten Koch; Christiansen, Catrine; Sharma, Jeevan Raj. Torture and Ill-Treatment Under Perceived: Human Rights Documentation and the Poor. Human Rights Quarterly. 2017, 39 (2): 393–415 [2022-09-07]. ISSN 1085-794X. doi:10.1353/hrq.2017.0023. （原始内容存档于2022-10-24）.
Kelly 2019，第3-4頁. Kelly, Tobias. The Struggle Against Torture: Challenges, Assumptions and New Directions. Journal of Human Rights Practice. 2019, 11 (2): 324–333. doi:10.1093/jhuman/huz019.
Einolf 2007，第106頁. Einolf, Christopher J. The Fall and Rise of Torture: A Comparative and Historical Analysis. Sociological Theory. 2007, 25 (2): 101–121. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9558.2007.00300.x.
Evans 2020，Political and Institutional Influences on the Practice of Torture. Evans, Rebecca. The Ethics of Torture: Definitions, History, and Institutions. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies. Oxford University Press. 2020 [2022-09-07]. ISBN 978-0-19-084662-6. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.326. （原始内容存档于2022-10-30）.
Oette 2021，第307頁. Oette, Lutz. The Prohibition of Torture and Persons Living in Poverty: From the Margins to the Centre. International & Comparative Law Quarterly. 2021, 70 (2): 307–341 [2022-09-07]. ISSN 0020-5893. doi:10.1017/S0020589321000038. （原始内容存档于2022-10-30）.
Kelly 2019，第5,7頁. Kelly, Tobias. The Struggle Against Torture: Challenges, Assumptions and New Directions. Journal of Human Rights Practice. 2019, 11 (2): 324–333. doi:10.1093/jhuman/huz019.
Oette 2021，第321頁. Oette, Lutz. The Prohibition of Torture and Persons Living in Poverty: From the Margins to the Centre. International & Comparative Law Quarterly. 2021, 70 (2): 307–341 [2022-09-07]. ISSN 0020-5893. doi:10.1017/S0020589321000038. （原始内容存档于2022-10-30）.
Oette 2021，第329-330頁. Oette, Lutz. The Prohibition of Torture and Persons Living in Poverty: From the Margins to the Centre. International & Comparative Law Quarterly. 2021, 70 (2): 307–341 [2022-09-07]. ISSN 0020-5893. doi:10.1017/S0020589321000038. （原始内容存档于2022-10-30）.
Evans 2020，Conclusion. Evans, Rebecca. The Ethics of Torture: Definitions, History, and Institutions. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies. Oxford University Press. 2020 [2022-09-07]. ISBN 978-0-19-084662-6. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.326. （原始内容存档于2022-10-30）.
Hassner 2020，第18-20頁. Hassner, Ron E. What Do We Know about Interrogational Torture?. International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence. 2020, 33 (1): 4–42. doi:10.1080/08850607.2019.1660951.
Oette 2021，第331頁. Oette, Lutz. The Prohibition of Torture and Persons Living in Poverty: From the Margins to the Centre. International & Comparative Law Quarterly. 2021, 70 (2): 307–341 [2022-09-07]. ISSN 0020-5893. doi:10.1017/S0020589321000038. （原始内容存档于2022-10-30）.
Jensena et al. 2017，第404,408頁. Jensena, Steffen; Kelly, Tobias; Andersen, Morten Koch; Christiansen, Catrine; Sharma, Jeevan Raj. Torture and Ill-Treatment Under Perceived: Human Rights Documentation and the Poor. Human Rights Quarterly. 2017, 39 (2): 393–415 [2022-09-07]. ISSN 1085-794X. doi:10.1353/hrq.2017.0023. （原始内容存档于2022-10-24）.
Evans 2020，The Definition of Torture. Evans, Rebecca. The Ethics of Torture: Definitions, History, and Institutions. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies. Oxford University Press. 2020 [2022-09-07]. ISBN 978-0-19-084662-6. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.326. （原始内容存档于2022-10-30）.
Worrall & Hightower 2021，第4頁. Worrall, James; Hightower, Victoria Penziner. Methods in the madness? Exploring the logics of torture in Syrian counterinsurgency practices. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 2021, 49 (3): 418–432. doi:10.1080/13530194.2021.1916154.
Blakeley 2007，第392頁. Blakeley, Ruth. Why torture? (PDF). Review of International Studies. 2007, 33 (3): 373–394 [2022-09-07]. doi:10.1017/S0260210507007565. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-11-26）.
Hassner 2020，第21-22頁. Hassner, Ron E. What Do We Know about Interrogational Torture?. International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence. 2020, 33 (1): 4–42. doi:10.1080/08850607.2019.1660951.
Worrall & Hightower 2021，第7-8,10頁. Worrall, James; Hightower, Victoria Penziner. Methods in the madness? Exploring the logics of torture in Syrian counterinsurgency practices. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 2021, 49 (3): 418–432. doi:10.1080/13530194.2021.1916154.
Guarch-Rubio et al. 2020，第69,78頁. Guarch-Rubio, Marta; Byrne, Steven; Manzanero, Antonio L. Violence and torture against migrants and refugees attempting to reach the European Union through Western Balkans. Torture. 2020, 30 (3): 67–83 [2022-09-07]. ISSN 1997-3322. doi:10.7146/torture.v30i3.120232. （原始内容存档于2022-10-30）.
Einolf 2022，第11頁. Einolf, Christopher J. How Torture Fails: Evidence of Misinformation from Torture-Induced Confessions in Iraq. Journal of Global Security Studies. 2022, 7 (1). doi:10.1093/jogss/ogab019.
Hassner 2020，第16頁. Hassner, Ron E. What Do We Know about Interrogational Torture?. International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence. 2020, 33 (1): 4–42. doi:10.1080/08850607.2019.1660951.

