防火长城 (Chinese Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "防火长城" in Chinese language version.

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118web.archive.org

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archive.today (Global: 14^th place; Chinese: 18^th place)

肖卓. 全国人大代表、北京邮电大学校长方滨兴：实施过滤计划慎用在线更新输入法. 中国信息产业网. 2010-03-11 [2021-10-08]. （原始内容存档于2013-01-01）（中文（简体））. 全国人大代表、北京邮电大学校长方滨兴曾担任国家计算机网络与信息安全管理中心名誉主任，被誉为中国国家防火墙（GFW）之父。
赵衍龙 (编). 社评：防火墙带给中国互联网哪些影响. 环球时报. 2015-01-28 [2021-10-08]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-25）. 防火墙是中国实现互联网管理一整套技术系统的民间叫法，官方在正式场合从不这么叫它。
回顾：20世纪影响人类的重大发明. 半岛晨报. 1999-12-29 [2024-01-10]. （原始内容存档于2024-01-10）.
KLZ毕业. 入侵防御系统的评测和问题. GFW BLOG. 2009-08-24. （原始内容存档于2013-05-03）.
Mingshi Wu; Jackson Sippe; Danesh Sivakumar; Jack Burg; Peter Anderson; Xiaokang Wang; Kevin Bock; Amir Houmansadr; Dave Levin; Eric Wustrow. 中国的防火长城是如何检测和封锁完全加密流量的. USENIX Security Symposium 2023. 2023-04-28 [2023-04-28]. （原始内容存档于2023-04-28）.
I'll shake your hand: what happens after DNS poisoning. GFW Report. 2020-11-13 [2024-09-25]. （原始内容存档于2024-09-25）.
Anonymous, Anonymous, Anonymous, David Fifield, Amir Houmansadr. Shadowsocks 是如何被检测和封锁的. GFW Report. 2019-12-29 [2021-10-14]. （原始内容存档于2021-10-08）.
Microsoft Says Outlook Hacked in China. 華爾街日報. 2015-01-21 [2021-10-09]. （原始内容存档于2021-10-09）（英语）. Outlook users in China accessing their email through an email client saw a pop-up message saying “Cannot Verify Server Identity” and asking if they wanted to continue anyway
Chinese Internet censors blamed for email chaos. 路透社. 2007-08-06. （原始内容存档于2024-01-12）.
田路. vingietang , 编. “网上长城”攻防战. 凤凰周刊. No. 2. 2010-01-15 [2024-04-19]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-18）.
陶文冬 (编). 奇虎360成功加入GFW防火长城为国家安全保驾护航. 环球时报. 2012-07-02 [2021-08-31]. （原始内容存档于2021-08-31）.
2016年4月8日外交部发言人洪磊主持例行记者会. 中华人民共和国外交部. 2016-04-08 [2016-04-09]. （原始内容存档于2024-01-12）. 中国互联网蓬勃发展，为各国企业提供了广阔发展空间。中国吸引外资的政策不会变，保护在华外企各方面合法权益的政策不会变，为外企在中国创造良好经营环境的政策也不会变。我们希望各国尊重其他国家自主选择的互联网发展道路、管理模式、公共政策以及参与国际互联网治理的权利。
何卓谦 (编). 社评：西媒如此恨“防火墙”，这很值得玩味. 环球时报. 2016-04-11 [2024-01-31]. （原始内容存档于2024-01-31）.

arxiv.org (Global: 69^th place; Chinese: 254^th place)

Roya Ensafi; Philipp Winter; Abdullah Mueen; Jedidiah R. Crandall. Large-scale Spatiotemporal Characterization of Inconsistencies in the World's Largest Firewall. 2014-10-03. arXiv:1410.0735 .

bbc.com (Global: 20^th place; Chinese: 41^st place)

晧宇. 欧阳成 , 编. 美国首列互联网屏蔽为贸易壁垒中国反驳. BBC News 中文. 2016-04-08 [2024-01-12]. （原始内容存档于2024-01-12）.

cac.gov.cn (Global: low place; Chinese: 3,050^th place)

国家互联网信息办公室关于《网络数据安全管理条例（征求意见稿）》公开征求意见的通知. 中国网信网. 2021-11-14 [2021-11-14]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-14）. 第四十一条国家建立数据跨境安全网关，对来源于中华人民共和国境外、法律和行政法规禁止发布或者传输的信息予以阻断传播。
国家网信办发言人：“Outlook受中国攻击”的说法纯属污蔑. 中国国家互联网信息办公室. 2015-01-22 [2015-04-12]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-29）（中文（中国大陆））. Greatfire.org是境外反华组织创办的反华网站，长期对中国政府进行无端攻击。此次炒作选在国家网信办宣布依法关闭一批违法违规网站、栏目和微信公众账号之时，蓄意引发不满情绪，污蔑指责中国网络空间治理制度。

cam.ac.uk (Global: 670^th place; Chinese: 845^th place)

cl.cam.ac.uk

Richard Clayton; Steven J. Murdoch; Robert N. M. Watson. Ignoring the Great Firewall of China (PDF). Danezis; Golle (编). Privacy Enhancing Technologies. Springer Berlin Heidelberg: 20-35. 2006 [2024-01-12]. ISBN 978-3-540-68793-1. doi:10.1007/11957454_2. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-06-11）.

china.org.cn (Global: 1,653^rd place; Chinese: 881^st place)

Fang Yunyu. Great Firewall father speaks out. Global Times. 2011-02-18 [2021-08-10]. （原始内容存档于2011-02-18）（英语）.
Fang Yunyu. Great Firewall father speaks out. SINA English. 2011-02-18 [2011-03-03]. （原始内容存档于2011-02-25）（英语）.
Fang Yunyu. Great Firewall father speaks out. china.org.cn. 2011-02-18 [2021-10-08]. （原始内容存档于2018-03-26）（英语）.

chinagfw.org (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

KLZ毕业. 入侵防御系统的评测和问题. GFW BLOG. 2009-08-24. （原始内容存档于2013-05-03）.

chinanews.com (Global: 1,432^nd place; Chinese: 50^th place)

中国接入互联网. 中国新闻社. 2009-06-25 [2013-08-28]. （原始内容存档于2014-02-19）.

chinareform.org.cn (Global: low place; Chinese: 8,829^th place)

海南自贸港数字经济驶入开放快车道. www.chinareform.org.cn. [2025-09-16].

chinaunix.net (Global: low place; Chinese: 6,428^th place)

刘宏光. 找出GFW在Internet的位置，全面分析国内到国外邮件受阻的原因. ChinaUnix.net. 2006-09-26. （原始内容存档于2010-01-02）.

cisco.com (Global: 2,882^nd place; Chinese: 2,383^rd place)

blogs.cisco.com

Earnhardt, John. Cisco Testimony Before House International Relations Subcommittee. Cisco Systems, Inc. 2006-02-16 [2007-01-25]. （原始内容存档于2013-06-02）.

cmu.edu (Global: 1,564^th place; Chinese: 1,640^th place)

andrew.cmu.edu

Weinberg, Zachary; Barradas, Diogo; Christin, Nicolas. Chinese Wall or Swiss Cheese? Keyword Filtering in the Great Firewall of China (PDF). Proceedings of the Web Conference 2021. Association for Computing Machinery: 472-783. 2021 [2024-01-13]. ISBN 9781450383127. doi:10.1145/3442381.3450076. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2024-02-05）.

cna.com.tw (Global: 527^th place; Chinese: 24^th place)

中央通訊社. 研究報告：河南自建網路防火牆標準更嚴有如牆中牆 | 兩岸. 中央社 CNA. 2025-05-27 [2025-09-16] （中文（臺灣））.
大陸網路遭駭百度也停擺. 中央社. 2014-01-22. （原始内容存档于2014-01-22）.

cnii.com.cn (Global: low place; Chinese: 8,522^nd place)

肖卓. 全国人大代表、北京邮电大学校长方滨兴：实施过滤计划慎用在线更新输入法. 中国信息产业网. 2010-03-11 [2021-10-08]. （原始内容存档于2013-01-01）（中文（简体））. 全国人大代表、北京邮电大学校长方滨兴曾担任国家计算机网络与信息安全管理中心名誉主任，被誉为中国国家防火墙（GFW）之父。

crd-net.org (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

于声雷. 政府如何监控我们的电子网络通讯？. 中国人权捍卫者. 2008-03-24. （原始内容存档于2008-10-21）.

csoonline.com (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

Chile NIC explains Great Firewall incident. [2019-05-16]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-23）.

dit-inc.us (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

A report about national DNS spoofing in China on Sept. 28th. 动态网公司. 2002-10-02. （原始内容存档于2002-10-15）.
中国的DNS劫持系统－ 2014年1月22日更新报告. 动态网公司. 2014-02 [2024-01-09]. （原始内容存档于2014-10-20）.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; Chinese: 23^rd place)

