顺治帝 (Chinese Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "顺治帝" in Chinese language version.

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Oxnam 1975（第38页）、Wakeman 1985（第297页）和宫宝利 2010（第51页）中的皇太极的死亡日期均为9月21日（崇德八年八月初九）。Dennerline 2002（第74页）给出的日期是9月8日。 Oxnam, Robert B., Ruling from Horseback: Manchu Politics in the Oboi Regency, 1661–1669, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1975, ISBN 0-226-64244-5 ^{[失效連結]}. Wakeman, Frederic, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China（洪业：清朝开国史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1985, ISBN 0-520-04804-0 . In two volumes.
Rawski 1998，第98頁。 Rawski, Evelyn S., The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions（清代宫廷社会史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1998, ISBN 0-520-22837-5 .
Rawski 1998，第99頁（关于白旗和黄旗）；Dennerline 2002，第79頁（宗室亲王年龄及其所掌旗表）。 Rawski, Evelyn S., The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions（清代宫廷社会史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1998, ISBN 0-520-22837-5 .
Wakeman 1985，第299頁。 Wakeman, Frederic, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China（洪业：清朝开国史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1985, ISBN 0-520-04804-0 . In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985，第300頁，注释231。 Wakeman, Frederic, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China（洪业：清朝开国史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1985, ISBN 0-520-04804-0 . In two volumes.
Roth Li 2002，第71頁。 Roth Li, Gertraude, State Building Before 1644, Peterson, Willard J. (ed.) (编), Cambridge History of China, Vol. 9, Part 1:The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 9–72, 2002, ISBN 0-521-24334-3 .
Mote 1999，第809頁。 Mote, Frederick W., Imperial China, 900–1800, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-674-44515-5 .
Wakeman 1985，第304頁；Dennerline 2002，第81頁。 Wakeman, Frederic, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China（洪业：清朝开国史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1985, ISBN 0-520-04804-0 . In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985，第290頁。 Wakeman, Frederic, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China（洪业：清朝开国史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1985, ISBN 0-520-04804-0 . In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985，第304頁。 Wakeman, Frederic, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China（洪业：清朝开国史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1985, ISBN 0-520-04804-0 . In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985，第308頁。 Wakeman, Frederic, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China（洪业：清朝开国史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1985, ISBN 0-520-04804-0 . In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985，第311–12頁。 Wakeman, Frederic, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China（洪业：清朝开国史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1985, ISBN 0-520-04804-0 . In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985，第313頁；Mote 1999，第817頁。 Wakeman, Frederic, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China（洪业：清朝开国史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1985, ISBN 0-520-04804-0 . In two volumes. Mote, Frederick W., Imperial China, 900–1800, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-674-44515-5 .
Wakeman 1985，第313頁。 Wakeman, Frederic, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China（洪业：清朝开国史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1985, ISBN 0-520-04804-0 . In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985，第314頁（他们都以为等的人是吴三桂和太子）和第315页（见到意料之外的多尔衮时的反应）。 Wakeman, Frederic, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China（洪业：清朝开国史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1985, ISBN 0-520-04804-0 . In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985，第315頁。 Wakeman, Frederic, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China（洪业：清朝开国史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1985, ISBN 0-520-04804-0 . In two volumes.
Mote 1999，第818頁。 Mote, Frederick W., Imperial China, 900–1800, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-674-44515-5 .
Wakeman 1985，第416頁；Mote 1999，第828頁。 Wakeman, Frederic, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China（洪业：清朝开国史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1985, ISBN 0-520-04804-0 . In two volumes. Mote, Frederick W., Imperial China, 900–1800, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-674-44515-5 .
Wakeman 1985，第420–22页（说明这些问题的原因，并称多尔衮在6月25日发布谕告将此谕告废除）。宫宝利 2010，第84頁给出的日期是6月28日。 Wakeman, Frederic, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China（洪业：清朝开国史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1985, ISBN 0-520-04804-0 . In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985，第857頁。 Wakeman, Frederic, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China（洪业：清朝开国史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1985, ISBN 0-520-04804-0 . In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985，第858頁。 Wakeman, Frederic, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China（洪业：清朝开国史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1985, ISBN 0-520-04804-0 . In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985，第858页和第860页（“根据起草制诰的人——可能是范文程——的说法，多尔衮的功劳甚至超过了可敬的周公。因为：叔父又帅领大军入山海关，破贼兵二十万，遂取燕京，抚定中夏。迎朕来京，膺受大宝......”）。 Wakeman, Frederic, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China（洪业：清朝开国史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1985, ISBN 0-520-04804-0 . In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985，第860–61页和第861页，注释31。 Wakeman, Frederic, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China（洪业：清朝开国史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1985, ISBN 0-520-04804-0 . In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985，第861頁。 Wakeman, Frederic, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China（洪业：清朝开国史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1985, ISBN 0-520-04804-0 . In two volumes.
