阿片类药物使用障碍 (Chinese Wikipedia)

American Society of Addiction Medicine. Opioid Addiction 2016 Facts and Figures (PDF). [2022-10-28]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-01-25）.
Opioid Addiction: 2016 Facts and Figures (PDF). American Society of Addiction Medicine. [2016-09-12]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-01-25）.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; Chinese: 8^th place)

Ries RK, Miller SC, Fiellin DA. Principles of Addiction Medicine. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2009: 593–594. ISBN 9780781774772.

cdc.gov (Global: 218^th place; Chinese: 198^th place)

Commonly Used Terms. www.cdc.gov. 2017-08-29 [2018-07-16]. （原始内容存档于2019-12-10）.
Data Brief 294. Drug Overdose Deaths in the United States, 1999–2016 (PDF). CDC. [2018-05-18]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-04-16）.
CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain | Drug Overdose | CDC Injury Center. www.cdc.gov. 2018-08-31 [2018-11-03]. （原始内容存档于2018-11-02）.
Prevent Opioid Use Disorder | Drug Overdose | CDC Injury Center. www.cdc.gov. 2018-08-31 [2018-11-20]. （原始内容存档于2018-11-21）.
Opioid Overdose Prevention Programs Providing Naloxone to Laypersons — United States, 2014. www.cdc.gov. [9 March 2017]. （原始内容存档于2019-08-24）.
Opioid Data Analysis and Resources. Drug Overdose. CDC Injury Center. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Click on "Rising Rates" tab for a graph. See data table below the graph.
Health, United States, 2016: With Chartbook on Long-term Trends in Health (PDF). Hyattsville, MD.: CDC, National Center for Health Statistics. 2017: 4 [2022-10-28]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-09-29）.
Prescription Opioid Overdose Data. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. [2016-09-12]. （原始内容存档于2019-08-24）.
Products - Vital Statistics Rapid Release - Provisional Drug Overdose Data. 2021-11-04 [2022-10-28]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-25）.

citylimits.org (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

NY Decriminalizes Syringe Possession as Part of Overdose Prevention Efforts. 2021-10-07 [2022-10-28]. （原始内容存档于2022-11-28）.

cvshealth.com (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

Our Commitment to Fight Opioid Abuse | CVS Health. CVS Health. [2018-11-03]. （原始内容存档于2018-11-03）.
Naloxone Opioid Overdose Reversal Medication. CVS Health. [2019-02-04]. （原始内容存档于2018-09-19）（英语）.

dea.gov (Global: 8,191^st place; Chinese: low place)

Fentanyl. Image 4 of 17. US DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration).

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; Chinese: 23^rd place)