Xueyang Xu; Z. Morley Mao; J. Alex Halderman. Internet Censorship in China: Where Does the Filtering Occur? (PDF). Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Passive and Active Measurement. Springer-Verlag: 133–142. 2011 [2024-01-16]. ISBN 9783642192593. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-19260-9_14. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-03-20）.
Wang, Zhongjie; Cao, Yue; Qian, Zhiyun; Song, Chengyu; Krishnamurthy, Srikanth V. Your State is Not Mine: A Closer Look at Evading Stateful Internet Censorship (PDF). 2017 [2021-04-14]. doi:10.1145/3131365.3131374. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-06-20）（美国英语）.
Wu, Mingshi; Zohaib, Ali; Durumeric, Zakir; Houmansadr, Amir; Wustrow, Eric. A Wall Behind A Wall: Emerging Regional Censorship in China [墙中之墙：中国地区性审查的兴起] (PDF). 2025 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP): 1363–1380. 2025-5-11 [2025-05-20]. doi:10.1109/SP61157.2025.00152. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2025-05-15）（英语）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
Weinberg, Zachary; Barradas, Diogo; Christin, Nicolas. Chinese Wall or Swiss Cheese? Keyword Filtering in the Great Firewall of China (PDF). Proceedings of the Web Conference 2021. Association for Computing Machinery: 472-783. 2021 [2024-01-13]. ISBN 9781450383127. doi:10.1145/3442381.3450076. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2024-02-05）.
Jong Chun Park; Jedidiah R. Crandall. Empirical Study of a National-Scale Distributed Intrusion Detection System: Backbone-Level Filtering of HTML Responses in China (PDF). 2010 IEEE 30th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems. IEEE. 2010-06 [2021-10-02]. ISBN 978-1-4244-7262-8. doi:10.1109/ICDCS.2010.46. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-07-20）（美国英语）. We demonstrate that HTTP HTML response filtering was likely discontinued on many routes between August 2008 and January 2009, and that the apparent ineffectiveness of this form of filtering, which results from its distributed nature, was likely a cause for this.
Anonymous. The Collateral Damage of Internet Censorship by DNS Injection. SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev. (Association for Computing Machinery). 2012-06-26, 43 (3): 21–27. ISSN 0146-4833. doi:10.1145/2317307.2317311.
Richard Clayton; Steven J. Murdoch; Robert N. M. Watson. Ignoring the Great Firewall of China (PDF). Danezis; Golle (编). Privacy Enhancing Technologies. Springer Berlin Heidelberg: 20-35. 2006 [2024-01-12]. ISBN 978-3-540-68793-1. doi:10.1007/11957454_2. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-06-11）.
Kevin Bock; Gabriel Naval; Kyle Reese; Dave Levin. Even Censors Have a Backup: Examining China's Double HTTPS Censorship Middleboxes. Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2021 Workshop on Free and Open Communications on the Internet. Association for Computing Machinery: 1-7. 2021. ISBN 9781450386401. doi:10.1145/3473604.3474559.
Anderson, Daniel. Splinternet Behind the Great Firewall of China: Once China Opened Its Door to the World, It Could Not Close It Again.. Queue (Association for Computing Machinery). 2012-11, 10 (11): 40–49. ISSN 1542-7730. doi:10.1145/2390756.2405036. According to a paper published by its designers, GFW relies on null routing (see figure 1) to block IP packets by blacklisting destination addresses. By peering with the gateway routers of all Chinese ISPs, GFW injects routing information into BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) and hijacks all traffic to blocked websites—such as twitter.com.
Roya Ensafi; David Fifield; Philipp Winter; Nick Feamster; Nicholas Weaver; Vern Paxson. Examining How the Great Firewall Discovers Hidden Circumvention Servers. Internet Measurement Conference 2015. 东京. 2016-12-01 [2023-04-28]. doi:10.1145/2815675.2815690. （原始内容存档于2024-02-04）（英语）.
Nobori, Daiyuu; Shinjo, Yasushi. VPN Gate: A Volunteer-Organized Public VPN Relay System with Blocking Resistance for Bypassing Government Censorship Firewalls (PDF). 11th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 14). USENIX Association: 229–241. 2014-04. ISBN 978-1-931971-09-6. doi:10.5555/2616448.2616470.
Alice; Bob; Carol; Jan Beznazwy; Amir Houmansadr. How China Detects and Blocks Shadowsocks (PDF). ACM Internet Measurement Conference (IMC ’20). 2020-10-27 [2021-10-07]. doi:10.1145/3419394.3423644. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-05-31）.
JR, Crandall; Zinn D; Byrd M; Barr E; East R. ConceptDoppler: A Weather Tracker for Internet Censorship (PDF). Proceedings of the 14th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security. Association for Computing Machinery: 352–365. 2007-10-28 [2007-09-13]. ISBN 9781595937032. doi:10.1145/1315245.1315290. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2007-10-26）（英语）. Inspired by initial work on the Great Firewall of China (GFC)’s keyword filtering mechanism, we sought a better understanding of its implementation and found it to be not a firewall at all, but rather a panopticon where the presence of censorship, even if easy to evade, promotes self-censorship.

dw.com (Global: 204^th place; Chinese: 124^th place)

中国网络新规拟限制赴港上市提供翻墙违法. 德國之聲. 2021-11-14. （原始内容存档于2025-08-27）. 数据跨境安全网关是指阻断访问境外反动网站和有害信息、防止来自境外的网络攻击、管控跨境网络数据传输、防范侦查打击跨境网络犯罪的重要安全基础设施。
任琛. WhatsApp“被墙” 因为出事了？. 德国之声. 2017-07-19 [2022-07-27]. （原始内容存档于2022-06-29）.
海南出新招或为外国游客解禁网络 – DW – 2018年6月22日. dw.com. [2025-09-16] （中文）.
吴雨. 洪沙 , 编. Google Drive 中国遭封杀. 德国之声. [2024-02-27]. （原始内容存档于2024-01-14）. 他也认为透过方滨兴和李开复的微博对话，基本可以确认网友早前的判断，既方滨兴本人已经不再直接负责中国政府防火长城项目。据毛向辉透露，目前防火墙项目已经交给一家叫"启明星辰"的技术公司和一些管理成熟的团队。德国之声也了解到，这家 "启明星辰"为一家上市公司。

ensa.fi (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

Roya Ensafi. Active probing. ensa.fi. 2016-12-01 [2023-04-28]. （原始内容存档于2024-02-04）.
Roya Ensafi; David Fifield; Philipp Winter; Nick Feamster; Nicholas Weaver; Vern Paxson. Examining How the Great Firewall Discovers Hidden Circumvention Servers. Internet Measurement Conference 2015. 东京. 2016-12-01 [2023-04-28]. doi:10.1145/2815675.2815690. （原始内容存档于2024-02-04）（英语）.

epochtimes.com (Global: 1,673^rd place; Chinese: 52^nd place)

陈怡莲. 刘晓真 , 编. 卷入薄案方滨兴遭中共抛弃被踢出“墙”. 大纪元时报. 2012-04-30. （原始内容存档于2019-05-18）.

forbes.com (Global: 54^th place; Chinese: 88^th place)

Greenberg, AndyZ. China's Great Firewall Tests Mysterious Scans On Encrypted Connections. 福布斯. 2011-11-17 [2011-11-17]. （原始内容存档于2011-11-18）.

freemorenews.com (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

阅后即焚：“GFW”. 自曲新闻. 2009-08-30. （原始内容存档于2010-05-07）.

ftchinese.com (Global: low place; Chinese: 730^th place)

Gmail中国内地服务得以部分恢复. 金融时报 (英国). 2014-12-31 [2021-10-03]. （原始内容存档于2015-09-23）.

gfw.report (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

揭示和规避中国对加密SNI（ESNI）的封锁. GFW Report. 2023-08-07 [2022-08-16]. （原始内容存档于2021-12-04）（中文）.
Wu, Mingshi; Zohaib, Ali; Durumeric, Zakir; Houmansadr, Amir; Wustrow, Eric. A Wall Behind A Wall: Emerging Regional Censorship in China [墙中之墙：中国地区性审查的兴起] (PDF). 2025 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP): 1363–1380. 2025-5-11 [2025-05-20]. doi:10.1109/SP61157.2025.00152. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2025-05-15）（英语）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
Mingshi Wu; Jackson Sippe; Danesh Sivakumar; Jack Burg; Peter Anderson; Xiaokang Wang; Kevin Bock; Amir Houmansadr; Dave Levin; Eric Wustrow. 中国的防火长城是如何检测和封锁完全加密流量的. USENIX Security Symposium 2023. 2023-04-28 [2023-04-28]. （原始内容存档于2023-04-28）.
I'll shake your hand: what happens after DNS poisoning. GFW Report. 2020-11-13 [2024-09-25]. （原始内容存档于2024-09-25）.
Anonymous, Anonymous, Anonymous, David Fifield, Amir Houmansadr. Shadowsocks 是如何被检测和封锁的. GFW Report. 2019-12-29 [2021-10-14]. （原始内容存档于2021-10-08）.
Alice; Bob; Carol; Jan Beznazwy; Amir Houmansadr. How China Detects and Blocks Shadowsocks (PDF). ACM Internet Measurement Conference (IMC ’20). 2020-10-27 [2021-10-07]. doi:10.1145/3419394.3423644. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-05-31）.
积至公司与MESA实验室泄露文件分析. GFW Report. 2025.

gfwrev.blogspot.com (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

gfwrev. 搜索引擎安全管理系统. 2010-01-22 [2024-02-21]. （原始内容存档于2011-10-25）.
gfwrev. 深入理解GFW：内部结构. 2010-02-18 [2021-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-20）.
gfwrev. 深入理解GFW：DNS污染. 2009-11-27. （原始内容存档于2015-03-29）.
gfwrev. 深入理解GFW：路由扩散技术. 2009-11-05 [2011-07-07]. （原始内容存档于2024-02-01）.

globaltimes.cn (Global: low place; Chinese: 1,577^th place)

globaltimes.cn

Cao Siqi. Foreign VPN service unavailable in China. Global Times. 2015-01-23 [2021-10-07]. （原始内容存档于2022-06-22）. Astrill claimed in a Wednesday notice that since this year, VPN protocols used on iOS devices, including IPSec, L2TP/IPSec and PPTP, are not accessible in China in almost real-time.

china.globaltimes.cn

Theories abound for overseas web access troubles. Global Times. 2011-05-18 [2011-05-19]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-21）. Fang Binxing, president of Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, attributed the interruptions to Internet service providers' economic concerns.
"Service providers have to pay the bill of the international Internet flow for their users. So there is incentive for the companies to discourage users to visit foreign websites," he said.
…
An anonymous official with the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology declined to explain why foreign websites were frequently inaccessible a telephone interview with the Global Times, and instead urged users to "check their own technology problems and with the websites' servers on the first place."

special.globaltimes.cn

Fang Yunyu. Great Firewall father speaks out. Global Times. 2011-02-18 [2021-08-10]. （原始内容存档于2011-02-18）（英语）.
Fang Yunyu. Great Firewall father speaks out. SINA English. 2011-02-18 [2011-03-03]. （原始内容存档于2011-02-25）（英语）.
Fang Yunyu. Great Firewall father speaks out. china.org.cn. 2011-02-18 [2021-10-08]. （原始内容存档于2018-03-26）（英语）.

gov.cn (Global: 1,676^th place; Chinese: 62^nd place)

外交部就"北方四岛"、中国互联网发展等答记者问. 2011-02-17 [2021-05-26]. （原始内容存档于2011-03-02）.