参见Naquin 2000，第356頁和Elliott 2001 ，第103页地图。 Naquin, Susan, Peking: Temples and City Life, 1400–1900（北京：寺廟與城市生活）, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2000, ISBN 0-520-21991-0 . Elliott, Mark C., The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001 [2016-01-01], ISBN 0-8047-4684-2, （原始内容存档于2014-01-07） .
Oxnam 1975，第170頁 Oxnam, Robert B., Ruling from Horseback: Manchu Politics in the Oboi Regency, 1661–1669, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1975, ISBN 0-226-64244-5 ^{[失效連結]}.
Man-Cheong 2004，第7頁，表1.1（清朝每届会试中额）；Wakeman 1985，第954頁（高中额的原因）；Elman 2001，第169頁（1660年减少中额）。 Man-Cheong, Iona D., The Class of 1761: Examinations, State, and Elites in Eighteenth-Century China, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-8047-4146-8 . Wakeman, Frederic, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China（洪业：清朝开国史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1985, ISBN 0-520-04804-0 . In two volumes. Elman, Benjamin A., A Cultural History of Civil Examinations in Late Imperial China, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2001, ISBN 0-520-21509-5 .
Wakeman 1985，第483页（李自成在西安重建指挥部）和第501页（河北、山东起义以及反李自成新运动）。 Wakeman, Frederic, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China（洪业：清朝开国史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1985, ISBN 0-520-04804-0 . In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985，第501–7頁。 Wakeman, Frederic, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China（洪业：清朝开国史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1985, ISBN 0-520-04804-0 . In two volumes.
4月1日，多铎接到圣旨去指挥南征（Wakeman 1985，第521頁）。他在同一天向西安出发(Struve 1988，第657頁）。福王在1644年6月19日加冕为大明皇帝（Wakeman 1985，第346頁；Struve 1988，第644頁）。 Wakeman, Frederic, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China（洪业：清朝开国史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1985, ISBN 0-520-04804-0 . In two volumes. Struve, Lynn, The Southern Ming（南明）, Frederic W. Mote, Denis Twitchett, and John King Fairbank (eds.) (编), Cambridge History of China, Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644（剑桥中国明代史）, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 641–725, 1988, ISBN 0-521-24332-7 . Wakeman, Frederic, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China（洪业：清朝开国史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1985, ISBN 0-520-04804-0 . In two volumes. Struve, Lynn, The Southern Ming（南明）, Frederic W. Mote, Denis Twitchett, and John King Fairbank (eds.) (编), Cambridge History of China, Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644（剑桥中国明代史）, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 641–725, 1988, ISBN 0-521-24332-7 .
关于党政削弱弘光朝廷的实例，参见Wakeman 1985，第523–43頁。数件叛变之事见Wakeman 1985，第543–45頁所述。 Wakeman, Frederic, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China（洪业：清朝开国史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1985, ISBN 0-520-04804-0 . In two volumes. Wakeman, Frederic, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China（洪业：清朝开国史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1985, ISBN 0-520-04804-0 . In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985，第522頁（夺取徐州）；Struve 1988，第657頁（聚集扬州）。 Wakeman, Frederic, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China（洪业：清朝开国史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1985, ISBN 0-520-04804-0 . In two volumes. Struve, Lynn, The Southern Ming（南明）, Frederic W. Mote, Denis Twitchett, and John King Fairbank (eds.) (编), Cambridge History of China, Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644（剑桥中国明代史）, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 641–725, 1988, ISBN 0-521-24332-7 .
Struve 1988，第657頁。 Struve, Lynn, The Southern Ming（南明）, Frederic W. Mote, Denis Twitchett, and John King Fairbank (eds.) (编), Cambridge History of China, Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644（剑桥中国明代史）, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 641–725, 1988, ISBN 0-521-24332-7 .