Sordo L, Barrio G, Bravo MJ, Indave BI, Degenhardt L, Wiessing L, Ferri M, Pastor-Barriuso R. Mortality risk during and after opioid substitution treatment: systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. BMJ. April 2017, 357: j1550. PMC 5421454 . PMID 28446428. doi:10.1136/bmj.j1550.
McDonald R, Strang J. Are take-home naloxone programmes effective? Systematic review utilizing application of the Bradford Hill criteria. Addiction. July 2016, 111 (7): 1177–87. PMC 5071734 . PMID 27028542. doi:10.1111/add.13326.
Sharma B, Bruner A, Barnett G, Fishman M. Opioid Use Disorders. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America. July 2016, 25 (3): 473–87. PMC 4920977 . PMID 27338968. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2016.03.002.
GBD 2015 Mortality Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet. October 2016, 388 (10053): 1459–1544. PMC 5388903 . PMID 27733281. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1.
Santoro, T. N.; Santoro, J. D. Racial Bias in the US Opioid Epidemic: A Review of the History of Systemic Bias and Implications for Care. Cureus. 2018, 10 (12): e3733. PMC 6384031 . PMID 30800543. doi:10.7759/cureus.3733.
Webster, LR. Risk Factors for Opioid-Use Disorder and Overdose.. Anesthesia and Analgesia. November 2017, 125 (5): 1741–1748. PMID 29049118. doi:10.1213/ANE.0000000000002496 .
Mohamadi A, Chan JJ, Lian J, Wright CL, Marin AM, Rodriguez EK, von Keudell A, Nazarian A. Risk Factors and Pooled Rate of Prolonged Opioid Use Following Trauma or Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-(Regression) Analysis. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. August 2018, 100 (15): 1332–1340. PMID 30063596. S2CID 51891341. doi:10.2106/JBJS.17.01239.
GBD 2013 Mortality Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. January 2015, 385 (9963): 117–71. PMC 4340604 . PMID 25530442. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2.
Volkow ND, Koob GF, McLellan AT. Neurobiologic Advances from the Brain Disease Model of Addiction. The New England Journal of Medicine. January 2016, 374 (4): 363–71. PMC 6135257 . PMID 26816013. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1511480. Addiction: A term used to indicate the most severe, chronic stage of substance-use disorder, in which there is a substantial loss of self-control, as indicated by compulsive drug taking despite the desire to stop taking the drug. In the DSM-5, the term addiction is synonymous with the classification of severe substance-use disorder.
Nestler EJ. Reflections on: "A general role for adaptations in G-Proteins and the cyclic AMP system in mediating the chronic actions of morphine and cocaine on neuronal function". Brain Research. August 2016, 1645: 71–4. PMC 4927417 . PMID 26740398. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2015.12.039. Specifically, opiates in several CNS regions including NAc, and cocaine more selectively in NAc induce expression of certain adenylyl cyclase isoforms and PKA subunits via the transcription factor, CREB, and these transcriptional adaptations serve a homeostatic function to oppose drug action. In certain brain regions, such as locus coeruleus, these adaptations mediate aspects of physical opiate dependence and withdrawal, whereas in NAc they mediate reward tolerance and dependence that drives increased drug self-administration.
Rahimi-Movaghar A, Gholami J, Amato L, Hoseinie L, Yousefi-Nooraie R, Amin-Esmaeili M. Pharmacological therapies for management of opium withdrawal. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. June 2018, 2018 (6): CD007522. PMC 6513031 . PMID 29929212. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007522.pub2.
Chen KW, Banducci AN, Guller L, Macatee RJ, Lavelle A, Daughters SB, Lejuez CW. An examination of psychiatric comorbidities as a function of gender and substance type within an inpatient substance use treatment program. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. November 2011, 118 (2–3): 92–9. PMC 3188332 . PMID 21514751. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.03.003.
Webster LR, Webster RM. Predicting aberrant behaviors in opioid-treated patients: preliminary validation of the Opioid Risk Tool. Pain Medicine. 2005, 6 (6): 432–42. PMID 16336480. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2005.00072.x .
Longo, Dan L.; Volkow, Nora D.; Koob, George F.; McLellan, A. Thomas. Neurobiologic Advances from the Brain Disease Model of Addiction. New England Journal of Medicine. 2016-01-28, 374 (4): 363–371. PMC 6135257 . PMID 26816013. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1511480.
Hyman, SE. The neurobiology of addiction: implications for voluntary control of behavior.. The American Journal of Bioethics. January 2007, 7 (1): 8–11 [2022-10-28]. PMID 17366151. S2CID 347138. doi:10.1080/15265160601063969. （原始内容存档于2020-02-20）.