greatfire.org (Global: low place; Chinese: 980^th place)

zh.greatfire.org

Outlook在中国遭中间人攻击. GreatFire. 2015-01-19 [2015-04-12]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-12）（中文（简体））. 这次黑客攻击发生在Gmail被封锁之后的一个月之内（Gmail到现在仍然处于完全无法使用状态）。由于这次中间人攻击与之前对谷歌、苹果、雅虎等的攻击存在诸多相似之处，Greatfire再次怀疑，中国国家互联网信息办公室精心策划了这次袭击，或者有意允许袭击发生。

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; Chinese: 57^th place)

cyber.harvard.edu

Clark, Justin; Faris, Robert; Heacock Jones, Rebekah. Analyzing Accessibility of Wikipedia Projects Around the World. 伯克曼互联网与社会研究中心. 2017-05-01 [2024-01-13]. （原始内容存档于2018-09-20）（英语）.

hi2net.com (Global: low place; Chinese: 2,566^th place)

scholarsupdate.hi2net.com

看在中国留学生的面子上 Gmail又能用了 - 好还是不好?. scholarsupdate.hi2net.com. [2015-09-15]. （原始内容存档于2015-12-30）.

huanqiu.com (Global: 2,206^th place; Chinese: 65^th place)

opinion.huanqiu.com

赵衍龙 (编). 社评：防火墙带给中国互联网哪些影响. 环球时报. 2015-01-28 [2021-10-08]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-25）. 防火墙是中国实现互联网管理一整套技术系统的民间叫法，官方在正式场合从不这么叫它。
何卓谦 (编). 社评：西媒如此恨“防火墙”，这很值得玩味. 环球时报. 2016-04-11 [2024-01-31]. （原始内容存档于2024-01-31）.

mil.huanqiu.com

木彬; 邱永峥; 薛小乐; 刘云龙. 中国互联网突遭神秘攻击 IP指向美国翻墙公司. 环球时报. 2014-01-22 [2023-08-14]. （原始内容存档于2023-08-14）.

tech.huanqiu.com

陶文冬 (编). 奇虎360成功加入GFW防火长城为国家安全保驾护航. 环球时报. 2012-07-02 [2021-08-31]. （原始内容存档于2021-08-31）.

ieee.org (Global: 652^nd place; Chinese: 712^th place)

ieeexplore.ieee.org

Jong Chun Park; Jedidiah R. Crandall. Empirical Study of a National-Scale Distributed Intrusion Detection System: Backbone-Level Filtering of HTML Responses in China (PDF). 2010 IEEE 30th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems. IEEE. 2010-06 [2021-10-02]. ISBN 978-1-4244-7262-8. doi:10.1109/ICDCS.2010.46. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-07-20）（美国英语）. We demonstrate that HTTP HTML response filtering was likely discontinued on many routes between August 2008 and January 2009, and that the apparent ineffectiveness of this form of filtering, which results from its distributed nature, was likely a cause for this.

ietf.org (Global: 214^th place; Chinese: 406^th place)

tools.ietf.org

Kazuho, Oku,; Christopher, Wood,; Eric, Rescorla,; Nick, Sullivan,. Encrypted Server Name Indication for TLS 1.3. IETF. 2018-07-02 [2021-10-07]. （原始内容存档于2018-08-13）（英语）. Although TLS 1.3 [I-D.ietf-tls-tls13] encrypts most of the handshake, including the server certificate, there are several other channels that allow an on-path attacker to determine the domain name the client is trying to connect to, including:…
Cleartext Server Name Indication (SNI) [RFC6066] in ClientHello messages.
Rescorla, Eric. The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.3. tools.ietf.org. 2018-08 [2021-10-08]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-03）（英语）. All handshake messages after the ServerHello are now encrypted. The newly introduced EncryptedExtensions message allows various extensions previously sent in the clear in the ServerHello to also enjoy confidentiality protection.

mailarchive.ietf.org

[TLS] Possible blocking of Encrypted SNI extension in China. mailarchive.ietf.org. [2022-08-16]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-01）.

ifeng.com (Global: 542^nd place; Chinese: 27^th place)

news.ifeng.com

赵周贤; 徐志栋. 信息技术发展趋势与意识形态安全. 红旗文稿. 2014-12-26. （原始内容存档于2014-12-26）.

infzm.com (Global: low place; Chinese: 423^rd place)

叶飙. 杨继斌 , 编. 方滨兴的墙内墙外. 南方周末 . 2013-07-18 [2024-01-12]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-21）（中文（中国大陆））.

insidesearch.blogspot.com (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

Alan Eustace. Better search in mainland China. Google Search blog. 2012-05-31. （原始内容存档于2015-06-24）.

internetfreedom.org (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

Global Internet Freedom Consortium. Internet Blocking Exposed (PDF). 2002-07 [2021-10-02]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-09-19）.

itworld.com (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

After DNS problem, Chinese root server is shut down. IT World. 2010-03-26 [2011-05-19]. （原始内容存档于2011-11-24）.

letscorp.net (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

方滨兴透露GFW目前已交给一家叫”启明星辰”的技术公司负责. 墙外楼. 2012-04-28. （原始内容存档于2012-07-13）.

libertytimes.com.tw (Global: 2,235^th place; Chinese: 69^th place)

中國網路癱瘓疑內部作業失誤. 自由時報. 2014-01-23 [2014-01-23]. （原始内容存档于2014-01-23）.

mfa.gov.cn (Global: 8,825^th place; Chinese: 393^rd place)

2016年4月8日外交部发言人洪磊主持例行记者会. 中华人民共和国外交部. 2016-04-08 [2016-04-09]. （原始内容存档于2024-01-12）. 中国互联网蓬勃发展，为各国企业提供了广阔发展空间。中国吸引外资的政策不会变，保护在华外企各方面合法权益的政策不会变，为外企在中国创造良好经营环境的政策也不会变。我们希望各国尊重其他国家自主选择的互联网发展道路、管理模式、公共政策以及参与国际互联网治理的权利。

ndss-symposium.org (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

Basso, Simone. Measuring DoT/DoH blocking using OONI probe: a preliminary study (PDF). NDSS DNS Privacy Workshop. 2021 [2024-07-23]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2024-09-21）.

net.cn (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

万网关于海外邮件通信问题的进展通告. 2007-07-17. （原始内容存档于2011-05-10）.

newsmax.com (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

archive.newsmax.com

Charles R. Smith. The Great Firewall of China. Newsmax. 2002-05-17 [2024-04-20]. （原始内容存档于2007-12-17）.

nic.cl (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

Comportamiento anómalo DNS del 24/03/2010. [2019-05-16]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-20）.

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; Chinese: 31^st place)

cn.nytimes.com

Zang, Peck. 新疆7·5事件十週年，我為真相作證. 紐約時報中文網. 2019-07-07 [2025-09-16] （zh-cmn-hant）.
袁莉. 那些和「防火長城」一起長大的中國年輕人. 紐約時報. 2018-08-07 [2018-08-30]. （原始内容存档于2018-08-30）（中文）. 经过18个月的调查研究后，北京大学和斯坦福大学两名经济学家今年得出了结论，中国大学生对于获取未经审查的政治敏感信息漠不关心。他们给北京两所大学的近1000名学生提供了能够绕过审查的免费工具，但发现近半数学生并没有使用它。在那些使用了的学生中，几乎没人花时间浏览遭到屏蔽的外国新闻网站。

nytimes.com

DAVID BARBOZA; CLAIRE CAIN MILLER. Google Accuses Chinese of Blocking Gmail Service. 紐約時報. 2011-03-20 [2015-01-27]. （原始内容存档于2015-10-04）. （英文）
China Escalating Attack on Google. 紐約時報. 2014-06-02 [2021-10-08]. （原始内容存档于2014-07-14）（英语）.

opennet.net (Global: low place; Chinese: 9,508^th place)

Internet Filtering in China in 2004-2005: A Country Study. Open Net Initiative. 2007 [2021-10-26]. （原始内容存档于2016-04-10）.

pao-pao.net (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

Outlook在中国遭中间人攻击. 泡泡網民報告. 2015-01-21 [2015-04-12]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-24）（中文（简体））.

pbs.org (Global: 198^th place; Chinese: 378^th place)

Thomas, Antony. The Tank Man. 前线. 第2006季. 第10集. 事件发生在 1时11分. 2006-04-11 [2024-01-12]. 公共广播电视公司. （原始内容存档于2024-01-12）（英语）.

people.com.cn (Global: 351^st place; Chinese: 20^th place)

media.people.com.cn

张栋伟. 朱丹 , 编. 百度日本站被GFW屏蔽疑与色情内容有关. 人民网. 2007-04-16 [2008-09-09]. （原始内容存档于2007-04-18）.

qq.com (Global: 381^st place; Chinese: 15^th place)

news.qq.com

田路. vingietang , 编. “网上长城”攻防战. 凤凰周刊. No. 2. 2010-01-15 [2024-04-19]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-18）.

reuters.com (Global: 49^th place; Chinese: 81^st place)

Chinese Internet censors blamed for email chaos. 路透社. 2007-08-06. （原始内容存档于2024-01-12）.
Gmail blocked in China. 路透社. 2014-12-29 [2014-12-29]. （原始内容存档于2019-07-13）.
Paul Carsten; Michael Martina. U.S. says China internet censorship a burden for businesses. 路透社. 2016-04-08.

rfa.org (Global: 1,893^rd place; Chinese: 94^th place)