Struve 1988，第657頁（大屠杀的目的是为了恐吓江南）；Zarrow 2004a，各处（扬州十日为晚清所使用的名称)。 Struve, Lynn, The Southern Ming（南明）, Frederic W. Mote, Denis Twitchett, and John King Fairbank (eds.) (编), Cambridge History of China, Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644（剑桥中国明代史）, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 641–725, 1988, ISBN 0-521-24332-7 . Zarrow, Peter, Historical Trauma: Anti-Manchuism and Memories of Atrocity in Late Qing China, History and Memory, 2004a, 16 (2): 67–107, doi:10.1353/ham.2004.0013 .
Struve 1988，第660頁。 Struve, Lynn, The Southern Ming（南明）, Frederic W. Mote, Denis Twitchett, and John King Fairbank (eds.) (编), Cambridge History of China, Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644（剑桥中国明代史）, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 641–725, 1988, ISBN 0-521-24332-7 .
Struve 1988，第660頁（1645年7月上旬攻占苏杭；新边界）；Wakeman 1985，第580頁（6月17日左右俘获皇帝，后者后来逝于北京）。 Struve, Lynn, The Southern Ming（南明）, Frederic W. Mote, Denis Twitchett, and John King Fairbank (eds.) (编), Cambridge History of China, Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644（剑桥中国明代史）, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 641–725, 1988, ISBN 0-521-24332-7 . Wakeman, Frederic, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China（洪业：清朝开国史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1985, ISBN 0-520-04804-0 . In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985，第647頁；Struve 1988，第662頁；Dennerline 2002，第87頁（其称此告示是“多尔衮一生中颁布地最不合时宜”的告示）。 Wakeman, Frederic, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China（洪业：清朝开国史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1985, ISBN 0-520-04804-0 . In two volumes. Struve, Lynn, The Southern Ming（南明）, Frederic W. Mote, Denis Twitchett, and John King Fairbank (eds.) (编), Cambridge History of China, Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644（剑桥中国明代史）, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 641–725, 1988, ISBN 0-521-24332-7 .
Wakeman 1985，第647頁（“根据满人的看法，‘留发不留头’的命令不仅能使统治者与被统治者外表相同，而且也提供给他们一个很好的忠诚考验。”）。 Wakeman, Frederic, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China（洪业：清朝开国史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1985, ISBN 0-520-04804-0 . In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985，第648–49页（官员和文人）和第650页（普通人）。在《孝经》中，孔子引用说：“身体发肤，受之父母，不敢毁伤，孝之始也”。在清代以前，成年男性汉人通常没有削发，而是把头发盘一个顶髻。 Wakeman, Frederic, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China（洪业：清朝开国史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1985, ISBN 0-520-04804-0 . In two volumes.
Struve 1988，第662–63頁（“打破了清军征服的势头”）；Wakeman 1975，第56頁（“剃发令异于平常的那些法令，它引起了1645年的江南反抗活动”）；Wakeman 1985，第650頁（“统治者使满汉融为一体的努力，首先就使中国中部和南部的社会上下层阶级在反对外来者上融为一体。”）。 Struve, Lynn, The Southern Ming（南明）, Frederic W. Mote, Denis Twitchett, and John King Fairbank (eds.) (编), Cambridge History of China, Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644（剑桥中国明代史）, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 641–725, 1988, ISBN 0-521-24332-7 . Wakeman, Frederic, Localism and Loyalism During the Ch'ing Conquest of Kiangnan: The Tragedy of Chiang-yin, Frederic Wakeman, Jr., and Carolyn Grant (eds.) (编), Conflict and Control in Late Imperial China, Berkeley: Center of Chinese Studies, University of California, Berkeley: 43–85, 1975, ISBN 0-520-02597-0 . Wakeman, Frederic, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China（洪业：清朝开国史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1985, ISBN 0-520-04804-0 . In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985，第674頁. Wakeman, Frederic, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China（洪业：清朝开国史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1985, ISBN 0-520-04804-0 . In two volumes.
Struve 1988，第665页（唐王活动情况）和第666页（鲁王活动情况）。 Struve, Lynn, The Southern Ming（南明）, Frederic W. Mote, Denis Twitchett, and John King Fairbank (eds.) (编), Cambridge History of China, Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644（剑桥中国明代史）, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 641–725, 1988, ISBN 0-521-24332-7 .