Nestler EJ. Cellular basis of memory for addiction. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. December 2013, 15 (4): 431–43. PMC 3898681 . PMID 24459410. doi:10.31887/DCNS.2013.15.4/enestler. Despite the importance of numerous psychosocial factors, at its core, drug addiction involves a biological process.
Robison AJ, Nestler EJ. Transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms of addiction. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience. October 2011, 12 (11): 623–37. PMC 3272277 . PMID 21989194. doi:10.1038/nrn3111.
Olsen CM. Natural rewards, neuroplasticity, and non-drug addictions. Neuropharmacology. December 2011, 61 (7): 1109–22. PMC 3139704 . PMID 21459101. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.03.010.
Ruffle JK. Molecular neurobiology of addiction: what's all the (Δ)FosB about?. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. November 2014, 40 (6): 428–37. PMID 25083822. S2CID 19157711. doi:10.3109/00952990.2014.933840.
Blum K, Werner T, Carnes S, Carnes P, Bowirrat A, Giordano J, Oscar-Berman M, Gold M. Sex, drugs, and rock 'n' roll: hypothesizing common mesolimbic activation as a function of reward gene polymorphisms. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 2012, 44 (1): 38–55. PMC 4040958 . PMID 22641964. doi:10.1080/02791072.2012.662112.
Bourdy R, Barrot M. A new control center for dopaminergic systems: pulling the VTA by the tail. Trends in Neurosciences. November 2012, 35 (11): 681–90. PMID 22824232. S2CID 43434322. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2012.06.007.
Goldstein RZ, Volkow ND. Dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex in addiction: neuroimaging findings and clinical implications. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience. October 2011, 12 (11): 652–69. PMC 3462342 . PMID 22011681. doi:10.1038/nrn3119.
Schoenbum, Geoffrey; Shaham, Yavin. The role of orbitofrontal cortex in drug addiction: a review of preclinical studies. Biol Psychiatry. February 2008, 63 (3): 256–262. PMC 2246020 . PMID 17719014. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.06.003.
Ieong HF, Yuan Z. Resting-State Neuroimaging and Neuropsychological Findings in Opioid Use Disorder during Abstinence: A Review. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 2017-01-01, 11: 169. PMC 5382168 . PMID 28428748. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00169  （英语）.
Vargas-Perez H, Ting-A Kee R, Walton CH, Hansen DM, Razavi R, Clarke L, Bufalino MR, Allison DW, Steffensen SC, van der Kooy D. Ventral tegmental area BDNF induces an opiate-dependent-like reward state in naive rats. Science. June 2009, 324 (5935): 1732–4. Bibcode:2009Sci...324.1732V. PMC 2913611 . PMID 19478142. doi:10.1126/science.1168501.
Laviolette SR, van der Kooy D. GABA(A) receptors in the ventral tegmental area control bidirectional reward signalling between dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic neural motivational systems. The European Journal of Neuroscience. March 2001, 13 (5): 1009–15. PMID 11264674. S2CID 46694281. doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2001.01458.x.
Hall FS, Drgonova J, Jain S, Uhl GR. Implications of genome wide association studies for addiction: are our a priori assumptions all wrong?. Pharmacology & Therapeutics. December 2013, 140 (3): 267–79. PMC 3797854 . PMID 23872493. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.07.006.
Bruehl S, Apkarian AV, Ballantyne JC, Berger A, Borsook D, Chen WG, Farrar JT, Haythornthwaite JA, Horn SD, Iadarola MJ, Inturrisi CE, Lao L, Mackey S, Mao J, Sawczuk A, Uhl GR, Witter J, Woolf CJ, Zubieta JK, Lin Y. Personalized medicine and opioid analgesic prescribing for chronic pain: opportunities and challenges. The Journal of Pain. February 2013, 14 (2): 103–13. PMC 3564046 . PMID 23374939. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2012.10.016.
Schuckit MA. Treatment of Opioid-Use Disorders. The New England Journal of Medicine. July 2016, 375 (4): 357–68. PMID 27464203. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1604339 .
Nicholls L, Bragaw L, Ruetsch C. Opioid dependence treatment and guidelines. Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy. February 2010, 16 (1 Suppl B): S14–21 [2022-10-28]. PMID 20146550. doi:10.18553/jmcp.2010.16.S1-B.14 . （原始内容存档于2014-07-14）.
Daubresse M, Gleason PP, Peng Y, Shah ND, Ritter ST, Alexander GC. Impact of a drug utilization review program on high-risk use of prescription controlled substances. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety. April 2014, 23 (4): 419–27 [2022-10-28]. PMID 23881609. S2CID 25148439. doi:10.1002/pds.3487. （原始内容存档于2021-08-28）.
Maxmen A. Tackling the US pain epidemic. Nature News. 2012. S2CID 180404159. doi:10.1038/nature.2012.10766.
