阿片剂 (Chinese Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "阿片剂" in Chinese language version.

refsWebsite

Global rank Chinese rank

20nih.gov

4^th place

5^th place

16worldcat.org

5^th place

12^th place

15web.archive.org

1^st place

15doi.org

2^nd place

23^rd place

4unodc.org

2,494^th place

2,317^th place

4semanticscholar.org

11^th place

332^nd place

3archive.org

6^th place

4^th place

3harvard.edu

18^th place

57^th place

1books.google.com

3^rd place

8^th place

1reference.com

657^th place

871^st place

1cdc.gov

218^th place

198^th place

1who.int

195^th place

179^th place

1mcmaster.ca

6,572^nd place

low place

1illinois.edu

1,349^th place

2,070^th place

1theguardian.com

12^th place

60^th place

1claudiacopeland.com

low place

1asam.org

low place

1drugabuse.gov

6,166^th place

3,264^th place

1icsi.org

low place

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; Chinese: 4^th place)

Gruber, Staci A.; Silveri, Marisa M.; Yurgelun-Todd, Deborah A. Neuropsychological Consequences of Opiate Use. Neuropsychology Review. 2007-09-01, 17 (3): 299–315. ISSN 1573-6660. PMID 17690984. S2CID 22057898. doi:10.1007/s11065-007-9041-y.
Andersen, Gertrud; Christrup, Lona; Sjøgren, Per. Relationships among morphine metabolism, pain and side effects during long-term treatment: an update. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. January 2003, 25 (1): 74–91. ISSN 0885-3924. PMID 12565191. doi:10.1016/s0885-3924(02)00531-6 .
Patanwala, Asad E; Duby, Jeremiah; Waters, Dustin; Erstad, Brian L. Opioid Conversions in Acute Care. Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2007-02-01, 41 (2): 255–267. ISSN 1060-0280. PMID 17299011. S2CID 2684749. doi:10.1345/aph.1H421.

asam.org (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

Morphine Equivalent Units/Morphine Milligram Equivalents. www.asam.org. [2019-11-10]. （原始内容存档于2021-10-19）.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; Chinese: 8^th place)

Hemmings, Hugh C.; Egan, Talmage D. Pharmacology and Physiology for Anesthesia: Foundations and Clinical Application: Expert Consult - Online and Print. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2014: 253. ISBN 978-1437716795. Opiate is the older term classically used in pharmacology to mean a drug derived from opium. Opioid, a more modern term, is used to designate all substances, both natural and synthetic, that bind to opioid receptors (including antagonists).

cdc.gov (Global: 218^th place; Chinese: 198^th place)

CDC Press Releases. CDC. 2016-01-01 [2019-10-17]. （原始内容存档于2022-12-02）.

claudiacopeland.com (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

Copeland, CS. The Human Side of the Heroin Epidemic (PDF). Healthcare Journal of New Orleans. Jul–Aug 2014 [2022-10-30]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-10-30）.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; Chinese: 23^rd place)

