阿什肯納茲猶太人 (Chinese Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "阿什肯納茲猶太人" in Chinese language version.

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61web.archive.org

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ajcarchives.org

The Jewish Population of the World (2010). Jewish Virtual Library. [2022-01-23]. （原始内容存档于2010-06-21）. , based on American Jewish Year Book. American Jewish Committee. [2022-01-23]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-05）.

archive.org

Michael Brenner, A Short History of the Jews Princeton University Press (2010), p. 96.
Colletta, John Phillip. Finding Italian Roots: The Complete Guide for Americans. Genealogical Publishing. 2003: 146–148. ISBN 0-8063-1741-8.

archive.today

Seldin MF, Shigeta R, Villoslada P; et al. European population substructure: clustering of northern and southern populations. PLoS Genet. September 2006, 2 (9): e143 [2018-11-12]. PMC 1564423 . PMID 17044734. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0020143. （原始内容存档于2012-07-09）.

beitberl.ac.il

ftp.beitberl.ac.il

Jared Diamond. Who are the Jews? (PDF). 1993 [8 November 2010]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于21 July 2011）. Natural History 102:11 (November 1993): 12–19.

books.google.com

Henry L. Feingold. Bearing Witness: How America and Its Jews Responded to the Holocaust. Syracuse University Press. 1995: 36 [2022-01-23]. ISBN 9780815626701. （原始内容存档于2018-12-24）.
Glenda Abramson (ed.), Encyclopedia of Modern Jewish Culture （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Routledge 2004 p. 20.
T. C. W. Blanning (ed.), The Oxford History of Modern Europe （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Oxford University Press, 2000 pp. 147–48
Yaacov Ro'i, "Soviet Jewry from Identification to Identity", in Eliezer Ben Rafael, Yosef Gorni, Yaacov Ro'i (eds.) Contemporary Jewries: Convergence and Divergence （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Brill 2003 p. 186.
Dov Katz, "Languages of the Diaspora", in Mark Avrum Ehrlich (ed.), Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture, Volume 1 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, ABC-CLIO 2008 pp. 193ff [195].
Sergio DellaPergola. "Sephardic and Oriental" Jews in Israel and Countries: Migration, Social Change, and Identification. Peter Y. Medding (编). Sephardic Jewry and Mizrahi Jews X11. Oxford University Press. 2008: 3–42 [2022-01-23]. ISBN 978-0199712502. （原始内容存档于2022-04-14）. Della Pergola does not analyze or mention the Ashkenazi statistics, but the figure is implied by his rough estimate that in 2000, Oriental and Sephardi Jews constituted 26% of the population of world Jewry.
E. Mary Smallwood, The Jews Under Roman Rule: From Pompey to Diocletian: a Study in Political Relations, Brill Publishers, 2001, p. 507.
Toch, Michael (2013). The Economic History of European Jews: Late Antiquity and Early Middle Ages （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Leiden: Brill. pp. 156–57.
Toch (2013). p. 242 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.
Toch (2013), p. 67 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, p. 239 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.
Toch (2013), p. 68 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.
Nina Rowe, The Jew, the Cathedral and the Medieval City: Synagoga and Ecclesia in the 13th Century （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Cambridge University Press, 2011 p. 30.
Tony Nick Frudakis. Molecular Photofitting: Predicting Ancestry and Phenotype Using DNA. 2010-07-19: 383 [2022-01-26]. ISBN 978-0080551371. （原始内容存档于2022-01-26）.

cbs.gov.il

Statistical Abstract of Israel, 2009, CBS. Table 2.24 – Jews, by country of origin and age (PDF). [22 March 2010]. （原始内容存档于2018-12-24）.

www1.cbs.gov.il

Yitzhaki, Shlomo and Schechtman, Edna The "Melting Pot": A Success Story? Journal of Economic Inequality, Vol; 7, No. 2, June 2009, pp. 137–51. Earlier version by Schechtman, Edna and Yitzhaki, Shlomo 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期9 November 2013., Working Paper No. 32, Central Bureau of Statistics, Jerusalem, Nov. 2007, i + 30 pp.

cet.ac.il

kotar.cet.ac.il

Nitza Ben-Ari, "The Melting Pot Policy" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Tel Aviv University Publishing

cia.gov

Field Listing - Legislative Branch. World Fact Book. CIA. [8 November 2013]. （原始内容存档于2017-10-11）.