萧强. 互联网上言论自由的"中国特色". 自由亚洲电台. 2003-12-04 [2021-10-08]. （原始内容存档于2022-06-22）（中文（简体））. 外有国家网关的防火长城，内有遍布全国的网络警察，那些论坛和网志自然也不是什么共产党的辖外飞地。
心语. 中国GFW预作新技术储备用大奖赛招徕人才（图）. 自由亚洲电台. 2010-06-08 [2010-06-09]. （原始内容存档于2010-09-28）.
翻墙专题：Google掉包问题. 自由亚洲电台. 2011-03-11 [2011-03-21]. （原始内容存档于2011-03-17）.
【翻牆問答】互聯網推新傳輸協議UDP 中國網民難受惠. Radio Free Asia. 2020-02-07 [2021-08-07]. （原始内容存档于2022-06-22）（中文（香港））. 李建軍：由於中國的電訊公司都是國有企業，他們一定會執行黨的政策，因此，他們必然會在UDP上動手腳。現時大部分中國電訊公司的做法，都是在網絡QoS（中文或者可以稱為服務質素控制）上作出調動，對UDP通訊包的流量和速度作出限制，那麼當你用以UDP為本的技術翻牆時，就會十分之慢，慢至一個不可忍受的程序，那很多人就會放棄使用這種方法。
中国网络国际访问频故障　温水煮蛙测试断外网反应？. 自由亞洲電台. 2011-05-12 [2011-05-18]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-14）.
萧强. 越过防火长城，我们可以到达世界的每一个角落. 自由亚洲电台. 2009-10-01 [2024-01-12]. （原始内容存档于2024-01-12）.

rfi.fr (Global: 559^th place; Chinese: 76^th place)

中国网警“修理”翻墙网民中科院也被牵连. 法國國際廣播電台. 2011-05-18 [2024-01-11]. （原始内容存档于2021-09-05）.
古莉. 《红旗文稿》：敌对势力千方百计研究推广“翻墙”技术. 法国国际广播电台. 2014-12-27 [2024-12-20]. （原始内容存档于2024-09-18）.

rti.org.tw (Global: 5,831^st place; Chinese: 230^th place)

insidechina.rti.org.tw

程寬厚. 狀告中共網路柏林圍牆恐衝擊中國網路主權倡議. 中央廣播電臺. 2023-05-02 [2024-06-13]. （原始内容存档于2024-12-11）.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; Chinese: 332^nd place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Graham S. Lowe; Patrick Winters; Michael L. Marcus. The Great DNS Wall of China. 2007 [2024-04-22].

sigcomm.org (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

conferences.sigcomm.org

Alice; Bob; Carol; Jan Beznazwy; Amir Houmansadr. How China Detects and Blocks Shadowsocks (PDF). ACM Internet Measurement Conference (IMC ’20). 2020-10-27 [2021-10-07]. doi:10.1145/3419394.3423644. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-05-31）.

sina.com (Global: 2,322^nd place; Chinese: 97^th place)

english.sina.com

Fang Yunyu. Great Firewall father speaks out. Global Times. 2011-02-18 [2021-08-10]. （原始内容存档于2011-02-18）（英语）.
Fang Yunyu. Great Firewall father speaks out. SINA English. 2011-02-18 [2011-03-03]. （原始内容存档于2011-02-25）（英语）.
Fang Yunyu. Great Firewall father speaks out. china.org.cn. 2011-02-18 [2021-10-08]. （原始内容存档于2018-03-26）（英语）.

sina.com.cn (Global: 144^th place; Chinese: 3^rd place)

news.sina.com.cn

回顾：20世纪影响人类的重大发明. 半岛晨报. 1999-12-29 [2024-01-10]. （原始内容存档于2024-01-10）.

tech.sina.com.cn

中国顶级域名根服务器故障大部分网站受影响. 新浪科技. 2014-01-21 [2014-01-21]. （原始内容存档于2014-01-27）.

solidot.org (Global: low place; Chinese: 754^th place)

solidot.org

WinterIsComing. 官方回应称网站被重定向到wpkg.org是境外攻击所致. Solidot. 2015-04-29 [2024-04-19]. （原始内容存档于2016-04-23）.
Edwards. 网友称为境外公司远程工作被没收所有违法所得. Solidot. 2023-09-24 [2024-01-15]. （原始内容存档于2024-01-05）.
WinterIsComing. 分析防火长城的故障模式. Solidot. 2014-10-14 [2024-04-19]. （原始内容存档于2015-01-01）.
pigsrollaroundinthem. 向井里下毒：探索防火长城的DNS中毒. Solidot. 2016-11-03 [2024-04-21]. （原始内容存档于2014-11-12）.
WinterIsComing. 分析防火长城的DNS审查. Solidot. 2014-11-11. （原始内容存档于2015-05-30）.
WinterIsComing. 防火长城使用有效IP投毒DNS，其中包括色情网站IP. Solidot. 2015-01-09 [2021-08-19]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-03）.
WinterIsComing. 遭DNS投毒DDoS攻击的服务器屏蔽中国IP. Solidot. 2015-01-23 [2021-08-19]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
WinterIsComing. 中国屏蔽CDN附带屏蔽数千家网站. Solidot. 2014-11-18 [2024-04-17]. （原始内容存档于2015-05-30）.
WinterIsComing. 当防火长城屏蔽CDN. Solidot. 2014-02-20 [2024-04-19]. （原始内容存档于2014-11-22）.
AnkhMorpork. 信息安全专家体验防火长城. Solidot. 2016-01-18. （原始内容存档于2016-05-03）.
blackhat. 防火长城如何屏蔽Tor网桥. Solidot. 2012-01-10. （原始内容存档于2012-01-15）.
WinterIsComing. 防火长城实时主动探测Tor网桥. Solidot. 2015-09-16 [2022-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2015-09-17）.
WinterIsComing. Tor项目弃用obfs2，开发obfs4. Solidot. 2014-06-16 [2024-04-16]. （原始内容存档于2014-10-22）.
WinterIsComing. 防火长城的主动探测系统. Solidot. 2015-09-21 [2024-04-16]. （原始内容存档于2015-11-27）.
陈少举. 中国国家防火墙对GitHub进行了中间人攻击. Solidot. 2013-01-26 [2013-01-26]. （原始内容存档于2013-01-28）.
blackhat. 中国防火墙之父有六个VPN. Solidot. 2011-02-18. （原始内容存档于2018-12-18）.
blackhat. 360加入国家防火墙计划. Solidot. 2012-07-02. （原始内容存档于2018-12-18）.

internet.solidot.org

matrix. 中国DNS污染通过根服务器影响全世界. Solidot. 2010-03-26. （原始内容存档于2011-05-16）.
matrix. DNS污染问题发生后中国根服务器被关. Solidot. 2010-03-28 [2021-08-19]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-11）.
blackhat. 中国的DNS污染是互联网的真正威胁. Solidot. 2010-11-30. （原始内容存档于2011-09-06）. 当美国和智利的用户试图访问流行社交网站如facebook.com、youtube.com和twitter.com等域名，他们的域名查询请求转交给中国控制的DNS根服务器处理，由于这些网站在中国被封锁，结果用户收到了错误的DNS信息。
blackhat. 中国刺探加密连接测试新屏蔽方式. Solidot. 2011-11-21. （原始内容存档于2016-03-26）.
blackhat. 研究人员揭开中国屏蔽Tor的诡计. Solidot. 2012-04-04. （原始内容存档于2012-06-29）.
blackhat. 方滨兴教授回应国外网站不能拜访事件. Solidot. 2011-05-18 [2021-08-19]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-20）.
blackhat. 周鸿祎否认报导. Solidot. 2012-07-03. （原始内容存档于2014-02-03）. 今天360将开发布会，推出新款手机，某对手又使阴招，散布假新闻抹黑360，如果我们不辟谣，有人就会信以为真，但如果辟谣我们就不得不公开提及GFW这个词，但是即使有风险，我还是要负责任地说，360从来没有参与什么GFW，未来也不会参与什么GFW。

it.solidot.org

matrix. 中国ISP又一次劫持了互联网. Solidot. 2010-04-09 [2024-07-24]. （原始内容存档于2010-12-09）.

theglobeandmail.com (Global: 293^rd place; Chinese: 782^nd place)

Leaked files show a Chinese company is exporting the Great Firewall’s tools of repression. The Globe and Mail. 2025-09-05.

theinitium.com (Global: 7,388^th place; Chinese: 267^th place)

两岸、新疆、六四⋯⋯被墙前，Clubhouse中文房间在聊哪些公共议题？. 端传媒. 2021-02-09 [2021-06-02]. （原始内容存档于2021-06-24）.

torproject.org (Global: 8,542^nd place; Chinese: 6,071^st place)

blog.torproject.org

Tim Wilde. Knock Knock Knockin' on Bridges' Doors. Team Cymru, Inc. Tor Blog. 2012-01-07 [2012-01-10]. （原始内容存档于2012-01-13）. First, "garbage binary" probes, containing nothing more than arbitrary (but sometimes repeated in later probes) binary data, were experienced by the non-China side of any connection that originated from China to TCP port 443 (HTTPS) in which an SSL negotiation was performed. This probe was performed in near-real-time after the connection was established,
…
The second type of probe, on the other hand, is aimed quite directly at Tor. When a Tor client within China connected to a US-based bridge relay, we consistently found that at the next round 15 minute interval (HH:00, HH:15, HH:30, HH:45), the bridge relay would receive a probe from hosts within China that not only established a TCP connection, but performed an SSL negotiation, an SSL renegotiation, and then spoke the Tor protocol sufficiently to build a one-hop circuit and send a BEGIN_DIR cell.

tumblr.com (Global: 784^th place; Chinese: 1,047^th place)

fqrouter.tumblr.com

秦兝. 详述GFW对SMTP协议的三种封锁手法. fqrouter.tumblr.com. 2013-02-18 [2022-07-27]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-20）.
秦兝. 一种新的定位GFW的方式. fqrouter.tumblr.com. 2013-02-12 [2024-05-26]. （原始内容存档于2019-12-12）. 之前用+tcp的方式强制tcp查询域名是可以获得正确的结果的。但是据twitter上的@chengr28 报告已经会触发tcp rst了。

ucr.edu (Global: 1,553^rd place; Chinese: 1,576^th place)

cs.ucr.edu

Wang, Zhongjie; Cao, Yue; Qian, Zhiyun; Song, Chengyu; Krishnamurthy, Srikanth V. Your State is Not Mine: A Closer Look at Evading Stateful Internet Censorship (PDF). 2017 [2021-04-14]. doi:10.1145/3131365.3131374. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-06-20）（美国英语）.

umich.edu (Global: 459^th place; Chinese: 752^nd place)

web.eecs.umich.edu

Xueyang Xu; Z. Morley Mao; J. Alex Halderman. Internet Censorship in China: Where Does the Filtering Occur? (PDF). Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Passive and Active Measurement. Springer-Verlag: 133–142. 2011 [2024-01-16]. ISBN 9783642192593. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-19260-9_14. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-03-20）.