Struve 1988, 第667–69页（合作失败），第669-74页（内部问题和战略问题）。 Struve, Lynn, The Southern Ming（南明）, Frederic W. Mote, Denis Twitchett, and John King Fairbank (eds.) (编), Cambridge History of China, Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644（剑桥中国明代史）, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 641–725, 1988, ISBN 0-521-24332-7 .
Struve 1988，第675頁。 Struve, Lynn, The Southern Ming（南明）, Frederic W. Mote, Denis Twitchett, and John King Fairbank (eds.) (编), Cambridge History of China, Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644（剑桥中国明代史）, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 641–725, 1988, ISBN 0-521-24332-7 .
Struve 1988，第676頁。 Struve, Lynn, The Southern Ming（南明）, Frederic W. Mote, Denis Twitchett, and John King Fairbank (eds.) (编), Cambridge History of China, Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644（剑桥中国明代史）, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 641–725, 1988, ISBN 0-521-24332-7 .
Wakeman 1985，第737頁。 Wakeman, Frederic, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China（洪业：清朝开国史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1985, ISBN 0-520-04804-0 . In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985，第738頁。 Wakeman, Frederic, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China（洪业：清朝开国史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1985, ISBN 0-520-04804-0 . In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985，第765–66頁。 Wakeman, Frederic, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China（洪业：清朝开国史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1985, ISBN 0-520-04804-0 . In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985，第767頁。 Wakeman, Frederic, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China（洪业：清朝开国史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1985, ISBN 0-520-04804-0 . In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985，第767–68頁。 Wakeman, Frederic, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China（洪业：清朝开国史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1985, ISBN 0-520-04804-0 . In two volumes.
Oxnam 1975，第47頁（“激烈的派系斗争”“清初最激烈和最复杂的派系斗争”)；Wakeman 1985，第892–93页（多尔衮的死亡日期和死因）和第907页（1652—1655年就要经历第二次“清代制度改革高潮”）。 Oxnam, Robert B., Ruling from Horseback: Manchu Politics in the Oboi Regency, 1661–1669, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1975, ISBN 0-226-64244-5 ^{[失效連結]}. Wakeman, Frederic, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China（洪业：清朝开国史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1985, ISBN 0-520-04804-0 . In two volumes.
Oxnam 1975，第47–48頁。 Oxnam, Robert B., Ruling from Horseback: Manchu Politics in the Oboi Regency, 1661–1669, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1975, ISBN 0-226-64244-5 ^{[失效連結]}.
Oxnam 1975，第47頁。 Oxnam, Robert B., Ruling from Horseback: Manchu Politics in the Oboi Regency, 1661–1669, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1975, ISBN 0-226-64244-5 ^{[失效連結]}.
Oxnam 1975，第48頁。 Oxnam, Robert B., Ruling from Horseback: Manchu Politics in the Oboi Regency, 1661–1669, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1975, ISBN 0-226-64244-5 ^{[失效連結]}.
Elliott 2001，第79頁（满语；“皇帝的个人财产”)；Oxnam 1975，第48頁（济尔哈朗此举的时间和动机）。 Elliott, Mark C., The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001 [2016-01-01], ISBN 0-8047-4684-2, （原始内容存档于2014-01-07） . Oxnam, Robert B., Ruling from Horseback: Manchu Politics in the Oboi Regency, 1661–1669, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1975, ISBN 0-226-64244-5 ^{[失效連結]}.
Oxnam 1975，第49頁。 Oxnam, Robert B., Ruling from Horseback: Manchu Politics in the Oboi Regency, 1661–1669, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1975, ISBN 0-226-64244-5 ^{[失效連結]}.
Dennerline 2002，第106頁（1651年罢免冯铨）；Wakeman 1985，第865–72頁（1645年肃清冯铨失败）。 Wakeman, Frederic, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China（洪业：清朝开国史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1985, ISBN 0-520-04804-0 . In two volumes.