doi.org

dx.doi.org

Seldin MF, Shigeta R, Villoslada P; et al. European population substructure: clustering of northern and southern populations. PLoS Genet. September 2006, 2 (9): e143 [2018-11-12]. PMC 1564423 . PMID 17044734. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0020143. （原始内容存档于2012-07-09）.
Adams SM, Bosch E, Balaresque PL; et al. The genetic legacy of religious diversity and intolerance: paternal lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula. American Journal of Human Genetics. December 2008, 83 (6): 725–736. PMC 2668061 . PMID 19061982. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007.
M. D. Costa and 16 others. A substantial prehistoric European ancestry amongst Ashkenazi maternal lineages. Nature Communications. 2013, 4 [2015-03-16]. PMC 3806353 . PMID 24104924. doi:10.1038/ncomms3543. （原始内容存档于2015-03-16）.
Shai Carmi, Ken Y. Hui, Ethan Kochav, Xinmin Liu, James Xue, Fillan Grady, Saurav Guha, Kinnari Upadhyay, Dan Ben-Avraham, Semanti Mukherjee, B. Monica Bowen, Tinu Thomas, Joseph Vijai, Marc Cruts, Guy Froyen, Diether Lambrechts, Stéphane Plaisance, Christine Van Broeckhoven, Philip Van Damme, Herwig Van Marck; et al. Sequencing an Ashkenazi reference panel supports population-targeted personal genomics and illuminates Jewish and European origins. Nature Communications. September 2014, 5 [16 September 2014]. doi:10.1038/ncomms5835. （原始内容存档于2015-03-16）.
Costa, Marta D.; Pereira, Joana B.; Pala, Maria; Fernandes, Verónica; Olivieri, Anna; Achilli, Alessandro; Perego, Ugo A.; Rychkov, Sergei; Naumova, Oksana; Hatina, Jiři; Woodward, Scott R.; Eng, Ken Khong; Macaulay, Vincent; Carr, Martin; Soares, Pedro; Pereira, Luísa; Richards, Martin B. A substantial prehistoric European ancestry amongst Ashkenazi maternal lineages. Nature Communications. 8 October 2013, 4 (1): 2543. Bibcode:2013NatCo...4.2543C. PMC 3806353 . PMID 24104924. doi:10.1038/ncomms3543.
Behar, Doron M.; Ene Metspalu; Toomas Kivisild; Alessandro Achilli; Yarin Hadid; Shay Tzur; Luisa Pereira; Antonio Amorim; Lluı's Quintana-Murci; Kari Majamaa; Corinna Herrnstadt; Neil Howell; Oleg Balanovsky; Ildus Kutuev; Andrey Pshenichnov; David Gurwitz; Batsheva Bonne-Tamir; Antonio Torroni; Richard Villems; Karl Skorecki. The Matrilineal Ancestry of Ashkenazi Jewry: Portrait of a Recent Founder Event (PDF). American Journal of Human Genetics. March 2006, 78 (3): 487–97 [30 December 2008]. PMC 1380291 . PMID 16404693. doi:10.1086/500307. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2 December 2007）.
Eva Fernández; Alejandro Pérez-Pérez; Cristina Gamba; Eva Prats; Pedro Cuesta; Josep Anfruns; Miquel Molist; Eduardo Arroyo-Pardo; Daniel Turbón. Ancient DNA Analysis of 8000 B.C. Near Eastern Farmers Supports an Early Neolithic Pioneer Maritime Colonization of Mainland Europe through Cyprus and the Aegean Islands. PLOS Genetics. 5 June 2014, 10 (6): e1004401. PMC 4046922 . PMID 24901650. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004401.
Xue J, Lencz T, Darvasi A, Pe'er I, Carmi S. The time and place of European admixture in Ashkenazi Jewish history. PLOS Genetics. April 2017, 13 (4): e1006644. PMC 5380316 . PMID 28376121. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006644.
M.F. Hammer; A.J. Redd; E.T. Wood; M.R. Bonner; H. Jarjanazi; T. Karafet; S. Santachiara-Benerecetti; A. Oppenheim; M.A. Jobling; T. Jenkins‡‡; H. Ostrer; B. Bonné-Tamir. Jewish and Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations share a common pool of Y-chromosome biallelic haplotypes. PNAS. 2000, 97 (12): 6769–6774. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.6769H. PMC 18733 . PMID 10801975. doi:10.1073/pnas.100115997 .
M. D. Costa and 16 others. A substantial prehistoric European ancestry amongst Ashkenazi maternal lineages. Nature Communications. 2013, 4: 2543. Bibcode:2013NatCo...4.2543C. PMC 3806353 . PMID 24104924. doi:10.1038/ncomms3543.
Behar, Doron M; et al. The Matrilineal Ancestry of Ashkenazi Jewry: Portrait of a Recent Founder Event (PDF). American Journal of Human Genetics: 487–97. [2022-01-23]. doi:10.1086/500307. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2007-12-02）.
Eva Fernández; et al. Ancient DNA Analysis of 8000 B.C. Near Eastern Farmers Supports an Early Neolithic Pioneer Maritime Colonization of Mainland Europe through Cyprus and the Aegean Islands. PLoS Genet. [2022-01-26]. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004401. （原始内容存档于2022-06-01）.