Brownstein, M J. A brief history of opiates, opioid peptides, and opioid receptors.. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1993-06-15, 90 (12): 5391–5393. Bibcode:1993PNAS...90.5391B. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 46725 . PMID 8390660. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.12.5391 .
Gruber, Staci A.; Silveri, Marisa M.; Yurgelun-Todd, Deborah A. Neuropsychological Consequences of Opiate Use. Neuropsychology Review. 2007-09-01, 17 (3): 299–315. ISSN 1573-6660. PMID 17690984. S2CID 22057898. doi:10.1007/s11065-007-9041-y.
Galanie, Stephanie; Thodey, Kate; Trenchard, Isis J.; Interrante, Maria Filsinger; Smolke, Christina D. Complete biosynthesis of opioids in yeast. Science. 2015-09-04, 349 (6252): 1095–1100. Bibcode:2015Sci...349.1095G. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 4924617 . PMID 26272907. doi:10.1126/science.aac9373.
Kirchheiner, J.; Schmidt, H.; Tzvetkov, M.; Keulen, J.-Tha; Lötsch, J.; Roots, I.; Brockmöller, J. Pharmacokinetics of codeine and its metabolite morphine in ultra-rapid metabolizers due to CYP2D6 duplication. The Pharmacogenomics Journal. August 2007, 7 (4): 257–265. ISSN 1473-1150. PMID 16819548. doi:10.1038/sj.tpj.6500406 .
Christrup, L. L. Morphine metabolites. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. January 1997, 41 (1): 116–122. PMID 9061094. S2CID 9858042. doi:10.1111/j.1399-6576.1997.tb04625.x.
Andersen, Gertrud; Christrup, Lona; Sjøgren, Per. Relationships among morphine metabolism, pain and side effects during long-term treatment: an update. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. January 2003, 25 (1): 74–91. ISSN 0885-3924. PMID 12565191. doi:10.1016/s0885-3924(02)00531-6 .
Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, Bueno H, Cleland JGF, Coats AJS; et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC.. Eur Heart J. 2016, 37 (27): 2129–2200. PMID 27206819. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehw128 .
Patanwala, Asad E; Duby, Jeremiah; Waters, Dustin; Erstad, Brian L. Opioid Conversions in Acute Care. Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2007-02-01, 41 (2): 255–267. ISSN 1060-0280. PMID 17299011. S2CID 2684749. doi:10.1345/aph.1H421.
Benyamin, Ramsin; Trescot, Andrea M.; Datta, Sukdeb; Buenaventura, Ricardo; Adlaka, Rajive; Sehgal, Nalini; Glaser, Scott E.; Vallejo, Ricardo. Opioid complications and side effects. Pain Physician. 2008, 11 (2 Suppl): S105–120. ISSN 1533-3159. PMID 18443635. doi:10.36076/ppj.2008/11/S105 .
Benyamin, Ramsin; Trescot, Andrea M.; Datta, Sukdeb; Buenaventura, Ricardo; Adlaka, Rajive; Sehgal, Nalini; Glaser, Scott E.; Vallejo, Ricardo. Opioid complications and side effects. Pain Physician. March 2008, 11 (2 Suppl): S105–120. ISSN 1533-3159. PMID 18443635. doi:10.36076/ppj.2008/11/S105 .
Foster, Adriana; Mobley, Elizabeth; Wang, Zixuan. Complicated Pain Management in a CYP450 2D6 Poor Metabolizer. Pain Practice. 2007, 7 (4): 352–356. ISSN 1533-2500. PMID 17986163. S2CID 30624022. doi:10.1111/j.1533-2500.2007.00153.x.
Pathan, Hasan; Williams, John. Basic opioid pharmacology: an update. British Journal of Pain. 2012, 6 (1): 11–16. ISSN 2049-4637. PMC 4590096 . PMID 26516461. doi:10.1177/2049463712438493.
Pasternak, Gavril W.; Pan, Ying-Xian. Mu Opioids and Their Receptors: Evolution of a Concept. Pharmacological Reviews. October 2013, 65 (4): 1257–1317. ISSN 0031-6997. PMC 3799236 . PMID 24076545. doi:10.1124/pr.112.007138.
Benyamin, Ramsin; Trescot, Andrea M.; Datta, Sukdeb; Buenaventura, Ricardo; Adlaka, Rajive; Sehgal, Nalini; Glaser, Scott E.; Vallejo, Ricardo. Opioid complications and side effects. Pain Physician. March 2008, 11 (2 Suppl): S105–120. ISSN 1533-3159. PMID 18443635. doi:10.36076/ppj.2008/11/S105 .
Webster, Lynn R. Risk Factors for Opioid-Use Disorder and Overdose. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2017, 125 (5): 1741–1748. ISSN 1526-7598. PMID 29049118. doi:10.1213/ANE.0000000000002496 .

drugabuse.gov (Global: 6,166^th place; Chinese: 3,264^th place)

Abuse, National Institute on Drug. Prescription Opioids. www.drugabuse.gov. [2019-10-24]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-12）.