epochtimes.com

聯合國禁止酷刑委員會促中共停止酷刑. 大紀元. 2015-12-10 [2023-02-12]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-12）.

ethz.ch

files.ethz.ch

Goodman, Rachel; Bandeira, Monica. Gender and torture: does it matter? An exploration of the ways in which gender influences the impact of torture and rehabilitation services (PDF) (报告). The Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation: 5. 2014 [2022-09-07]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-11-29）.

google.ca

books.google.ca

Whitney & Smith 1897，第6396頁. Whitney, William Dwight; Smith, Benjamin Eli. The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia: Dictionary. Century Company. 1897. OCLC 233135357.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Meyer et al. 2015，第11217頁. Meyer, Christian; Lohr, Christian; Gronenborn, Detlef; Alt, Kurt W. The massacre mass grave of Schöneck-Kilianstädten reveals new insights into collective violence in Early Neolithic Central Europe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2015, 112 (36): 11217–11222. Bibcode:2015PNAS..11211217M. PMC 4568710 . PMID 26283359. doi:10.1073/pnas.1504365112 .

iranicaonline.org

Jacobs, Bruno. Torture in the Achaemenid Period. Encyclopedia Iranica. 2017-03-16 [2022-03-07]. （原始内容存档于2022-10-30）.

jhu.edu

muse.jhu.edu

Jensena et al. 2017，第406-407頁. Jensena, Steffen; Kelly, Tobias; Andersen, Morten Koch; Christiansen, Catrine; Sharma, Jeevan Raj. Torture and Ill-Treatment Under Perceived: Human Rights Documentation and the Poor. Human Rights Quarterly. 2017, 39 (2): 393–415 [2022-09-07]. ISSN 1085-794X. doi:10.1353/hrq.2017.0023. （原始内容存档于2022-10-24）.
Jensena et al. 2017，第404,408頁. Jensena, Steffen; Kelly, Tobias; Andersen, Morten Koch; Christiansen, Catrine; Sharma, Jeevan Raj. Torture and Ill-Treatment Under Perceived: Human Rights Documentation and the Poor. Human Rights Quarterly. 2017, 39 (2): 393–415 [2022-09-07]. ISSN 1085-794X. doi:10.1353/hrq.2017.0023. （原始内容存档于2022-10-24）.