Bruneau J, Ahamad K, Goyer MÈ, Poulin G, Selby P, Fischer B, Wild TC, Wood E. Management of opioid use disorders: a national clinical practice guideline. CMAJ. March 2018, 190 (9): E247–E257. PMC 5837873 . PMID 29507156. doi:10.1503/cmaj.170958.
Gowing L, Farrell M, Ali R, White JM. Alpha₂-adrenergic agonists for the management of opioid withdrawal. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. May 2016, (5): CD002024. PMC 7081129 . PMID 27140827. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002024.pub5.
Bonhomme J, Shim RS, Gooden R, Tyus D, Rust G. Opioid addiction and abuse in primary care practice: a comparison of methadone and buprenorphine as treatment options. Journal of the National Medical Association. July 2012, 104 (7–8): 342–50. PMC 4039205 . PMID 23092049. doi:10.1016/S0027-9684(15)30175-9.
Orman JS, Keating GM. Buprenorphine/naloxone: a review of its use in the treatment of opioid dependence. Drugs. 2009, 69 (5): 577–607. PMID 19368419. S2CID 209147406. doi:10.2165/00003495-200969050-00006.
Gastfriend DR. Intramuscular extended-release naltrexone: current evidence. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. January 2011, 1216 (1): 144–66. Bibcode:2011NYASA1216..144G. PMID 21272018. S2CID 45133931. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05900.x.
Ferri M, Davoli M, Perucci CA. Heroin maintenance for chronic heroin-dependent individuals. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. December 2011, (12): CD003410. PMC 7017638 . PMID 22161378. S2CID 6772720. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003410.pub4.
Rehm J, Gschwend P, Steffen T, Gutzwiller F, Dobler-Mikola A, Uchtenhagen A. Feasibility, safety, and efficacy of injectable heroin prescription for refractory opioid addicts: a follow-up study. Lancet. October 2001, 358 (9291): 1417–23. PMID 11705488. S2CID 24542893. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)06529-1.
Robertson JR, Raab GM, Bruce M, McKenzie JS, Storkey HR, Salter A. Addressing the efficacy of dihydrocodeine versus methadone as an alternative maintenance treatment for opiate dependence: A randomized controlled trial. Addiction. December 2006, 101 (12): 1752–9. PMID 17156174. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01603.x.
Carney, Tara; Van Hout, Marie Claire; Norman, Ian; Dada, Siphokazi; Siegfried, Nandi; Parry, Charles Dh. Dihydrocodeine for detoxification and maintenance treatment in individuals with opiate use disorders. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 18 February 2020, 2: CD012254. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 7027221 . PMID 32068247. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012254.pub2.
Ferri M, Minozzi S, Bo A, Amato L. Slow-release oral morphine as maintenance therapy for opioid dependence. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. June 2013, (6): CD009879. PMID 23740540. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009879.pub2.
Skolnick P. The Opioid Epidemic: Crisis and Solutions. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology. January 2018, 58 (1): 143–159. PMID 28968188. doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010617-052534 .
Sullivan MA, Garawi F, Bisaga A, Comer SD, Carpenter K, Raby WN, Anen SJ, Brooks AC, Jiang H, Akerele E, Nunes EV. Management of relapse in naltrexone maintenance for heroin dependence. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. December 2007, 91 (2–3): 289–92. PMC 4153601 . PMID 17681716. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.06.013.
Huibers MJ, Beurskens AJ, Bleijenberg G, van Schayck CP. Psychosocial interventions by general practitioners. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. July 2007, (3): CD003494. PMC 7003673 . PMID 17636726. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003494.pub2. hdl:2066/52984 .
Longo, Dan L.; Schuckit, Marc A. Treatment of Opioid-Use Disorders. New England Journal of Medicine. 2016-07-28, 375 (4): 357–368. PMID 27464203. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1604339 .
VASILAKI, EIRINI I.; HOSIER, STEVEN G.; COX, W. MILES. The Efficacy of Motivational Interviewing as a Brief Intervention for Excessive Drinking: A Meta-Analytic Review. Alcohol and Alcoholism. May 2006, 41 (3): 328–335. PMID 16547122. doi:10.1093/alcalc/agl016 .
Sussman S. A review of Alcoholics Anonymous/ Narcotics Anonymous programs for teens. Evaluation & the Health Professions. March 2010, 33 (1): 26–55. PMC 4181564 . PMID 20164105. doi:10.1177/0163278709356186.
Han B, Polydorou S, Ferris R, Blaum CS, Ross S, McNeely J. Demographic Trends of Adults in New York City Opioid Treatment Programs--An Aging Population. Substance Use & Misuse. 2015-11-10, 50 (13): 1660–7. PMID 26584180. S2CID 5520930. doi:10.3109/10826084.2015.1027929.