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; Chinese: 57^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Brownstein, M J. A brief history of opiates, opioid peptides, and opioid receptors.. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1993-06-15, 90 (12): 5391–5393. Bibcode:1993PNAS...90.5391B. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 46725 . PMID 8390660. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.12.5391 .
Galanie, Stephanie; Thodey, Kate; Trenchard, Isis J.; Interrante, Maria Filsinger; Smolke, Christina D. Complete biosynthesis of opioids in yeast. Science. 2015-09-04, 349 (6252): 1095–1100. Bibcode:2015Sci...349.1095G. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 4924617 . PMID 26272907. doi:10.1126/science.aac9373.

health.harvard.edu

Publishing, Harvard Health. Pain relief, opioids, and constipation. Harvard Health. 27 September 2018 [2019-10-24]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-15）.

icsi.org (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

Appendix C – Opioid Pharmacology. ICSI. [2019-10-24]. （原始内容存档于2021-06-08）.

illinois.edu (Global: 1,349^th place; Chinese: 2,070^th place)

scs.illinois.edu

Synthesis of morphine alkaloids Presentation School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2013-02-28. retrieved 12-02-2010

mcmaster.ca (Global: 6,572^nd place; Chinese: low place)

nationalpaincentre.mcmaster.ca

Canadian Guideline for Opioid Use for Pain — Appendix B-8: Opioid Conversion and Brand Availability in Canada. nationalpaincentre.mcmaster.ca. [2016-04-18]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-04）.

nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; Chinese: 5^th place)