jstor.org

Huggins 2012，第47,54頁. Huggins, Martha K. State Torture: Interviewing Perpetrators, Discovering Facilitators, Theorizing Cross-Nationally - Proposing "Torture 101". State Crime Journal. 2012, 1 (1): 45–69 [2022-09-07]. ISSN 2046-6056. JSTOR 41917770. （原始内容存档于2022-05-12）.
Huggins 2012，第62頁. Huggins, Martha K. State Torture: Interviewing Perpetrators, Discovering Facilitators, Theorizing Cross-Nationally - Proposing "Torture 101". State Crime Journal. 2012, 1 (1): 45–69 [2022-09-07]. ISSN 2046-6056. JSTOR 41917770. （原始内容存档于2022-05-12）.
Huggins 2012，第61-62頁. Huggins, Martha K. State Torture: Interviewing Perpetrators, Discovering Facilitators, Theorizing Cross-Nationally - Proposing "Torture 101". State Crime Journal. 2012, 1 (1): 45–69 [2022-09-07]. ISSN 2046-6056. JSTOR 41917770. （原始内容存档于2022-05-12）.
Huggins 2012，第57,59-60頁. Huggins, Martha K. State Torture: Interviewing Perpetrators, Discovering Facilitators, Theorizing Cross-Nationally - Proposing "Torture 101". State Crime Journal. 2012, 1 (1): 45–69 [2022-09-07]. ISSN 2046-6056. JSTOR 41917770. （原始内容存档于2022-05-12）.

kent.ac.uk

kar.kent.ac.uk

Blakeley 2007，第392頁. Blakeley, Ruth. Why torture? (PDF). Review of International Studies. 2007, 33 (3): 373–394 [2022-09-07]. doi:10.1017/S0260210507007565. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-11-26）.

nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Meyer et al. 2015，第11217頁. Meyer, Christian; Lohr, Christian; Gronenborn, Detlef; Alt, Kurt W. The massacre mass grave of Schöneck-Kilianstädten reveals new insights into collective violence in Early Neolithic Central Europe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2015, 112 (36): 11217–11222. Bibcode:2015PNAS..11211217M. PMC 4568710 . PMID 26283359. doi:10.1073/pnas.1504365112 .

oxfordre.com

Evans 2020，History of Torture. Evans, Rebecca. The Ethics of Torture: Definitions, History, and Institutions. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies. Oxford University Press. 2020 [2022-09-07]. ISBN 978-0-19-084662-6. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.326. （原始内容存档于2022-10-30）.
Evans 2020，Political and Institutional Influences on the Practice of Torture. Evans, Rebecca. The Ethics of Torture: Definitions, History, and Institutions. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies. Oxford University Press. 2020 [2022-09-07]. ISBN 978-0-19-084662-6. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.326. （原始内容存档于2022-10-30）.
Evans 2020，Conclusion. Evans, Rebecca. The Ethics of Torture: Definitions, History, and Institutions. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies. Oxford University Press. 2020 [2022-09-07]. ISBN 978-0-19-084662-6. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.326. （原始内容存档于2022-10-30）.
Evans 2020，The Definition of Torture. Evans, Rebecca. The Ethics of Torture: Definitions, History, and Institutions. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies. Oxford University Press. 2020 [2022-09-07]. ISBN 978-0-19-084662-6. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.326. （原始内容存档于2022-10-30）.

storm.mg

《紐時》400頁密件曝新疆再教育營暴行《環球時報》反擊：西方媒體報導「缺良知」. 風傳媒轉載. 德國之聲報導. 2019-11-18 [2023-02-12]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-13）.

tidsskrift.dk

Guarch-Rubio et al. 2020，第69,78頁. Guarch-Rubio, Marta; Byrne, Steven; Manzanero, Antonio L. Violence and torture against migrants and refugees attempting to reach the European Union through Western Balkans. Torture. 2020, 30 (3): 67–83 [2022-09-07]. ISSN 1997-3322. doi:10.7146/torture.v30i3.120232. （原始内容存档于2022-10-30）.

umt.edu

scholarworks.umt.edu

Bessler 2018，第3頁. Bessler, John D. The Abolitionist Movement Comes of Age: From Capital Punishment as Lawful Sanction to a Peremptory, International Law Norm Barring Executions. Montana Law Review. 2018, 79: 7–48 [2022-09-07]. ISSN 0026-9972. （原始内容存档于2022-10-30）.
Bessler 2018，第33頁. Bessler, John D. The Abolitionist Movement Comes of Age: From Capital Punishment as Lawful Sanction to a Peremptory, International Law Norm Barring Executions. Montana Law Review. 2018, 79: 7–48 [2022-09-07]. ISSN 0026-9972. （原始内容存档于2022-10-30）.