familytreedna.com

Behar, Doron M.; Ene Metspalu; Toomas Kivisild; Alessandro Achilli; Yarin Hadid; Shay Tzur; Luisa Pereira; Antonio Amorim; Lluı's Quintana-Murci; Kari Majamaa; Corinna Herrnstadt; Neil Howell; Oleg Balanovsky; Ildus Kutuev; Andrey Pshenichnov; David Gurwitz; Batsheva Bonne-Tamir; Antonio Torroni; Richard Villems; Karl Skorecki. The Matrilineal Ancestry of Ashkenazi Jewry: Portrait of a Recent Founder Event (PDF). American Journal of Human Genetics. March 2006, 78 (3): 487–97 [30 December 2008]. PMC 1380291 . PMID 16404693. doi:10.1086/500307. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2 December 2007）.

forward.com

Jewish Women's Genes Traced Mostly to Europe – Not Israel – Study Hits Claim Ashkenazi Jews Migrated From Holy Land. The Jewish Daily Forward. 12 October 2013 [2015-03-16]. （原始内容存档于2018-12-24）.

ftdna.com

Behar, Doron M; et al. The Matrilineal Ancestry of Ashkenazi Jewry: Portrait of a Recent Founder Event (PDF). American Journal of Human Genetics: 487–97. [2022-01-23]. doi:10.1086/500307. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2007-12-02）.

google.co.il

books.google.co.il

Mark Avrum Ehrlich, ed. (2009). Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture, Volume 1 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781851098736.
Gruen, Erich S.:The Construct of Identity in Hellenistic Judaism: Essays on Early Jewish Literature and History , p. 28 (2016). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Davies, William David; Finkelstein, Louis; Horbury, William; Sturdy, John; Katz, Steven T.; Hart, Mitchell Bryan; Michels, Tony; Karp, Jonathan; Sutcliffe, Adam; Chazan, Robert: The Cambridge History of Judaism: The early Roman period （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, p.168 (1984), Cambridge University Press

google.com

Wesselius, J.W. Camp, Claudia V.; Mein, Andrew , 编. The Origin of the History of Israel. 2002: 99 [2019-03-01]. ISBN 978-0567564252. （原始内容存档于2021-03-09）.

haaretz.com

Liphshiz, Cnaan. Melting pot' approach in the army was a mistake, says IDF absorption head. Haaretz. 9 May 2008 [8 November 2013]. （原始内容存档于2017-08-22）.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Costa, Marta D.; Pereira, Joana B.; Pala, Maria; Fernandes, Verónica; Olivieri, Anna; Achilli, Alessandro; Perego, Ugo A.; Rychkov, Sergei; Naumova, Oksana; Hatina, Jiři; Woodward, Scott R.; Eng, Ken Khong; Macaulay, Vincent; Carr, Martin; Soares, Pedro; Pereira, Luísa; Richards, Martin B. A substantial prehistoric European ancestry amongst Ashkenazi maternal lineages. Nature Communications. 8 October 2013, 4 (1): 2543. Bibcode:2013NatCo...4.2543C. PMC 3806353 . PMID 24104924. doi:10.1038/ncomms3543.
M.F. Hammer; A.J. Redd; E.T. Wood; M.R. Bonner; H. Jarjanazi; T. Karafet; S. Santachiara-Benerecetti; A. Oppenheim; M.A. Jobling; T. Jenkins‡‡; H. Ostrer; B. Bonné-Tamir. Jewish and Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations share a common pool of Y-chromosome biallelic haplotypes. PNAS. 2000, 97 (12): 6769–6774. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.6769H. PMC 18733 . PMID 10801975. doi:10.1073/pnas.100115997 .
M. D. Costa and 16 others. A substantial prehistoric European ancestry amongst Ashkenazi maternal lineages. Nature Communications. 2013, 4: 2543. Bibcode:2013NatCo...4.2543C. PMC 3806353 . PMID 24104924. doi:10.1038/ncomms3543.