drugabuse.gov (Global: 6,166^th place; Chinese: 3,264^th place)

Prescription opioid use is a risk factor for heroin use. National Institute on Drug Abuse. October 2015 [2018-07-16]. （原始内容存档于2018-07-14）.
Overdose Death Rates （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. By National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA).

drugpolicy.org (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

Heroin Assisted Treatment | Drug Policy Alliance. [2016-03-04]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-16）.

europa.eu (Global: 68^th place; Chinese: 209^th place)

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Opioid substitution therapy or treatment (OST). MIGRATION AND HOME AFFAIRS. European Commission. 2017-03-14 [2022-10-28]. （原始内容存档于2019-01-10）.

ema.europa.eu

EMEA 2001-04-19 EMEA Public Statement on the Recommendation to Suspend the Marketing Authorisation for Orlaam (Levacetylmethadol) in the European Union （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

fda.gov (Global: 447^th place; Chinese: 581^st place)

FDA approves first buprenorphine implant for treatment of opioid dependence. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (新闻稿). 2016-05-26 [2017-03-16]. （原始内容存档于2017-11-30）.
Naloxone for Treatment of Opioid Overdose (PDF). U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). [2017-11-07]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-10-17）.
Childs R. Law enforcement and naloxone utilization in the United States (PDF). U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). North Carolina Harm Reduction Coalition: 1–24. July 2015 [2017-11-02]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-08-30）.
Subutex and Suboxone Approved to Treat Opiate Dependence. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2002-10-08 [2014-11-01]. （原始内容存档于2017-07-22）.
Paulozzi L. Populations at risk for opioid overdose (PDF). U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Division of Unintentional Injury Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2012-04-12 [2016-09-12]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-02-15）.

fiercebiotech.com (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

ICER says more data are needed on digital app treatments for opioid use disorder. Fierce Biotec. 2020-11-06 [2022-02-01]. （原始内容存档于2022-10-22）.

genome.jp (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

Morphine addiction – Homo sapiens (human). KEGG. Kanehisa Laboratories. 2013-06-18 [2014-09-11]. （原始内容存档于2014-09-12）.

handle.net (Global: 102^nd place; Chinese: 492^nd place)

hdl.handle.net

Huibers MJ, Beurskens AJ, Bleijenberg G, van Schayck CP. Psychosocial interventions by general practitioners. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. July 2007, (3): CD003494. PMC 7003673 . PMID 17636726. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003494.pub2. hdl:2066/52984 .