Dennerline 2002，第107頁（“文人团体联盟”）；Wakeman 1985，第865頁。 Wakeman, Frederic, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China（洪业：清朝开国史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1985, ISBN 0-520-04804-0 . In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985，第958頁。 Wakeman, Frederic, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China（洪业：清朝开国史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1985, ISBN 0-520-04804-0 . In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985，第959–74頁（这些案例的详述）。 Wakeman, Frederic, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China（洪业：清朝开国史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1985, ISBN 0-520-04804-0 . In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985，第976页（1654年4月，宁完我) 第977–81页（对陈名夏罪名的长时间讨论）。 Wakeman, Frederic, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China（洪业：清朝开国史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1985, ISBN 0-520-04804-0 . In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985，第985–86頁。 Wakeman, Frederic, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China（洪业：清朝开国史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1985, ISBN 0-520-04804-0 . In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985，第1004頁，注释38。 Wakeman, Frederic, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China（洪业：清朝开国史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1985, ISBN 0-520-04804-0 . In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985，第1004–5頁。 Wakeman, Frederic, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China（洪业：清朝开国史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1985, ISBN 0-520-04804-0 . In two volumes.
Mair 1985，第326頁（“梗概”）；Oxnam 1975，第115–16頁。 Mair, Victor H., Language and Ideology in the Written Popularization of the Sacred Edict, Johnson, David, et al. (eds.) (编), Popular Culture in Late Imperial China, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press: 325–59, 1985, ISBN 0-520-06172-1 . Oxnam, Robert B., Ruling from Horseback: Manchu Politics in the Oboi Regency, 1661–1669, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1975, ISBN 0-226-64244-5 ^{[失效連結]}.
Wakeman 1985，第931頁（“十三衙门”）；Rawski 1998，第163頁（“十三衙门”由满人监督）。 Wakeman, Frederic, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China（洪业：清朝开国史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1985, ISBN 0-520-04804-0 . In two volumes. Rawski, Evelyn S., The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions（清代宫廷社会史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1998, ISBN 0-520-22837-5 .
Dennerline 2002，第113頁；Oxnam 1975，第52–53頁。 Oxnam, Robert B., Ruling from Horseback: Manchu Politics in the Oboi Regency, 1661–1669, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1975, ISBN 0-226-64244-5 ^{[失效連結]}.
Wakeman 1985，第931頁（起草诏令）；Oxnam 1975，第52頁。 Wakeman, Frederic, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China（洪业：清朝开国史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1985, ISBN 0-520-04804-0 . In two volumes. Oxnam, Robert B., Ruling from Horseback: Manchu Politics in the Oboi Regency, 1661–1669, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1975, ISBN 0-226-64244-5 ^{[失效連結]}.
Oxnam 1975，第52頁（通过他的官员孤立皇帝）；Kessler 1976，第27頁。 Oxnam, Robert B., Ruling from Horseback: Manchu Politics in the Oboi Regency, 1661–1669, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1975, ISBN 0-226-64244-5 ^{[失效連結]}. Kessler, Lawrence D., K'ang-hsi and the Consolidation of Ch'ing Rule, 1661–1684, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1976, ISBN 0-226-43203-3 .
Wakeman 1985，第1016頁；Kessler 1976，第27頁；Oxnam 1975，第54頁。 Wakeman, Frederic, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China（洪业：清朝开国史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1985, ISBN 0-520-04804-0 . In two volumes. Kessler, Lawrence D., K'ang-hsi and the Consolidation of Ch'ing Rule, 1661–1684, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1976, ISBN 0-226-43203-3 . Oxnam, Robert B., Ruling from Horseback: Manchu Politics in the Oboi Regency, 1661–1669, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1975, ISBN 0-226-64244-5 ^{[失效連結]}.
Oxnam 1975，第52–53頁。 Oxnam, Robert B., Ruling from Horseback: Manchu Politics in the Oboi Regency, 1661–1669, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1975, ISBN 0-226-64244-5 ^{[失效連結]}.
Kessler 1976，第27頁；Rawski 1998，第163頁（具体日期）。 Kessler, Lawrence D., K'ang-hsi and the Consolidation of Ch'ing Rule, 1661–1684, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1976, ISBN 0-226-43203-3 . Rawski, Evelyn S., The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions（清代宫廷社会史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1998, ISBN 0-520-22837-5 .
Kim 2008，第109頁（“未经要求”；贸易区位）；Rossabi 1979，第190頁（旧进贡体系的制约）。 Kim, Kwangmin, "Saintly brokers: Uyghur Muslims, trade, and the making of Central Asia, 1696–1814", Ph.D. diss., History Department, University of California, Berkeley, 2008, ISBN 9781109101263 ^{[失效連結]}. Rossabi, Morris, Muslim and Central Asian Revolts, Spence, Jonathan D.; Wills, John E., Jr. (编), From Ming to Ch'ing: Conquest, Region, and Continuity in Seventeenth-Century China, New Haven and London: Yale University Press: 167–99, 1979, ISBN 0-300-02672-2 .