web.archive.org

Jacobs, Bruno. Torture in the Achaemenid Period. Encyclopedia Iranica. 2017-03-16 [2022-03-07]. （原始内容存档于2022-10-30）.
Evans 2020，History of Torture. Evans, Rebecca. The Ethics of Torture: Definitions, History, and Institutions. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies. Oxford University Press. 2020 [2022-09-07]. ISBN 978-0-19-084662-6. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.326. （原始内容存档于2022-10-30）.
聯合國人權組織呼籲中國停止酷刑虐待囚犯. BBC News. BBC. 2015-12-09 [2023-02-12]. （原始内容存档于2023-06-05）.
聯合國禁止酷刑委員會促中共停止酷刑. 大紀元. 2015-12-10 [2023-02-12]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-12）.
《紐時》400頁密件曝新疆再教育營暴行《環球時報》反擊：西方媒體報導「缺良知」. 風傳媒轉載. 德國之聲報導. 2019-11-18 [2023-02-12]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-13）.
‘Some are just psychopaths’: Chinese detective in exile reveals extent of torture against Uyghurs. CNN. 2021-10-05 [2023-02-12]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-12）.
中國前公安接受CNN專訪坦承酷刑虐待新疆維族. 中央社. 2021-10-05 [2023-02-12]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-12）.
Jensena et al. 2017，第406-407頁. Jensena, Steffen; Kelly, Tobias; Andersen, Morten Koch; Christiansen, Catrine; Sharma, Jeevan Raj. Torture and Ill-Treatment Under Perceived: Human Rights Documentation and the Poor. Human Rights Quarterly. 2017, 39 (2): 393–415 [2022-09-07]. ISSN 1085-794X. doi:10.1353/hrq.2017.0023. （原始内容存档于2022-10-24）.
Goodman, Rachel; Bandeira, Monica. Gender and torture: does it matter? An exploration of the ways in which gender influences the impact of torture and rehabilitation services (PDF) (报告). The Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation: 5. 2014 [2022-09-07]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-11-29）.
Evans 2020，Political and Institutional Influences on the Practice of Torture. Evans, Rebecca. The Ethics of Torture: Definitions, History, and Institutions. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies. Oxford University Press. 2020 [2022-09-07]. ISBN 978-0-19-084662-6. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.326. （原始内容存档于2022-10-30）.
Oette 2021，第307頁. Oette, Lutz. The Prohibition of Torture and Persons Living in Poverty: From the Margins to the Centre. International & Comparative Law Quarterly. 2021, 70 (2): 307–341 [2022-09-07]. ISSN 0020-5893. doi:10.1017/S0020589321000038. （原始内容存档于2022-10-30）.
Oette 2021，第321頁. Oette, Lutz. The Prohibition of Torture and Persons Living in Poverty: From the Margins to the Centre. International & Comparative Law Quarterly. 2021, 70 (2): 307–341 [2022-09-07]. ISSN 0020-5893. doi:10.1017/S0020589321000038. （原始内容存档于2022-10-30）.
Oette 2021，第329-330頁. Oette, Lutz. The Prohibition of Torture and Persons Living in Poverty: From the Margins to the Centre. International & Comparative Law Quarterly. 2021, 70 (2): 307–341 [2022-09-07]. ISSN 0020-5893. doi:10.1017/S0020589321000038. （原始内容存档于2022-10-30）.
Huggins 2012，第47,54頁. Huggins, Martha K. State Torture: Interviewing Perpetrators, Discovering Facilitators, Theorizing Cross-Nationally - Proposing "Torture 101". State Crime Journal. 2012, 1 (1): 45–69 [2022-09-07]. ISSN 2046-6056. JSTOR 41917770. （原始内容存档于2022-05-12）.