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; Chinese: 57^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Vargas-Perez H, Ting-A Kee R, Walton CH, Hansen DM, Razavi R, Clarke L, Bufalino MR, Allison DW, Steffensen SC, van der Kooy D. Ventral tegmental area BDNF induces an opiate-dependent-like reward state in naive rats. Science. June 2009, 324 (5935): 1732–4. Bibcode:2009Sci...324.1732V. PMC 2913611 . PMID 19478142. doi:10.1126/science.1168501.
Gastfriend DR. Intramuscular extended-release naltrexone: current evidence. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. January 2011, 1216 (1): 144–66. Bibcode:2011NYASA1216..144G. PMID 21272018. S2CID 45133931. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05900.x.

harvardlawreview.org (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

Note, Recent Case: Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court Holds Drug-Free Probation Requirement Enforceable for Defendant with Substance Use Disorder, 132 Harv. L. Rev. 2074 (2019).

healthanalytic.com (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

Nicholls L, Bragaw L, Ruetsch C. Opioid dependence treatment and guidelines. Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy. February 2010, 16 (1 Suppl B): S14–21 [2022-10-28]. PMID 20146550. doi:10.18553/jmcp.2010.16.S1-B.14 . （原始内容存档于2014-07-14）.

hhs.gov (Global: 5,973^rd place; Chinese: 7,636^th place)

(DCD), Digital Communications Division. 5-Point Strategy To Combat the Opioid Crisis. HHS.gov. 2018-05-08 [2018-11-02]. （原始内容存档于2018-11-03）.
Strategy to Combat Opioid, Abuse, Misuse, and Overdose (PDF). U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES. [2018-11-18]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-11-20）.

hmdb.ca (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

Naloxone. Human Metabolome Database – Version 4.0. 2017-10-23 [2017-11-02]. （原始内容存档于2017-11-07）.

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存档副本. [2022-10-28]. （原始内容存档于2022-12-19）.

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Kosten TR, Haile CN. Opioid-Related Disorders. In: Kasper D, Fauci A, Hauser S, Longo D, Jameson J, Loscalzo J. eds. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 19e New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2014. http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=1130&sectionid=79757372 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Accessed 2017-03-09.

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存档副本. [2022-10-28]. （原始内容存档于2022-10-23）.

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Case studies: Standing orders. NaloxoneInfo.org. Open Society Foundations. [2017-11-02]. （原始内容存档于2017-11-07）.

nhc.gov.cn (Global: low place; Chinese: 2,074^th place)

阿片类物质使用相关障碍诊断治疗指导原则. 中华人民共和国国家卫生健康委员会.

nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; Chinese: 5^th place)

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

3 Patient Assessment. Clinical Guidelines for the Use of Buprenorphine in the Treatment of Opioid Addiction.. Rockville (MD): Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US). 2004 [2022-10-28]. （原始内容存档于2017-02-19）.
Sordo L, Barrio G, Bravo MJ, Indave BI, Degenhardt L, Wiessing L, Ferri M, Pastor-Barriuso R. Mortality risk during and after opioid substitution treatment: systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. BMJ. April 2017, 357: j1550. PMC 5421454 . PMID 28446428. doi:10.1136/bmj.j1550.
McDonald R, Strang J. Are take-home naloxone programmes effective? Systematic review utilizing application of the Bradford Hill criteria. Addiction. July 2016, 111 (7): 1177–87. PMC 5071734 . PMID 27028542. doi:10.1111/add.13326.
Sharma B, Bruner A, Barnett G, Fishman M. Opioid Use Disorders. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America. July 2016, 25 (3): 473–87. PMC 4920977 . PMID 27338968. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2016.03.002.
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whqlibdoc.who.int

Substitution maintenance therapy in the management of opioid dependence and HIV/AIDS prevention (PDF). World Health Organization. 2004 [2022-10-28]. ISBN 978-92-4-159115-7. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2015-07-01）.

wnypapers.com (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

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