unm.edu (Global: 2,007^th place; Chinese: 3,904^th place)

cs.unm.edu

Jong Chun Park; Jedidiah R. Crandall. Empirical Study of a National-Scale Distributed Intrusion Detection System: Backbone-Level Filtering of HTML Responses in China (PDF). 2010 IEEE 30th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems. IEEE. 2010-06 [2021-10-02]. ISBN 978-1-4244-7262-8. doi:10.1109/ICDCS.2010.46. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-07-20）（美国英语）. We demonstrate that HTTP HTML response filtering was likely discontinued on many routes between August 2008 and January 2009, and that the apparent ineffectiveness of this form of filtering, which results from its distributed nature, was likely a cause for this.
JR, Crandall; Zinn D; Byrd M; Barr E; East R. ConceptDoppler: A Weather Tracker for Internet Censorship (PDF). Proceedings of the 14th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security. Association for Computing Machinery: 352–365. 2007-10-28 [2007-09-13]. ISBN 9781595937032. doi:10.1145/1315245.1315290. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2007-10-26）（英语）. Inspired by initial work on the Great Firewall of China (GFC)’s keyword filtering mechanism, we sought a better understanding of its implementation and found it to be not a firewall at all, but rather a panopticon where the presence of censorship, even if easy to evade, promotes self-censorship.

upb-syssec.github.io (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

Nico Heitmann; Anonymous; Felix Lange; Niklas Niere. China Extended its SNI Censorship to QUIC. 2025-04-04.

usenix.org (Global: 5,990^th place; Chinese: 4,780^th place)

Philipp Winter; Stefan Lindskog. How the Great Firewall of China is Blocking Tor. 2nd USENIX Workshop on Free and Open Communications on the Internet (FOCI 12). USENIX Association. 2012-08 [2024-01-14]. （原始内容存档于2024-01-14）.
NP. Hoang; AA. Niaki; J. Dalek; J. Knockel; P. Lin; B. Marczak; M. Crete-Nishihata; P. Gill; M. Polychronakis. How Great is the Great Firewall? Measuring China's DNS Censorship. 30th USENIX Security Symposium. USENIX Association: 3381––3398. 2021 [2021-10-07]. ISBN 978-1-939133-24-3. （原始内容存档于2023-12-12）.
Anonymous. Towards a Comprehensive Picture of the Great Firewall’s DNS Censorship. 4th USENIX Workshop on Free and Open Communications on the Internet (FOCI 14). USENIX Association. 2014-08 [2024-01-11]. （原始内容存档于2024-01-16）.
Anonymous; Arian Akhavan Niaki; Nguyen Phong Hoang; Phillipa Gill; Amir Houmansadr. Triplet Censors: Demystifying Great Firewall’s DNS Cnsorship Behavior [三重审查]. 10th USENIX Workshop on Free and Open Communications on the Internet (FOCI 20). USENIX Association. 2020-08 [2024-01-11]. （原始内容存档于2024-01-11）.
Nguyen Phong Hoang; Jakub Dalek; Masashi Crete-Nishihata; Nicolas Christin; Vinod Yegneswaran; Michalis Polychronakis; Nick Feamster. GFWeb: Measuring the Great Firewall's Web Censorship at Scale. 33rd USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 24). Philadelphia, PA: USENIX Association: 2617-2633. 2024-08 [2024-09-21]. ISBN 978-1-939133-44-1. （原始内容存档于2024-11-11）.
Nobori, Daiyuu; Shinjo, Yasushi. VPN Gate: A Volunteer-Organized Public VPN Relay System with Blocking Resistance for Bypassing Government Censorship Firewalls (PDF). 11th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 14). USENIX Association: 229–241. 2014-04. ISBN 978-1-931971-09-6. doi:10.5555/2616448.2616470.

ustr.gov (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

Amb. Michael B.G. Froman. 2016 National Trade Estimate Report on FOREIGN TRADE BARRIERS (PDF) (报告). 2016-04 [2024-01-12]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2024-02-06）（美国英语）.

voachinese.com (Global: 2,382^nd place; Chinese: 72^nd place)

美贸易代表办公室：中国网络防火墙是贸易障碍. 美国之音. 2016-04-08 [2024-01-12]. （原始内容存档于2024-01-12）.

voanews.com (Global: 581^st place; Chinese: 387^th place)

Doug Bernard. China's Net Blocking Signals Larger Web Crackdown. 美国之音. 2015-02-03 [2024-01-13]. （原始内容存档于2024-01-13）.

washingtonpost.com (Global: 34^th place; Chinese: 129^th place)

Steven Mufson; Jia Lynn Yang. China accuses hackers of Internet disruption; experts suspect error by government censors. 华盛顿邮报. 2014-01-22. （原始内容存档于2016-04-01）. “The rule was supposed to be, ‘Block everything going to this IP address,’” said Nicholas Weaver, a researcher at the International Computer Science Institute, which is affiliated with the University of California at Berkeley. “Instead, they screwed up and probably wrote the rule as ‘Block everything by referring to this IP address.’”

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; Chinese: 1^st place)