Huggins 2012，第62頁. Huggins, Martha K. State Torture: Interviewing Perpetrators, Discovering Facilitators, Theorizing Cross-Nationally - Proposing "Torture 101". State Crime Journal. 2012, 1 (1): 45–69 [2022-09-07]. ISSN 2046-6056. JSTOR 41917770. （原始内容存档于2022-05-12）.
Huggins 2012，第61-62頁. Huggins, Martha K. State Torture: Interviewing Perpetrators, Discovering Facilitators, Theorizing Cross-Nationally - Proposing "Torture 101". State Crime Journal. 2012, 1 (1): 45–69 [2022-09-07]. ISSN 2046-6056. JSTOR 41917770. （原始内容存档于2022-05-12）.
Huggins 2012，第57,59-60頁. Huggins, Martha K. State Torture: Interviewing Perpetrators, Discovering Facilitators, Theorizing Cross-Nationally - Proposing "Torture 101". State Crime Journal. 2012, 1 (1): 45–69 [2022-09-07]. ISSN 2046-6056. JSTOR 41917770. （原始内容存档于2022-05-12）.
Evans 2020，Conclusion. Evans, Rebecca. The Ethics of Torture: Definitions, History, and Institutions. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies. Oxford University Press. 2020 [2022-09-07]. ISBN 978-0-19-084662-6. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.326. （原始内容存档于2022-10-30）.
Oette 2021，第331頁. Oette, Lutz. The Prohibition of Torture and Persons Living in Poverty: From the Margins to the Centre. International & Comparative Law Quarterly. 2021, 70 (2): 307–341 [2022-09-07]. ISSN 0020-5893. doi:10.1017/S0020589321000038. （原始内容存档于2022-10-30）.
Jensena et al. 2017，第404,408頁. Jensena, Steffen; Kelly, Tobias; Andersen, Morten Koch; Christiansen, Catrine; Sharma, Jeevan Raj. Torture and Ill-Treatment Under Perceived: Human Rights Documentation and the Poor. Human Rights Quarterly. 2017, 39 (2): 393–415 [2022-09-07]. ISSN 1085-794X. doi:10.1353/hrq.2017.0023. （原始内容存档于2022-10-24）.
Bessler 2018，第3頁. Bessler, John D. The Abolitionist Movement Comes of Age: From Capital Punishment as Lawful Sanction to a Peremptory, International Law Norm Barring Executions. Montana Law Review. 2018, 79: 7–48 [2022-09-07]. ISSN 0026-9972. （原始内容存档于2022-10-30）.
Bessler 2018，第33頁. Bessler, John D. The Abolitionist Movement Comes of Age: From Capital Punishment as Lawful Sanction to a Peremptory, International Law Norm Barring Executions. Montana Law Review. 2018, 79: 7–48 [2022-09-07]. ISSN 0026-9972. （原始内容存档于2022-10-30）.
Evans 2020，The Definition of Torture. Evans, Rebecca. The Ethics of Torture: Definitions, History, and Institutions. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies. Oxford University Press. 2020 [2022-09-07]. ISBN 978-0-19-084662-6. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.326. （原始内容存档于2022-10-30）.
Blakeley 2007，第392頁. Blakeley, Ruth. Why torture? (PDF). Review of International Studies. 2007, 33 (3): 373–394 [2022-09-07]. doi:10.1017/S0260210507007565. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-11-26）.
Guarch-Rubio et al. 2020，第69,78頁. Guarch-Rubio, Marta; Byrne, Steven; Manzanero, Antonio L. Violence and torture against migrants and refugees attempting to reach the European Union through Western Balkans. Torture. 2020, 30 (3): 67–83 [2022-09-07]. ISSN 1997-3322. doi:10.7146/torture.v30i3.120232. （原始内容存档于2022-10-30）.