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Brownstein, M J. A brief history of opiates, opioid peptides, and opioid receptors.. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1993-06-15, 90 (12): 5391–5393. Bibcode:1993PNAS...90.5391B. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 46725 . PMID 8390660. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.12.5391 .
Gruber, Staci A.; Silveri, Marisa M.; Yurgelun-Todd, Deborah A. Neuropsychological Consequences of Opiate Use. Neuropsychology Review. 2007-09-01, 17 (3): 299–315. ISSN 1573-6660. PMID 17690984. S2CID 22057898. doi:10.1007/s11065-007-9041-y.
Galanie, Stephanie; Thodey, Kate; Trenchard, Isis J.; Interrante, Maria Filsinger; Smolke, Christina D. Complete biosynthesis of opioids in yeast. Science. 2015-09-04, 349 (6252): 1095–1100. Bibcode:2015Sci...349.1095G. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 4924617 . PMID 26272907. doi:10.1126/science.aac9373.
Kirchheiner, J.; Schmidt, H.; Tzvetkov, M.; Keulen, J.-Tha; Lötsch, J.; Roots, I.; Brockmöller, J. Pharmacokinetics of codeine and its metabolite morphine in ultra-rapid metabolizers due to CYP2D6 duplication. The Pharmacogenomics Journal. August 2007, 7 (4): 257–265. ISSN 1473-1150. PMID 16819548. doi:10.1038/sj.tpj.6500406 .
Christrup, L. L. Morphine metabolites. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. January 1997, 41 (1): 116–122. PMID 9061094. S2CID 9858042. doi:10.1111/j.1399-6576.1997.tb04625.x.
Andersen, Gertrud; Christrup, Lona; Sjøgren, Per. Relationships among morphine metabolism, pain and side effects during long-term treatment: an update. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. January 2003, 25 (1): 74–91. ISSN 0885-3924. PMID 12565191. doi:10.1016/s0885-3924(02)00531-6 .
Cohen, Brandon; Preuss, Charles V., Opioid Analgesics, StatPearls (StatPearls Publishing), 2019 [2019-10-31], PMID 29083658, （原始内容存档于2022-08-24）
Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, Bueno H, Cleland JGF, Coats AJS; et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC.. Eur Heart J. 2016, 37 (27): 2129–2200. PMID 27206819. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehw128 .
Albert RH. End-of-Life Care: Managing Common Symptoms.. Am Fam Physician. 2017, 95 (6): 356–361. PMID 28318209.
Patanwala, Asad E; Duby, Jeremiah; Waters, Dustin; Erstad, Brian L. Opioid Conversions in Acute Care. Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2007-02-01, 41 (2): 255–267. ISSN 1060-0280. PMID 17299011. S2CID 2684749. doi:10.1345/aph.1H421.
Benyamin, Ramsin; Trescot, Andrea M.; Datta, Sukdeb; Buenaventura, Ricardo; Adlaka, Rajive; Sehgal, Nalini; Glaser, Scott E.; Vallejo, Ricardo. Opioid complications and side effects. Pain Physician. 2008, 11 (2 Suppl): S105–120. ISSN 1533-3159. PMID 18443635. doi:10.36076/ppj.2008/11/S105 .
Benyamin, Ramsin; Trescot, Andrea M.; Datta, Sukdeb; Buenaventura, Ricardo; Adlaka, Rajive; Sehgal, Nalini; Glaser, Scott E.; Vallejo, Ricardo. Opioid complications and side effects. Pain Physician. March 2008, 11 (2 Suppl): S105–120. ISSN 1533-3159. PMID 18443635. doi:10.36076/ppj.2008/11/S105 .
Foster, Adriana; Mobley, Elizabeth; Wang, Zixuan. Complicated Pain Management in a CYP450 2D6 Poor Metabolizer. Pain Practice. 2007, 7 (4): 352–356. ISSN 1533-2500. PMID 17986163. S2CID 30624022. doi:10.1111/j.1533-2500.2007.00153.x.
Fornasari, Diego. Pain pharmacology: focus on opioids. Clinical Cases in Mineral and Bone Metabolism. 2014, 11 (3): 165–168. ISSN 1724-8914. PMC 4269136 . PMID 25568646.
Fornasari, Diego. Pain pharmacology: focus on opioids. Clinical Cases in Mineral and Bone Metabolism. 2014, 11 (3): 165–168. ISSN 1724-8914. PMC 4269136 . PMID 25568646.
Pathan, Hasan; Williams, John. Basic opioid pharmacology: an update. British Journal of Pain. 2012, 6 (1): 11–16. ISSN 2049-4637. PMC 4590096 . PMID 26516461. doi:10.1177/2049463712438493.
Pasternak, Gavril W.; Pan, Ying-Xian. Mu Opioids and Their Receptors: Evolution of a Concept. Pharmacological Reviews. October 2013, 65 (4): 1257–1317. ISSN 0031-6997. PMC 3799236 . PMID 24076545. doi:10.1124/pr.112.007138.
Benyamin, Ramsin; Trescot, Andrea M.; Datta, Sukdeb; Buenaventura, Ricardo; Adlaka, Rajive; Sehgal, Nalini; Glaser, Scott E.; Vallejo, Ricardo. Opioid complications and side effects. Pain Physician. March 2008, 11 (2 Suppl): S105–120. ISSN 1533-3159. PMID 18443635. doi:10.36076/ppj.2008/11/S105 .
Webster, Lynn R. Risk Factors for Opioid-Use Disorder and Overdose. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2017, 125 (5): 1741–1748. ISSN 1526-7598. PMID 29049118. doi:10.1213/ANE.0000000000002496 .

ghr.nlm.nih.gov

Reference, Genetics Home. Opioid addiction. Genetics Home Reference. [2019-10-24]. （原始内容存档于2020-09-21）.