Rossabi 1979，第192頁。 Rossabi, Morris, Muslim and Central Asian Revolts, Spence, Jonathan D.; Wills, John E., Jr. (编), From Ming to Ch'ing: Conquest, Region, and Continuity in Seventeenth-Century China, New Haven and London: Yale University Press: 167–99, 1979, ISBN 0-300-02672-2 .
Rawski 1998，第250頁（宗教和世俗统治权统一）。 Rawski, Evelyn S., The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions（清代宫廷社会史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1998, ISBN 0-520-22837-5 .
Rawski 1998，第251頁（满清保护藏传佛教之始）。 Rawski, Evelyn S., The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions（清代宫廷社会史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1998, ISBN 0-520-22837-5 .
Wakeman 1985，第929頁，注释81（琼华岛和原薛禅汗宫殿）；Naquin 2000，第309頁（为喇嘛的访问做准备，“白塔”）。 Wakeman, Frederic, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China（洪业：清朝开国史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1985, ISBN 0-520-04804-0 . In two volumes. Naquin, Susan, Peking: Temples and City Life, 1400–1900（北京：寺廟與城市生活）, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2000, ISBN 0-520-21991-0 .
西方学者似乎未能就达赖喇嘛访问日期达成一致：参见Wakeman 1985，第929頁，注释81（“1651年”）；Crossley 1999，第239頁（“1651年”）；Naquin 2000，第311页和473页（“1652年”）；Benard 2004，第134頁，注释23（“1652年”）；Zarrow 2004b，第187頁，注释5（“1652年至1653年之间”）；Rawski 1998，第252頁（“1653年”）；Berger 2003，第57頁。不过，《大清世祖章皇帝实录》清晰的表明，达赖喇嘛于顺治九年十二月十五日癸丑（1653年1月14日）到达北京，并于顺治十年二月二十日丁巳（1653年3月19日）离京。 Wakeman, Frederic, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China（洪业：清朝开国史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1985, ISBN 0-520-04804-0 . In two volumes. Crossley, Pamela Kyle, A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1999, ISBN 0-520-21566-4 . Naquin, Susan, Peking: Temples and City Life, 1400–1900（北京：寺廟與城市生活）, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2000, ISBN 0-520-21991-0 . Benard, Elisabeth, The Qianlong emperor and Tibetan Buddhism, Millward, James A., et al. (eds.) (编), New Qing Imperial History: The Making of Inner Asian Empire at Qing Chengde, London and New York: RoutledgeCurzon: 123–35, 2004, ISBN 0-415-32006-2 . Zarrow, Peter (trans.), Qianlong's inscription on the founding of the Temple of the Happiness and Longevity of Mt Sumeru (Xumifushou miao), Millward, James A., et al. (eds.) (编), New Qing Imperial History: The Making of Inner Asian Empire at Qing Chengde, London and New York: RoutledgeCurzon: 185–87, 2004b, ISBN 0-415-32006-2 . Rawski, Evelyn S., The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions（清代宫廷社会史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1998, ISBN 0-520-22837-5 . Berger, Patricia, Empire of Emptiness: Buddhist Art and Political Authority in Qing China, Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2003, ISBN 0-8248-2563-2 .
Struve 1988，第704頁。 Struve, Lynn, The Southern Ming（南明）, Frederic W. Mote, Denis Twitchett, and John King Fairbank (eds.) (编), Cambridge History of China, Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644（剑桥中国明代史）, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 641–725, 1988, ISBN 0-521-24332-7 .
Wakeman 1985，第973頁，注释194。 Wakeman, Frederic, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China（洪业：清朝开国史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1985, ISBN 0-520-04804-0 . In two volumes.
Struve 1988，第710頁。 Struve, Lynn, The Southern Ming（南明）, Frederic W. Mote, Denis Twitchett, and John King Fairbank (eds.) (编), Cambridge History of China, Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644（剑桥中国明代史）, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 641–725, 1988, ISBN 0-521-24332-7 .
Wakeman 1985，第1048–49頁。 Wakeman, Frederic, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China（洪业：清朝开国史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1985, ISBN 0-520-04804-0 . In two volumes.