萧强. 互联网上言论自由的"中国特色". 自由亚洲电台. 2003-12-04 [2021-10-08]. （原始内容存档于2022-06-22）（中文（简体））. 外有国家网关的防火长城，内有遍布全国的网络警察，那些论坛和网志自然也不是什么共产党的辖外飞地。
国家互联网信息办公室关于《网络数据安全管理条例（征求意见稿）》公开征求意见的通知. 中国网信网. 2021-11-14 [2021-11-14]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-14）. 第四十一条国家建立数据跨境安全网关，对来源于中华人民共和国境外、法律和行政法规禁止发布或者传输的信息予以阻断传播。
中国网络新规拟限制赴港上市提供翻墙违法. 德國之聲. 2021-11-14. （原始内容存档于2025-08-27）. 数据跨境安全网关是指阻断访问境外反动网站和有害信息、防止来自境外的网络攻击、管控跨境网络数据传输、防范侦查打击跨境网络犯罪的重要安全基础设施。
阅后即焚：“GFW”. 自曲新闻. 2009-08-30. （原始内容存档于2010-05-07）.
gfwrev. 搜索引擎安全管理系统. 2010-01-22 [2024-02-21]. （原始内容存档于2011-10-25）.
WinterIsComing. 官方回应称网站被重定向到wpkg.org是境外攻击所致. Solidot. 2015-04-29 [2024-04-19]. （原始内容存档于2016-04-23）.
陈怡莲. 刘晓真 , 编. 卷入薄案方滨兴遭中共抛弃被踢出“墙”. 大纪元时报. 2012-04-30. （原始内容存档于2019-05-18）.
两岸、新疆、六四⋯⋯被墙前，Clubhouse中文房间在聊哪些公共议题？. 端传媒. 2021-02-09 [2021-06-02]. （原始内容存档于2021-06-24）.
任琛. WhatsApp“被墙” 因为出事了？. 德国之声. 2017-07-19 [2022-07-27]. （原始内容存档于2022-06-29）.
中国接入互联网. 中国新闻社. 2009-06-25 [2013-08-28]. （原始内容存档于2014-02-19）.
Geremie R. Barme; Ye, Sang. The Great Firewall of China. Wired. 1997-06-01 [2015-12-29]. （原始内容存档于2016-01-01）. A computer engineer in his late 30s, Comrade X...is overseeing efforts to build a digital equivalent to China's Great Wall. Under construction since last year, what's officially known as the "firewall" is designed to keep Chinese cyberspace free of pollutants of all sorts
Edwards. 网友称为境外公司远程工作被没收所有违法所得. Solidot. 2023-09-24 [2024-01-15]. （原始内容存档于2024-01-05）.
Global Internet Freedom Consortium. Internet Blocking Exposed (PDF). 2002-07 [2021-10-02]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-09-19）.
Xueyang Xu; Z. Morley Mao; J. Alex Halderman. Internet Censorship in China: Where Does the Filtering Occur? (PDF). Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Passive and Active Measurement. Springer-Verlag: 133–142. 2011 [2024-01-16]. ISBN 9783642192593. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-19260-9_14. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-03-20）.
A report about national DNS spoofing in China on Sept. 28th. 动态网公司. 2002-10-02. （原始内容存档于2002-10-15）.
Clark, Justin; Faris, Robert; Heacock Jones, Rebekah. Analyzing Accessibility of Wikipedia Projects Around the World. 伯克曼互联网与社会研究中心. 2017-05-01 [2024-01-13]. （原始内容存档于2018-09-20）（英语）.
Kazuho, Oku,; Christopher, Wood,; Eric, Rescorla,; Nick, Sullivan,. Encrypted Server Name Indication for TLS 1.3. IETF. 2018-07-02 [2021-10-07]. （原始内容存档于2018-08-13）（英语）. Although TLS 1.3 [I-D.ietf-tls-tls13] encrypts most of the handshake, including the server certificate, there are several other channels that allow an on-path attacker to determine the domain name the client is trying to connect to, including:…
Cleartext Server Name Indication (SNI) [RFC6066] in ClientHello messages.
揭示和规避中国对加密SNI（ESNI）的封锁. GFW Report. 2023-08-07 [2022-08-16]. （原始内容存档于2021-12-04）（中文）.
[TLS] Possible blocking of Encrypted SNI extension in China. mailarchive.ietf.org. [2022-08-16]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-01）.
gfwrev. 深入理解GFW：内部结构. 2010-02-18 [2021-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-20）.
Wang, Zhongjie; Cao, Yue; Qian, Zhiyun; Song, Chengyu; Krishnamurthy, Srikanth V. Your State is Not Mine: A Closer Look at Evading Stateful Internet Censorship (PDF). 2017 [2021-04-14]. doi:10.1145/3131365.3131374. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-06-20）（美国英语）.
WinterIsComing. 分析防火长城的故障模式. Solidot. 2014-10-14 [2024-04-19]. （原始内容存档于2015-01-01）.
心语. 中国GFW预作新技术储备用大奖赛招徕人才（图）. 自由亚洲电台. 2010-06-08 [2010-06-09]. （原始内容存档于2010-09-28）.
Wu, Mingshi; Zohaib, Ali; Durumeric, Zakir; Houmansadr, Amir; Wustrow, Eric. A Wall Behind A Wall: Emerging Regional Censorship in China [墙中之墙：中国地区性审查的兴起] (PDF). 2025 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP): 1363–1380. 2025-5-11 [2025-05-20]. doi:10.1109/SP61157.2025.00152. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2025-05-15）（英语）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
Internet Filtering in China in 2004-2005: A Country Study. Open Net Initiative. 2007 [2021-10-26]. （原始内容存档于2016-04-10）.
Weinberg, Zachary; Barradas, Diogo; Christin, Nicolas. Chinese Wall or Swiss Cheese? Keyword Filtering in the Great Firewall of China (PDF). Proceedings of the Web Conference 2021. Association for Computing Machinery: 472-783. 2021 [2024-01-13]. ISBN 9781450383127. doi:10.1145/3442381.3450076. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2024-02-05）.
Fallows, James. “The Connection Has Been Reset” [“连接被重置”]. 大西洋 (雜誌). 由BLUE的炫影翻译. 2008-03-24 [2021-07-16]. （原始内容存档于2011-10-17）.
Doug Bernard. China's Net Blocking Signals Larger Web Crackdown. 美国之音. 2015-02-03 [2024-01-13]. （原始内容存档于2024-01-13）.
Jong Chun Park; Jedidiah R. Crandall. Empirical Study of a National-Scale Distributed Intrusion Detection System: Backbone-Level Filtering of HTML Responses in China (PDF). 2010 IEEE 30th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems. IEEE. 2010-06 [2021-10-02]. ISBN 978-1-4244-7262-8. doi:10.1109/ICDCS.2010.46. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-07-20）（美国英语）. We demonstrate that HTTP HTML response filtering was likely discontinued on many routes between August 2008 and January 2009, and that the apparent ineffectiveness of this form of filtering, which results from its distributed nature, was likely a cause for this.
Philipp Winter; Stefan Lindskog. How the Great Firewall of China is Blocking Tor. 2nd USENIX Workshop on Free and Open Communications on the Internet (FOCI 12). USENIX Association. 2012-08 [2024-01-14]. （原始内容存档于2024-01-14）.
秦兝. 详述GFW对SMTP协议的三种封锁手法. fqrouter.tumblr.com. 2013-02-18 [2022-07-27]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-20）.
Rescorla, Eric. The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.3. tools.ietf.org. 2018-08 [2021-10-08]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-03）（英语）. All handshake messages after the ServerHello are now encrypted. The newly introduced EncryptedExtensions message allows various extensions previously sent in the clear in the ServerHello to also enjoy confidentiality protection.
Differences between TLS 1.2 and TLS 1.3 (#TLS13) - wolfSSL. 2019-02-18 [2021-10-08]. （原始内容存档于2019-07-17）（美国英语）. All handshake messages after the ServerHello are now encrypted.
pigsrollaroundinthem. 向井里下毒：探索防火长城的DNS中毒. Solidot. 2016-11-03 [2024-04-21]. （原始内容存档于2014-11-12）.
NP. Hoang; AA. Niaki; J. Dalek; J. Knockel; P. Lin; B. Marczak; M. Crete-Nishihata; P. Gill; M. Polychronakis. How Great is the Great Firewall? Measuring China's DNS Censorship. 30th USENIX Security Symposium. USENIX Association: 3381––3398. 2021 [2021-10-07]. ISBN 978-1-939133-24-3. （原始内容存档于2023-12-12）.
秦兝. 一种新的定位GFW的方式. fqrouter.tumblr.com. 2013-02-12 [2024-05-26]. （原始内容存档于2019-12-12）. 之前用+tcp的方式强制tcp查询域名是可以获得正确的结果的。但是据twitter上的@chengr28 报告已经会触发tcp rst了。
gfwrev. 深入理解GFW：DNS污染. 2009-11-27. （原始内容存档于2015-03-29）.
Anonymous. Towards a Comprehensive Picture of the Great Firewall’s DNS Censorship. 4th USENIX Workshop on Free and Open Communications on the Internet (FOCI 14). USENIX Association. 2014-08 [2024-01-11]. （原始内容存档于2024-01-16）.
Anonymous; Arian Akhavan Niaki; Nguyen Phong Hoang; Phillipa Gill; Amir Houmansadr. Triplet Censors: Demystifying Great Firewall’s DNS Cnsorship Behavior [三重审查]. 10th USENIX Workshop on Free and Open Communications on the Internet (FOCI 20). USENIX Association. 2020-08 [2024-01-11]. （原始内容存档于2024-01-11）.
WinterIsComing. 分析防火长城的DNS审查. Solidot. 2014-11-11. （原始内容存档于2015-05-30）.
Basso, Simone. Measuring DoT/DoH blocking using OONI probe: a preliminary study (PDF). NDSS DNS Privacy Workshop. 2021 [2024-07-23]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2024-09-21）.
Chile NIC explains Great Firewall incident. [2019-05-16]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-23）.
Comportamiento anómalo DNS del 24/03/2010. [2019-05-16]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-20）.
matrix. 中国DNS污染通过根服务器影响全世界. Solidot. 2010-03-26. （原始内容存档于2011-05-16）.
After DNS problem, Chinese root server is shut down. IT World. 2010-03-26 [2011-05-19]. （原始内容存档于2011-11-24）.
matrix. DNS污染问题发生后中国根服务器被关. Solidot. 2010-03-28 [2021-08-19]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-11）.
matrix. 中国ISP又一次劫持了互联网. Solidot. 2010-04-09 [2024-07-24]. （原始内容存档于2010-12-09）.
blackhat. 中国的DNS污染是互联网的真正威胁. Solidot. 2010-11-30. （原始内容存档于2011-09-06）. 当美国和智利的用户试图访问流行社交网站如facebook.com、youtube.com和twitter.com等域名，他们的域名查询请求转交给中国控制的DNS根服务器处理，由于这些网站在中国被封锁，结果用户收到了错误的DNS信息。
大陸網路遭駭百度也停擺. 中央社. 2014-01-22. （原始内容存档于2014-01-22）.
中国顶级域名根服务器故障大部分网站受影响. 新浪科技. 2014-01-21 [2014-01-21]. （原始内容存档于2014-01-27）.
中国的DNS劫持系统－ 2014年1月22日更新报告. 动态网公司. 2014-02 [2024-01-09]. （原始内容存档于2014-10-20）.
Steven Mufson; Jia Lynn Yang. China accuses hackers of Internet disruption; experts suspect error by government censors. 华盛顿邮报. 2014-01-22. （原始内容存档于2016-04-01）. “The rule was supposed to be, ‘Block everything going to this IP address,’” said Nicholas Weaver, a researcher at the International Computer Science Institute, which is affiliated with the University of California at Berkeley. “Instead, they screwed up and probably wrote the rule as ‘Block everything by referring to this IP address.’”
中國網路癱瘓疑內部作業失誤. 自由時報. 2014-01-23 [2014-01-23]. （原始内容存档于2014-01-23）.
木彬; 邱永峥; 薛小乐; 刘云龙. 中国互联网突遭神秘攻击 IP指向美国翻墙公司. 环球时报. 2014-01-22 [2023-08-14]. （原始内容存档于2023-08-14）.
WinterIsComing. 防火长城使用有效IP投毒DNS，其中包括色情网站IP. Solidot. 2015-01-09 [2021-08-19]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-03）.
WinterIsComing. 遭DNS投毒DDoS攻击的服务器屏蔽中国IP. Solidot. 2015-01-23 [2021-08-19]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
Richard Clayton; Steven J. Murdoch; Robert N. M. Watson. Ignoring the Great Firewall of China (PDF). Danezis; Golle (编). Privacy Enhancing Technologies. Springer Berlin Heidelberg: 20-35. 2006 [2024-01-12]. ISBN 978-3-540-68793-1. doi:10.1007/11957454_2. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-06-11）.