reference.com (Global: 657^th place; Chinese: 871^st place)

dictionary.reference.com

Opiate - Definitions from Dictionary.com. dictionary.reference.com. [2008-07-04]. （原始内容存档于2011-09-05）.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; Chinese: 332^nd place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Gruber, Staci A.; Silveri, Marisa M.; Yurgelun-Todd, Deborah A. Neuropsychological Consequences of Opiate Use. Neuropsychology Review. 2007-09-01, 17 (3): 299–315. ISSN 1573-6660. PMID 17690984. S2CID 22057898. doi:10.1007/s11065-007-9041-y.
Christrup, L. L. Morphine metabolites. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. January 1997, 41 (1): 116–122. PMID 9061094. S2CID 9858042. doi:10.1111/j.1399-6576.1997.tb04625.x.
Patanwala, Asad E; Duby, Jeremiah; Waters, Dustin; Erstad, Brian L. Opioid Conversions in Acute Care. Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2007-02-01, 41 (2): 255–267. ISSN 1060-0280. PMID 17299011. S2CID 2684749. doi:10.1345/aph.1H421.
Foster, Adriana; Mobley, Elizabeth; Wang, Zixuan. Complicated Pain Management in a CYP450 2D6 Poor Metabolizer. Pain Practice. 2007, 7 (4): 352–356. ISSN 1533-2500. PMID 17986163. S2CID 30624022. doi:10.1111/j.1533-2500.2007.00153.x.

theguardian.com (Global: 12^th place; Chinese: 60^th place)

Mobley, Emily. Yeast cells genetically modified to create morphine-like painkiller. The Guardian. 2015-08-13 [2016-04-17]. ISSN 0261-3077. （原始内容存档于2022-11-18）.

unodc.org (Global: 2,494^th place; Chinese: 2,317^th place)

2023 年世界毒品问题报告 (PDF). 联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室.
http://www.unodc.org/documents/wdr2015/WDR15_Drug_use_health_consequences.pdf |chapterurl=缺少标题 (帮助) (PDF). Status and Trend Analysis of Illict（原文如此） Drug Markets. [26 June 2015]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2015-06-27）.
Annual prevalence of drug use by regions and globally by drug types. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. June 2015 [27 August 2015].
Esters of Morphine. www.unodc.org. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. [10 March 2012]. （原始内容存档于2018-12-24）.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; Chinese: 1^st place)

Opiate - Definitions from Dictionary.com. dictionary.reference.com. [2008-07-04]. （原始内容存档于2011-09-05）.
http://www.unodc.org/documents/wdr2015/WDR15_Drug_use_health_consequences.pdf |chapterurl=缺少标题 (帮助) (PDF). Status and Trend Analysis of Illict（原文如此） Drug Markets. [26 June 2015]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2015-06-27）.
CDC Press Releases. CDC. 2016-01-01 [2019-10-17]. （原始内容存档于2022-12-02）.
WHO | Information sheet on opioid overdose. WHO. [2019-10-21]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-21）.
Canadian Guideline for Opioid Use for Pain — Appendix B-8: Opioid Conversion and Brand Availability in Canada. nationalpaincentre.mcmaster.ca. [2016-04-18]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-04）.
Synthesis of morphine alkaloids Presentation School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2013-02-28. retrieved 12-02-2010
Mobley, Emily. Yeast cells genetically modified to create morphine-like painkiller. The Guardian. 2015-08-13 [2016-04-17]. ISSN 0261-3077. （原始内容存档于2022-11-18）.
Esters of Morphine. www.unodc.org. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. [10 March 2012]. （原始内容存档于2018-12-24）.
Copeland, CS. The Human Side of the Heroin Epidemic (PDF). Healthcare Journal of New Orleans. Jul–Aug 2014 [2022-10-30]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-10-30）.
Cohen, Brandon; Preuss, Charles V., Opioid Analgesics, StatPearls (StatPearls Publishing), 2019 [2019-10-31], PMID 29083658, （原始内容存档于2022-08-24）
Morphine Equivalent Units/Morphine Milligram Equivalents. www.asam.org. [2019-11-10]. （原始内容存档于2021-10-19）.
Publishing, Harvard Health. Pain relief, opioids, and constipation. Harvard Health. 27 September 2018 [2019-10-24]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-15）.
Reference, Genetics Home. Opioid addiction. Genetics Home Reference. [2019-10-24]. （原始内容存档于2020-09-21）.
Abuse, National Institute on Drug. Prescription Opioids. www.drugabuse.gov. [2019-10-24]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-12）.
Appendix C – Opioid Pharmacology. ICSI. [2019-10-24]. （原始内容存档于2021-06-08）.

who.int (Global: 195^th place; Chinese: 179^th place)

WHO | Information sheet on opioid overdose. WHO. [2019-10-21]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-21）.