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Ashkenazi Jews. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. [29 October 2013]. （原始内容存档于2013-10-20）.

ima.org.il

Feldman, Gabriel E. Do Ashkenazi Jews have a Higher than expected Cancer Burden? Implications for cancer control prioritization efforts. Israel Medical Association Journal. May 2001, 3 (5): 341–46 [2013-09-04]. （原始内容存档于2013-09-21）.

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The Jewish Population of the World (2010). Jewish Virtual Library. [2022-01-23]. （原始内容存档于2010-06-21）. , based on American Jewish Year Book. American Jewish Committee. [2022-01-23]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-05）.
"Pronunciations of Hebrew." （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Jewish Virtual Library. 27 May 2014.
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jewishvoiceny.com

Martin Gershowitz. New Study Finds Most Ashkenazi Jews Genetically Linked to Europe. Jewish Voice. 2013-10-16 [2013-10-31]. （原始内容存档于2012-08-26）.

jh.edu

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Johns Hopkins Gazette: September 8, 1997. pages.jh.edu. [2022-01-22]. （原始内容存档于2019-07-01）.

jhu.edu

First genetic mutation for colorectal cancer identified in Ashkenazi Jews. The Gazette (Johns Hopkins University). 8 September 1997 [2013-07-24]. （原始内容存档于2018-12-24）.

jweekly.com

Meyers, Nechemia. Are Israel's Marriage Laws 'Archaic and Irrelevant'?. Jewish News Weekly. 12 July 1997 [17 July 2008]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-21）.

nature.com

M. D. Costa and 16 others. A substantial prehistoric European ancestry amongst Ashkenazi maternal lineages. Nature Communications. 2013, 4 [2015-03-16]. PMC 3806353 . PMID 24104924. doi:10.1038/ncomms3543. （原始内容存档于2015-03-16）.
Shai Carmi, Ken Y. Hui, Ethan Kochav, Xinmin Liu, James Xue, Fillan Grady, Saurav Guha, Kinnari Upadhyay, Dan Ben-Avraham, Semanti Mukherjee, B. Monica Bowen, Tinu Thomas, Joseph Vijai, Marc Cruts, Guy Froyen, Diether Lambrechts, Stéphane Plaisance, Christine Van Broeckhoven, Philip Van Damme, Herwig Van Marck; et al. Sequencing an Ashkenazi reference panel supports population-targeted personal genomics and illuminates Jewish and European origins. Nature Communications. September 2014, 5 [16 September 2014]. doi:10.1038/ncomms5835. （原始内容存档于2015-03-16）.

nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Seldin MF, Shigeta R, Villoslada P; et al. European population substructure: clustering of northern and southern populations. PLoS Genet. September 2006, 2 (9): e143 [2018-11-12]. PMC 1564423 . PMID 17044734. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0020143. （原始内容存档于2012-07-09）.
Adams SM, Bosch E, Balaresque PL; et al. The genetic legacy of religious diversity and intolerance: paternal lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula. American Journal of Human Genetics. December 2008, 83 (6): 725–736. PMC 2668061 . PMID 19061982. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007.
M. D. Costa and 16 others. A substantial prehistoric European ancestry amongst Ashkenazi maternal lineages. Nature Communications. 2013, 4 [2015-03-16]. PMC 3806353 . PMID 24104924. doi:10.1038/ncomms3543. （原始内容存档于2015-03-16）.
Costa, Marta D.; Pereira, Joana B.; Pala, Maria; Fernandes, Verónica; Olivieri, Anna; Achilli, Alessandro; Perego, Ugo A.; Rychkov, Sergei; Naumova, Oksana; Hatina, Jiři; Woodward, Scott R.; Eng, Ken Khong; Macaulay, Vincent; Carr, Martin; Soares, Pedro; Pereira, Luísa; Richards, Martin B. A substantial prehistoric European ancestry amongst Ashkenazi maternal lineages. Nature Communications. 8 October 2013, 4 (1): 2543. Bibcode:2013NatCo...4.2543C. PMC 3806353 . PMID 24104924. doi:10.1038/ncomms3543.
Behar, Doron M.; Ene Metspalu; Toomas Kivisild; Alessandro Achilli; Yarin Hadid; Shay Tzur; Luisa Pereira; Antonio Amorim; Lluı's Quintana-Murci; Kari Majamaa; Corinna Herrnstadt; Neil Howell; Oleg Balanovsky; Ildus Kutuev; Andrey Pshenichnov; David Gurwitz; Batsheva Bonne-Tamir; Antonio Torroni; Richard Villems; Karl Skorecki. The Matrilineal Ancestry of Ashkenazi Jewry: Portrait of a Recent Founder Event (PDF). American Journal of Human Genetics. March 2006, 78 (3): 487–97 [30 December 2008]. PMC 1380291 . PMID 16404693. doi:10.1086/500307. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2 December 2007）.
Eva Fernández; Alejandro Pérez-Pérez; Cristina Gamba; Eva Prats; Pedro Cuesta; Josep Anfruns; Miquel Molist; Eduardo Arroyo-Pardo; Daniel Turbón. Ancient DNA Analysis of 8000 B.C. Near Eastern Farmers Supports an Early Neolithic Pioneer Maritime Colonization of Mainland Europe through Cyprus and the Aegean Islands. PLOS Genetics. 5 June 2014, 10 (6): e1004401. PMC 4046922 . PMID 24901650. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004401.
Xue J, Lencz T, Darvasi A, Pe'er I, Carmi S. The time and place of European admixture in Ashkenazi Jewish history. PLOS Genetics. April 2017, 13 (4): e1006644. PMC 5380316 . PMID 28376121. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006644.
M.F. Hammer; A.J. Redd; E.T. Wood; M.R. Bonner; H. Jarjanazi; T. Karafet; S. Santachiara-Benerecetti; A. Oppenheim; M.A. Jobling; T. Jenkins‡‡; H. Ostrer; B. Bonné-Tamir. Jewish and Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations share a common pool of Y-chromosome biallelic haplotypes. PNAS. 2000, 97 (12): 6769–6774. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.6769H. PMC 18733 . PMID 10801975. doi:10.1073/pnas.100115997 .
M. D. Costa and 16 others. A substantial prehistoric European ancestry amongst Ashkenazi maternal lineages. Nature Communications. 2013, 4: 2543. Bibcode:2013NatCo...4.2543C. PMC 3806353 . PMID 24104924. doi:10.1038/ncomms3543.
Eva Fernández; et al. Ancient DNA Analysis of 8000 B.C. Near Eastern Farmers Supports an Early Neolithic Pioneer Maritime Colonization of Mainland Europe through Cyprus and the Aegean Islands. PLoS Genet. [2022-01-26]. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004401. （原始内容存档于2022-06-01）.
Tian Jiao-Yang, Wang Hua-Wei, Li Y. C.; 等. "A Genetic Contribution from the Far East into Ashkenazi Jews via the Ancient Silk Road." （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Scientific Reports 5 (February 11, 2015): 8377. PMID 25669617. doi:10.1038/srep08377.

nymag.com

Jesse Green. What Do a Bunch of Old Jews Know About Living Forever?. New York Magazine. 6 November 2011 [2013-07-19]. （原始内容存档于2022-06-02）.

nytimes.com

Wade, Nicholas. Studies Show Jews' Genetic Similarity. The New York Times. 9 June 2010 [2013-08-15]. （原始内容存档于2018-12-24）.
NICHOLAS WADE, New Light on Origins of Ashkenazi in Europe, The New York Times. [2008-01-10]. （原始内容存档于2008-12-10）.
Wade, Nicholas. Y Chromosome Bears Witness to Story of the Jewish Diaspora. The New York Times. 9 May 2000 [10 October 2012]. （原始内容存档于2017-11-24）.
Wade, Nicholas. New Light on Origins of Ashkenazi in Europe. 2006年1月14日 [2022年1月26日]. （原始内容存档于2022年5月5日）.
Nicholas Wade. Genes Suggest European Women at Root of Ashkenazi Family Tree. The New York Times. 8 October 2013 [2022-01-26]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-23）.

plosjournals.org

genetics.plosjournals.org

Seldin MF, Shigeta R, Villoslada P; et al. European population substructure: clustering of northern and southern populations. PLoS Genet. September 2006, 2 (9): e143 [2018-11-12]. PMC 1564423 . PMID 17044734. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0020143. （原始内容存档于2012-07-09）.

rug.nl

pace.webhosting.rug.nl

Flavius Josephus: The Judean War （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Book 6, Chapter 9

sciencedaily.com

Jews Are The Genetic Brothers Of Palestinians, Syrians, And Lebanese. Science Daily. 2000-05-09 [2013-07-19]. （原始内容存档于2018-12-25）.

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Sephardim （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） - YIVO Encyclopedia