Nguyen Phong Hoang; Jakub Dalek; Masashi Crete-Nishihata; Nicolas Christin; Vinod Yegneswaran; Michalis Polychronakis; Nick Feamster. GFWeb: Measuring the Great Firewall's Web Censorship at Scale. 33rd USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 24). Philadelphia, PA: USENIX Association: 2617-2633. 2024-08 [2024-09-21]. ISBN 978-1-939133-44-1. （原始内容存档于2024-11-11）.
Alan Eustace. Better search in mainland China. Google Search blog. 2012-05-31. （原始内容存档于2015-06-24）.
gfwrev. 深入理解GFW：路由扩散技术. 2009-11-05 [2011-07-07]. （原始内容存档于2024-02-01）.
WinterIsComing. 中国屏蔽CDN附带屏蔽数千家网站. Solidot. 2014-11-18 [2024-04-17]. （原始内容存档于2015-05-30）.
WinterIsComing. 当防火长城屏蔽CDN. Solidot. 2014-02-20 [2024-04-19]. （原始内容存档于2014-11-22）.
Cao Siqi. Foreign VPN service unavailable in China. Global Times. 2015-01-23 [2021-10-07]. （原始内容存档于2022-06-22）. Astrill claimed in a Wednesday notice that since this year, VPN protocols used on iOS devices, including IPSec, L2TP/IPSec and PPTP, are not accessible in China in almost real-time.
AnkhMorpork. 信息安全专家体验防火长城. Solidot. 2016-01-18. （原始内容存档于2016-05-03）.
Bevand, Marc. My Experience With the Great Firewall of China. 2016-01-14 [2024-01-13]. （原始内容存档于2024-01-13）.
blackhat. 中国刺探加密连接测试新屏蔽方式. Solidot. 2011-11-21. （原始内容存档于2016-03-26）.
Roya Ensafi. Active probing. ensa.fi. 2016-12-01 [2023-04-28]. （原始内容存档于2024-02-04）.
blackhat. 防火长城如何屏蔽Tor网桥. Solidot. 2012-01-10. （原始内容存档于2012-01-15）.
Tim Wilde. Knock Knock Knockin' on Bridges' Doors. Team Cymru, Inc. Tor Blog. 2012-01-07 [2012-01-10]. （原始内容存档于2012-01-13）. First, "garbage binary" probes, containing nothing more than arbitrary (but sometimes repeated in later probes) binary data, were experienced by the non-China side of any connection that originated from China to TCP port 443 (HTTPS) in which an SSL negotiation was performed. This probe was performed in near-real-time after the connection was established,
…
The second type of probe, on the other hand, is aimed quite directly at Tor. When a Tor client within China connected to a US-based bridge relay, we consistently found that at the next round 15 minute interval (HH:00, HH:15, HH:30, HH:45), the bridge relay would receive a probe from hosts within China that not only established a TCP connection, but performed an SSL negotiation, an SSL renegotiation, and then spoke the Tor protocol sufficiently to build a one-hop circuit and send a BEGIN_DIR cell.
Greenberg, AndyZ. China's Great Firewall Tests Mysterious Scans On Encrypted Connections. 福布斯. 2011-11-17 [2011-11-17]. （原始内容存档于2011-11-18）.
blackhat. 研究人员揭开中国屏蔽Tor的诡计. Solidot. 2012-04-04. （原始内容存档于2012-06-29）.
WinterIsComing. 防火长城实时主动探测Tor网桥. Solidot. 2015-09-16 [2022-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2015-09-17）.
WinterIsComing. Tor项目弃用obfs2，开发obfs4. Solidot. 2014-06-16 [2024-04-16]. （原始内容存档于2014-10-22）.
Roya Ensafi; David Fifield; Philipp Winter; Nick Feamster; Nicholas Weaver; Vern Paxson. Examining How the Great Firewall Discovers Hidden Circumvention Servers. Internet Measurement Conference 2015. 东京. 2016-12-01 [2023-04-28]. doi:10.1145/2815675.2815690. （原始内容存档于2024-02-04）（英语）.
WinterIsComing. 防火长城的主动探测系统. Solidot. 2015-09-21 [2024-04-16]. （原始内容存档于2015-11-27）.
Alice; Bob; Carol; Jan Beznazwy; Amir Houmansadr. How China Detects and Blocks Shadowsocks (PDF). ACM Internet Measurement Conference (IMC ’20). 2020-10-27 [2021-10-07]. doi:10.1145/3419394.3423644. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-05-31）.
翻墙专题：Google掉包问题. 自由亚洲电台. 2011-03-11 [2011-03-21]. （原始内容存档于2011-03-17）.
DAVID BARBOZA; CLAIRE CAIN MILLER. Google Accuses Chinese of Blocking Gmail Service. 紐約時報. 2011-03-20 [2015-01-27]. （原始内容存档于2015-10-04）. （英文）
China Escalating Attack on Google. 紐約時報. 2014-06-02 [2021-10-08]. （原始内容存档于2014-07-14）（英语）.
【翻牆問答】互聯網推新傳輸協議UDP 中國網民難受惠. Radio Free Asia. 2020-02-07 [2021-08-07]. （原始内容存档于2022-06-22）（中文（香港））. 李建軍：由於中國的電訊公司都是國有企業，他們一定會執行黨的政策，因此，他們必然會在UDP上動手腳。現時大部分中國電訊公司的做法，都是在網絡QoS（中文或者可以稱為服務質素控制）上作出調動，對UDP通訊包的流量和速度作出限制，那麼當你用以UDP為本的技術翻牆時，就會十分之慢，慢至一個不可忍受的程序，那很多人就會放棄使用這種方法。
中国网警“修理”翻墙网民中科院也被牵连. 法國國際廣播電台. 2011-05-18 [2024-01-11]. （原始内容存档于2021-09-05）.
中国网络国际访问频故障　温水煮蛙测试断外网反应？. 自由亞洲電台. 2011-05-12 [2011-05-18]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-14）.
Theories abound for overseas web access troubles. Global Times. 2011-05-18 [2011-05-19]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-21）. Fang Binxing, president of Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, attributed the interruptions to Internet service providers' economic concerns.
"Service providers have to pay the bill of the international Internet flow for their users. So there is incentive for the companies to discourage users to visit foreign websites," he said.
…
An anonymous official with the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology declined to explain why foreign websites were frequently inaccessible a telephone interview with the Global Times, and instead urged users to "check their own technology problems and with the websites' servers on the first place."
blackhat. 方滨兴教授回应国外网站不能拜访事件. Solidot. 2011-05-18 [2021-08-19]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-20）.
陈少举. 中国国家防火墙对GitHub进行了中间人攻击. Solidot. 2013-01-26 [2013-01-26]. （原始内容存档于2013-01-28）.
Outlook在中国遭中间人攻击. 泡泡網民報告. 2015-01-21 [2015-04-12]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-24）（中文（简体））.
Outlook在中国遭中间人攻击. GreatFire. 2015-01-19 [2015-04-12]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-12）（中文（简体））. 这次黑客攻击发生在Gmail被封锁之后的一个月之内（Gmail到现在仍然处于完全无法使用状态）。由于这次中间人攻击与之前对谷歌、苹果、雅虎等的攻击存在诸多相似之处，Greatfire再次怀疑，中国国家互联网信息办公室精心策划了这次袭击，或者有意允许袭击发生。
国家网信办发言人：“Outlook受中国攻击”的说法纯属污蔑. 中国国家互联网信息办公室. 2015-01-22 [2015-04-12]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-29）（中文（中国大陆））. Greatfire.org是境外反华组织创办的反华网站，长期对中国政府进行无端攻击。此次炒作选在国家网信办宣布依法关闭一批违法违规网站、栏目和微信公众账号之时，蓄意引发不满情绪，污蔑指责中国网络空间治理制度。
刘宏光. 找出GFW在Internet的位置，全面分析国内到国外邮件受阻的原因. ChinaUnix.net. 2006-09-26. （原始内容存档于2010-01-02）.
于声雷. 政府如何监控我们的电子网络通讯？. 中国人权捍卫者. 2008-03-24. （原始内容存档于2008-10-21）.
万网关于海外邮件通信问题的进展通告. 2007-07-17. （原始内容存档于2011-05-10）.
Gmail blocked in China. 路透社. 2014-12-29 [2014-12-29]. （原始内容存档于2019-07-13）.
看在中国留学生的面子上 Gmail又能用了 - 好还是不好?. scholarsupdate.hi2net.com. [2015-09-15]. （原始内容存档于2015-12-30）.
Gmail中国内地服务得以部分恢复. 金融时报 (英国). 2014-12-31 [2021-10-03]. （原始内容存档于2015-09-23）.
Fang Yunyu. Great Firewall father speaks out. Global Times. 2011-02-18 [2021-08-10]. （原始内容存档于2011-02-18）（英语）.
Fang Yunyu. Great Firewall father speaks out. SINA English. 2011-02-18 [2011-03-03]. （原始内容存档于2011-02-25）（英语）.
Fang Yunyu. Great Firewall father speaks out. china.org.cn. 2011-02-18 [2021-10-08]. （原始内容存档于2018-03-26）（英语）.
李永峰. 網民披露方濱興是GFW之父國慶前夕中國網絡再次收緊. 亞洲週刊. 2009-10-04, 23 (39) [2009-09-25]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-15）（中文（繁體））.
叶飙. 杨继斌 , 编. 方滨兴的墙内墙外. 南方周末 . 2013-07-18 [2024-01-12]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-21）（中文（中国大陆））.
blackhat. 中国防火墙之父有六个VPN. Solidot. 2011-02-18. （原始内容存档于2018-12-18）.
Charles R. Smith. The Great Firewall of China. Newsmax. 2002-05-17 [2024-04-20]. （原始内容存档于2007-12-17）.
Thomas, Antony. The Tank Man. 前线. 第2006季. 第10集. 事件发生在 1时11分. 2006-04-11 [2024-01-12]. 公共广播电视公司. （原始内容存档于2024-01-12）（英语）.
Sarah Lai Stirland. Cisco Leak: ‘Great Firewall’ of China Was a Chance to Sell More Routers. 2008-05-20 [2009-06-27]. （原始内容存档于2009-06-26）.
Earnhardt, John. Cisco Testimony Before House International Relations Subcommittee. Cisco Systems, Inc. 2006-02-16 [2007-01-25]. （原始内容存档于2013-06-02）.
blackhat. 360加入国家防火墙计划. Solidot. 2012-07-02. （原始内容存档于2018-12-18）.
blackhat. 周鸿祎否认报导. Solidot. 2012-07-03. （原始内容存档于2014-02-03）. 今天360将开发布会，推出新款手机，某对手又使阴招，散布假新闻抹黑360，如果我们不辟谣，有人就会信以为真，但如果辟谣我们就不得不公开提及GFW这个词，但是即使有风险，我还是要负责任地说，360从来没有参与什么GFW，未来也不会参与什么GFW。
吴雨. 洪沙 , 编. Google Drive 中国遭封杀. 德国之声. [2024-02-27]. （原始内容存档于2024-01-14）. 他也认为透过方滨兴和李开复的微博对话，基本可以确认网友早前的判断，既方滨兴本人已经不再直接负责中国政府防火长城项目。据毛向辉透露，目前防火墙项目已经交给一家叫"启明星辰"的技术公司和一些管理成熟的团队。德国之声也了解到，这家 "启明星辰"为一家上市公司。
方滨兴透露GFW目前已交给一家叫”启明星辰”的技术公司负责. 墙外楼. 2012-04-28. （原始内容存档于2012-07-13）.
张栋伟. 朱丹 , 编. 百度日本站被GFW屏蔽疑与色情内容有关. 人民网. 2007-04-16 [2008-09-09]. （原始内容存档于2007-04-18）.
外交部就"北方四岛"、中国互联网发展等答记者问. 2011-02-17 [2021-05-26]. （原始内容存档于2011-03-02）.
赵周贤; 徐志栋. 信息技术发展趋势与意识形态安全. 红旗文稿. 2014-12-26. （原始内容存档于2014-12-26）.
古莉. 《红旗文稿》：敌对势力千方百计研究推广“翻墙”技术. 法国国际广播电台. 2014-12-27 [2024-12-20]. （原始内容存档于2024-09-18）.
萧强. 越过防火长城，我们可以到达世界的每一个角落. 自由亚洲电台. 2009-10-01 [2024-01-12]. （原始内容存档于2024-01-12）.
JR, Crandall; Zinn D; Byrd M; Barr E; East R. ConceptDoppler: A Weather Tracker for Internet Censorship (PDF). Proceedings of the 14th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security. Association for Computing Machinery: 352–365. 2007-10-28 [2007-09-13]. ISBN 9781595937032. doi:10.1145/1315245.1315290. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2007-10-26）（英语）. Inspired by initial work on the Great Firewall of China (GFC)’s keyword filtering mechanism, we sought a better understanding of its implementation and found it to be not a firewall at all, but rather a panopticon where the presence of censorship, even if easy to evade, promotes self-censorship.
Amb. Michael B.G. Froman. 2016 National Trade Estimate Report on FOREIGN TRADE BARRIERS (PDF) (报告). 2016-04 [2024-01-12]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2024-02-06）（美国英语）.
美贸易代表办公室：中国网络防火墙是贸易障碍. 美国之音. 2016-04-08 [2024-01-12]. （原始内容存档于2024-01-12）.
晧宇. 欧阳成 , 编. 美国首列互联网屏蔽为贸易壁垒中国反驳. BBC News 中文. 2016-04-08 [2024-01-12]. （原始内容存档于2024-01-12）.
袁莉. 那些和「防火長城」一起長大的中國年輕人. 紐約時報. 2018-08-07 [2018-08-30]. （原始内容存档于2018-08-30）（中文）. 经过18个月的调查研究后，北京大学和斯坦福大学两名经济学家今年得出了结论，中国大学生对于获取未经审查的政治敏感信息漠不关心。他们给北京两所大学的近1000名学生提供了能够绕过审查的免费工具，但发现近半数学生并没有使用它。在那些使用了的学生中，几乎没人花时间浏览遭到屏蔽的外国新闻网站。
中國異議人士號召拆中共「網路柏林牆」. 世界新聞網. 2023-05-02 [2024-06-13]. （原始内容存档于2024-06-13）.
程寬厚. 狀告中共網路柏林圍牆恐衝擊中國網路主權倡議. 中央廣播電臺. 2023-05-02 [2024-06-13]. （原始内容存档于2024-12-11）.