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; Chinese: 12^th place)

Brownstein, M J. A brief history of opiates, opioid peptides, and opioid receptors.. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1993-06-15, 90 (12): 5391–5393. Bibcode:1993PNAS...90.5391B. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 46725 . PMID 8390660. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.12.5391 .
Gruber, Staci A.; Silveri, Marisa M.; Yurgelun-Todd, Deborah A. Neuropsychological Consequences of Opiate Use. Neuropsychology Review. 2007-09-01, 17 (3): 299–315. ISSN 1573-6660. PMID 17690984. S2CID 22057898. doi:10.1007/s11065-007-9041-y.
Galanie, Stephanie; Thodey, Kate; Trenchard, Isis J.; Interrante, Maria Filsinger; Smolke, Christina D. Complete biosynthesis of opioids in yeast. Science. 2015-09-04, 349 (6252): 1095–1100. Bibcode:2015Sci...349.1095G. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 4924617 . PMID 26272907. doi:10.1126/science.aac9373.
Mobley, Emily. Yeast cells genetically modified to create morphine-like painkiller. The Guardian. 2015-08-13 [2016-04-17]. ISSN 0261-3077. （原始内容存档于2022-11-18）.
Kirchheiner, J.; Schmidt, H.; Tzvetkov, M.; Keulen, J.-Tha; Lötsch, J.; Roots, I.; Brockmöller, J. Pharmacokinetics of codeine and its metabolite morphine in ultra-rapid metabolizers due to CYP2D6 duplication. The Pharmacogenomics Journal. August 2007, 7 (4): 257–265. ISSN 1473-1150. PMID 16819548. doi:10.1038/sj.tpj.6500406 .
Andersen, Gertrud; Christrup, Lona; Sjøgren, Per. Relationships among morphine metabolism, pain and side effects during long-term treatment: an update. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. January 2003, 25 (1): 74–91. ISSN 0885-3924. PMID 12565191. doi:10.1016/s0885-3924(02)00531-6 .
Patanwala, Asad E; Duby, Jeremiah; Waters, Dustin; Erstad, Brian L. Opioid Conversions in Acute Care. Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2007-02-01, 41 (2): 255–267. ISSN 1060-0280. PMID 17299011. S2CID 2684749. doi:10.1345/aph.1H421.
Benyamin, Ramsin; Trescot, Andrea M.; Datta, Sukdeb; Buenaventura, Ricardo; Adlaka, Rajive; Sehgal, Nalini; Glaser, Scott E.; Vallejo, Ricardo. Opioid complications and side effects. Pain Physician. 2008, 11 (2 Suppl): S105–120. ISSN 1533-3159. PMID 18443635. doi:10.36076/ppj.2008/11/S105 .
Benyamin, Ramsin; Trescot, Andrea M.; Datta, Sukdeb; Buenaventura, Ricardo; Adlaka, Rajive; Sehgal, Nalini; Glaser, Scott E.; Vallejo, Ricardo. Opioid complications and side effects. Pain Physician. March 2008, 11 (2 Suppl): S105–120. ISSN 1533-3159. PMID 18443635. doi:10.36076/ppj.2008/11/S105 .
Foster, Adriana; Mobley, Elizabeth; Wang, Zixuan. Complicated Pain Management in a CYP450 2D6 Poor Metabolizer. Pain Practice. 2007, 7 (4): 352–356. ISSN 1533-2500. PMID 17986163. S2CID 30624022. doi:10.1111/j.1533-2500.2007.00153.x.
Fornasari, Diego. Pain pharmacology: focus on opioids. Clinical Cases in Mineral and Bone Metabolism. 2014, 11 (3): 165–168. ISSN 1724-8914. PMC 4269136 . PMID 25568646.
Fornasari, Diego. Pain pharmacology: focus on opioids. Clinical Cases in Mineral and Bone Metabolism. 2014, 11 (3): 165–168. ISSN 1724-8914. PMC 4269136 . PMID 25568646.
Pathan, Hasan; Williams, John. Basic opioid pharmacology: an update. British Journal of Pain. 2012, 6 (1): 11–16. ISSN 2049-4637. PMC 4590096 . PMID 26516461. doi:10.1177/2049463712438493.
Pasternak, Gavril W.; Pan, Ying-Xian. Mu Opioids and Their Receptors: Evolution of a Concept. Pharmacological Reviews. October 2013, 65 (4): 1257–1317. ISSN 0031-6997. PMC 3799236 . PMID 24076545. doi:10.1124/pr.112.007138.
Benyamin, Ramsin; Trescot, Andrea M.; Datta, Sukdeb; Buenaventura, Ricardo; Adlaka, Rajive; Sehgal, Nalini; Glaser, Scott E.; Vallejo, Ricardo. Opioid complications and side effects. Pain Physician. March 2008, 11 (2 Suppl): S105–120. ISSN 1533-3159. PMID 18443635. doi:10.36076/ppj.2008/11/S105 .
Webster, Lynn R. Risk Factors for Opioid-Use Disorder and Overdose. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2017, 125 (5): 1741–1748. ISSN 1526-7598. PMID 29049118. doi:10.1213/ANE.0000000000002496 .