worldcat.org

Whitney & Smith 1897，第6396頁. Whitney, William Dwight; Smith, Benjamin Eli. The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia: Dictionary. Century Company. 1897. OCLC 233135357.
Jensena et al. 2017，第406-407頁. Jensena, Steffen; Kelly, Tobias; Andersen, Morten Koch; Christiansen, Catrine; Sharma, Jeevan Raj. Torture and Ill-Treatment Under Perceived: Human Rights Documentation and the Poor. Human Rights Quarterly. 2017, 39 (2): 393–415 [2022-09-07]. ISSN 1085-794X. doi:10.1353/hrq.2017.0023. （原始内容存档于2022-10-24）.
Oette 2021，第307頁. Oette, Lutz. The Prohibition of Torture and Persons Living in Poverty: From the Margins to the Centre. International & Comparative Law Quarterly. 2021, 70 (2): 307–341 [2022-09-07]. ISSN 0020-5893. doi:10.1017/S0020589321000038. （原始内容存档于2022-10-30）.
Oette 2021，第321頁. Oette, Lutz. The Prohibition of Torture and Persons Living in Poverty: From the Margins to the Centre. International & Comparative Law Quarterly. 2021, 70 (2): 307–341 [2022-09-07]. ISSN 0020-5893. doi:10.1017/S0020589321000038. （原始内容存档于2022-10-30）.
Oette 2021，第329-330頁. Oette, Lutz. The Prohibition of Torture and Persons Living in Poverty: From the Margins to the Centre. International & Comparative Law Quarterly. 2021, 70 (2): 307–341 [2022-09-07]. ISSN 0020-5893. doi:10.1017/S0020589321000038. （原始内容存档于2022-10-30）.
Huggins 2012，第47,54頁. Huggins, Martha K. State Torture: Interviewing Perpetrators, Discovering Facilitators, Theorizing Cross-Nationally - Proposing "Torture 101". State Crime Journal. 2012, 1 (1): 45–69 [2022-09-07]. ISSN 2046-6056. JSTOR 41917770. （原始内容存档于2022-05-12）.
Huggins 2012，第62頁. Huggins, Martha K. State Torture: Interviewing Perpetrators, Discovering Facilitators, Theorizing Cross-Nationally - Proposing "Torture 101". State Crime Journal. 2012, 1 (1): 45–69 [2022-09-07]. ISSN 2046-6056. JSTOR 41917770. （原始内容存档于2022-05-12）.
Huggins 2012，第61-62頁. Huggins, Martha K. State Torture: Interviewing Perpetrators, Discovering Facilitators, Theorizing Cross-Nationally - Proposing "Torture 101". State Crime Journal. 2012, 1 (1): 45–69 [2022-09-07]. ISSN 2046-6056. JSTOR 41917770. （原始内容存档于2022-05-12）.
Huggins 2012，第57,59-60頁. Huggins, Martha K. State Torture: Interviewing Perpetrators, Discovering Facilitators, Theorizing Cross-Nationally - Proposing "Torture 101". State Crime Journal. 2012, 1 (1): 45–69 [2022-09-07]. ISSN 2046-6056. JSTOR 41917770. （原始内容存档于2022-05-12）.
Oette 2021，第331頁. Oette, Lutz. The Prohibition of Torture and Persons Living in Poverty: From the Margins to the Centre. International & Comparative Law Quarterly. 2021, 70 (2): 307–341 [2022-09-07]. ISSN 0020-5893. doi:10.1017/S0020589321000038. （原始内容存档于2022-10-30）.
Jensena et al. 2017，第404,408頁. Jensena, Steffen; Kelly, Tobias; Andersen, Morten Koch; Christiansen, Catrine; Sharma, Jeevan Raj. Torture and Ill-Treatment Under Perceived: Human Rights Documentation and the Poor. Human Rights Quarterly. 2017, 39 (2): 393–415 [2022-09-07]. ISSN 1085-794X. doi:10.1353/hrq.2017.0023. （原始内容存档于2022-10-24）.
Bessler 2018，第3頁. Bessler, John D. The Abolitionist Movement Comes of Age: From Capital Punishment as Lawful Sanction to a Peremptory, International Law Norm Barring Executions. Montana Law Review. 2018, 79: 7–48 [2022-09-07]. ISSN 0026-9972. （原始内容存档于2022-10-30）.
Bessler 2018，第33頁. Bessler, John D. The Abolitionist Movement Comes of Age: From Capital Punishment as Lawful Sanction to a Peremptory, International Law Norm Barring Executions. Montana Law Review. 2018, 79: 7–48 [2022-09-07]. ISSN 0026-9972. （原始内容存档于2022-10-30）.
Guarch-Rubio et al. 2020，第69,78頁. Guarch-Rubio, Marta; Byrne, Steven; Manzanero, Antonio L. Violence and torture against migrants and refugees attempting to reach the European Union through Western Balkans. Torture. 2020, 30 (3): 67–83 [2022-09-07]. ISSN 1997-3322. doi:10.7146/torture.v30i3.120232. （原始内容存档于2022-10-30）.