wikinews.org (Global: 5,118^th place; Chinese: 4,559^th place)

zh.wikinews.org

維基新聞相關報導：河北程序员被控翻墙没收105万人民币

wired.com (Global: 193^rd place; Chinese: 421^st place)

Geremie R. Barme; Ye, Sang. The Great Firewall of China. Wired. 1997-06-01 [2015-12-29]. （原始内容存档于2016-01-01）. A computer engineer in his late 30s, Comrade X...is overseeing efforts to build a digital equivalent to China's Great Wall. Under construction since last year, what's officially known as the "firewall" is designed to keep Chinese cyberspace free of pollutants of all sorts
Sarah Lai Stirland. Cisco Leak: ‘Great Firewall’ of China Was a Chance to Sell More Routers. 2008-05-20 [2009-06-27]. （原始内容存档于2009-06-26）.

wolfssl.com (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

Differences between TLS 1.2 and TLS 1.3 (#TLS13) - wolfSSL. 2019-02-18 [2021-10-08]. （原始内容存档于2019-07-17）（美国英语）. All handshake messages after the ServerHello are now encrypted.

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; Chinese: 12^th place)

Anonymous. The Collateral Damage of Internet Censorship by DNS Injection. SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev. (Association for Computing Machinery). 2012-06-26, 43 (3): 21–27. ISSN 0146-4833. doi:10.1145/2317307.2317311.
Anderson, Daniel. Splinternet Behind the Great Firewall of China: Once China Opened Its Door to the World, It Could Not Close It Again.. Queue (Association for Computing Machinery). 2012-11, 10 (11): 40–49. ISSN 1542-7730. doi:10.1145/2390756.2405036. According to a paper published by its designers, GFW relies on null routing (see figure 1) to block IP packets by blacklisting destination addresses. By peering with the gateway routers of all Chinese ISPs, GFW injects routing information into BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) and hijacks all traffic to blocked websites—such as twitter.com.
刘刚; 云晓春; 方滨兴; 胡铭曾. 一种基于路由扩散的大规模网络控管方法. 通信学报. 2003. ISSN 1000-436X.

worldjournal.com (Global: 7,042^nd place; Chinese: 279^th place)

中國異議人士號召拆中共「網路柏林牆」. 世界新聞網. 2023-05-02 [2024-06-13]. （原始内容存档于2024-06-13）.

wsj.com (Global: 79^th place; Chinese: 143^rd place)

blogs.wsj.com

Microsoft Says Outlook Hacked in China. 華爾街日報. 2015-01-21 [2021-10-09]. （原始内容存档于2021-10-09）（英语）. Outlook users in China accessing their email through an email client saw a pop-up message saying “Cannot Verify Server Identity” and asking if they wanted to continue anyway

yahoo.com (Global: 38^th place; Chinese: 9^th place)

hk.news.yahoo.com

新疆斷網312天生存記：習慣斷網並不像我們想的那麼困難. Yahoo News. 2017-01-24 [2025-09-16] （中文（香港））.

yyyyiiii.blogspot.com (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

Fallows, James. “The Connection Has Been Reset” [“连接被重置”]. 大西洋 (雜誌). 由BLUE的炫影翻译. 2008-03-24 [2021-07-16]. （原始内容存档于2011-10-17）.

yzzk.com (Global: low place; Chinese: 844^th place)

李永峰. 網民披露方濱興是GFW之父國慶前夕中國網絡再次收緊. 亞洲週刊. 2009-10-04, 23 (39) [2009-09-25]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-15）（中文（繁體））.

zorinaq.com (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

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Bevand, Marc. My Experience With the Great Firewall of China. 2016-01-14 [2024-01-13]. （原始内容存档于2024-01-13）.

防火长城 (Chinese Wikipedia)

archive.today (Global: 14th place; Chinese: 18th place)

arxiv.org (Global: 69th place; Chinese: 254th place)

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archive.today (Global: 14^th place; Chinese: 18^th place)

arxiv.org (Global: 69^th place; Chinese: 254^th place)

bbc.com (Global: 20^th place; Chinese: 41^st place)

cac.gov.cn (Global: low place; Chinese: 3,050^th place)

cam.ac.uk (Global: 670^th place; Chinese: 845^th place)

china.org.cn (Global: 1,653^rd place; Chinese: 881^st place)

chinanews.com (Global: 1,432^nd place; Chinese: 50^th place)

chinareform.org.cn (Global: low place; Chinese: 8,829^th place)

chinaunix.net (Global: low place; Chinese: 6,428^th place)

cisco.com (Global: 2,882^nd place; Chinese: 2,383^rd place)

cmu.edu (Global: 1,564^th place; Chinese: 1,640^th place)

cna.com.tw (Global: 527^th place; Chinese: 24^th place)

cnii.com.cn (Global: low place; Chinese: 8,522^nd place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; Chinese: 23^rd place)

dw.com (Global: 204^th place; Chinese: 124^th place)

epochtimes.com (Global: 1,673^rd place; Chinese: 52^nd place)

forbes.com (Global: 54^th place; Chinese: 88^th place)

ftchinese.com (Global: low place; Chinese: 730^th place)

globaltimes.cn (Global: low place; Chinese: 1,577^th place)

gov.cn (Global: 1,676^th place; Chinese: 62^nd place)

greatfire.org (Global: low place; Chinese: 980^th place)

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; Chinese: 57^th place)

hi2net.com (Global: low place; Chinese: 2,566^th place)

huanqiu.com (Global: 2,206^th place; Chinese: 65^th place)

ieee.org (Global: 652^nd place; Chinese: 712^th place)

ietf.org (Global: 214^th place; Chinese: 406^th place)

ifeng.com (Global: 542^nd place; Chinese: 27^th place)

infzm.com (Global: low place; Chinese: 423^rd place)

libertytimes.com.tw (Global: 2,235^th place; Chinese: 69^th place)

mfa.gov.cn (Global: 8,825^th place; Chinese: 393^rd place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; Chinese: 31^st place)

opennet.net (Global: low place; Chinese: 9,508^th place)

pbs.org (Global: 198^th place; Chinese: 378^th place)

people.com.cn (Global: 351^st place; Chinese: 20^th place)

qq.com (Global: 381^st place; Chinese: 15^th place)

reuters.com (Global: 49^th place; Chinese: 81^st place)

rfa.org (Global: 1,893^rd place; Chinese: 94^th place)

rfi.fr (Global: 559^th place; Chinese: 76^th place)

rti.org.tw (Global: 5,831^st place; Chinese: 230^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; Chinese: 332^nd place)

sina.com (Global: 2,322^nd place; Chinese: 97^th place)

sina.com.cn (Global: 144^th place; Chinese: 3^rd place)

solidot.org (Global: low place; Chinese: 754^th place)

theglobeandmail.com (Global: 293^rd place; Chinese: 782^nd place)

theinitium.com (Global: 7,388^th place; Chinese: 267^th place)

torproject.org (Global: 8,542^nd place; Chinese: 6,071^st place)

tumblr.com (Global: 784^th place; Chinese: 1,047^th place)

ucr.edu (Global: 1,553^rd place; Chinese: 1,576^th place)

umich.edu (Global: 459^th place; Chinese: 752^nd place)

unm.edu (Global: 2,007^th place; Chinese: 3,904^th place)

usenix.org (Global: 5,990^th place; Chinese: 4,780^th place)

voachinese.com (Global: 2,382^nd place; Chinese: 72^nd place)

voanews.com (Global: 581^st place; Chinese: 387^th place)

washingtonpost.com (Global: 34^th place; Chinese: 129^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; Chinese: 1^st place)

wikinews.org (Global: 5,118^th place; Chinese: 4,559^th place)

wired.com (Global: 193^rd place; Chinese: 421^st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; Chinese: 12^th place)

worldjournal.com (Global: 7,042^nd place; Chinese: 279^th place)

wsj.com (Global: 79^th place; Chinese: 143^rd place)

yahoo.com (Global: 38^th place; Chinese: 9^th place)

yzzk.com (Global: low place; Chinese: 844^th place)