阿片剂 (Chinese Wikipedia)

archive.org (Global: 6th place; Chinese: 4th place)

asam.org (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; Chinese: 8th place)

cdc.gov (Global: 218th place; Chinese: 198th place)

claudiacopeland.com (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; Chinese: 23rd place)

drugabuse.gov (Global: 6,166th place; Chinese: 3,264th place)

harvard.edu (Global: 18th place; Chinese: 57th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

health.harvard.edu

icsi.org (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

illinois.edu (Global: 1,349th place; Chinese: 2,070th place)

scs.illinois.edu

mcmaster.ca (Global: 6,572nd place; Chinese: low place)

nationalpaincentre.mcmaster.ca

nih.gov (Global: 4th place; Chinese: 5th place)

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

ghr.nlm.nih.gov

reference.com (Global: 657th place; Chinese: 871st place)

dictionary.reference.com

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11th place; Chinese: 332nd place)

api.semanticscholar.org

theguardian.com (Global: 12th place; Chinese: 60th place)

unodc.org (Global: 2,494th place; Chinese: 2,317th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; Chinese: 1st place)

who.int (Global: 195th place; Chinese: 179th place)

worldcat.org (Global: 5th place; Chinese: 12th place)

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; Chinese: 4^th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; Chinese: 8^th place)

cdc.gov (Global: 218^th place; Chinese: 198^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; Chinese: 23^rd place)

drugabuse.gov (Global: 6,166^th place; Chinese: 3,264^th place)

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; Chinese: 57^th place)

illinois.edu (Global: 1,349^th place; Chinese: 2,070^th place)

mcmaster.ca (Global: 6,572^nd place; Chinese: low place)

nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; Chinese: 5^th place)

reference.com (Global: 657^th place; Chinese: 871^st place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; Chinese: 332^nd place)

theguardian.com (Global: 12^th place; Chinese: 60^th place)

unodc.org (Global: 2,494^th place; Chinese: 2,317^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; Chinese: 1^st place)

who.int (Global: 195^th place; Chinese: 179^th place)

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; Chinese: 12^th place)