Oxnam 1975，第54頁；Wakeman 1985，第858頁，注释24。 Oxnam, Robert B., Ruling from Horseback: Manchu Politics in the Oboi Regency, 1661–1669, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1975, ISBN 0-226-64244-5 ^{[失效連結]}. Wakeman, Frederic, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China（洪业：清朝开国史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1985, ISBN 0-520-04804-0 . In two volumes.
Spence 1969，第19頁；Wakeman 1985，第929頁，注释82。 Spence, Jonathan D., To Change China: Western Advisors in China, 1620–1960（改变中国:在中国的西方顾问）, Boston: Little, Brown & Company, 1969, ISBN 0-14-005528-2 . Wakeman, Frederic, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China（洪业：清朝开国史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1985, ISBN 0-520-04804-0 . In two volumes.
Oxnam 1975，第205頁。 Oxnam, Robert B., Ruling from Horseback: Manchu Politics in the Oboi Regency, 1661–1669, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1975, ISBN 0-226-64244-5 ^{[失效連結]}.
Spence 2002，第125頁。注释说玄烨生于1654年5月，那时还不满七岁。Spence 2002和Oxnam 1975（第1页）仍然说他此时“七岁”。Dennerline 2002，第119页和Rawski 1998，第99页表明他此时“不满七岁”。在中国文献中，玄烨即位时被说成八岁（Oxnam 1975，第62頁）。 Spence, Jonathan D., The K'ang-hsi Reign, Peterson, Willard J. (ed.) (编), Cambridge History of China, Vol. 9, Part 1: The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 120–82, 2002, ISBN 0-521-24334-3 . Spence, Jonathan D., The K'ang-hsi Reign, Peterson, Willard J. (ed.) (编), Cambridge History of China, Vol. 9, Part 1: The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 120–82, 2002, ISBN 0-521-24334-3 . Oxnam, Robert B., Ruling from Horseback: Manchu Politics in the Oboi Regency, 1661–1669, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1975, ISBN 0-226-64244-5 ^{[失效連結]}. Rawski, Evelyn S., The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions（清代宫廷社会史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1998, ISBN 0-520-22837-5 . Oxnam, Robert B., Ruling from Horseback: Manchu Politics in the Oboi Regency, 1661–1669, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1975, ISBN 0-226-64244-5 ^{[失效連結]}.
Oxnam 1975，第52頁。 Oxnam, Robert B., Ruling from Horseback: Manchu Politics in the Oboi Regency, 1661–1669, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1975, ISBN 0-226-64244-5 ^{[失效連結]}.
Oxnam 1975，第51頁（皇帝发布“罪己诏”）和第52页（论顺治年间中心统治政策）。 Oxnam, Robert B., Ruling from Horseback: Manchu Politics in the Oboi Regency, 1661–1669, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1975, ISBN 0-226-64244-5 ^{[失效連結]}.
Oxnam 1975，第63頁。 Oxnam, Robert B., Ruling from Horseback: Manchu Politics in the Oboi Regency, 1661–1669, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1975, ISBN 0-226-64244-5 ^{[失效連結]}.
Oxnam 1975，第205頁（僧人的日记，援引自中国历史学家孟森的一项旧研究）；Spence 2002，第125頁（两名殉葬者）。 Oxnam, Robert B., Ruling from Horseback: Manchu Politics in the Oboi Regency, 1661–1669, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1975, ISBN 0-226-64244-5 ^{[失效連結]}. Spence, Jonathan D., The K'ang-hsi Reign, Peterson, Willard J. (ed.) (编), Cambridge History of China, Vol. 9, Part 1: The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 120–82, 2002, ISBN 0-521-24334-3 .
Elliott 2001，第477頁，注释122（列举几种研究和一手文献）。与此类似，皇太极和福临的两个皇后都在死后火葬（Elliott 2001，第264頁）。 Elliott, Mark C., The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001 [2016-01-01], ISBN 0-8047-4684-2, （原始内容存档于2014-01-07） . Elliott, Mark C., The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001 [2016-01-01], ISBN 0-8047-4684-2, （原始内容存档于2014-01-07） .
Kessler 1976，第26頁；Oxnam 1975，第63頁。 Kessler, Lawrence D., K'ang-hsi and the Consolidation of Ch'ing Rule, 1661–1684, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1976, ISBN 0-226-43203-3 . Oxnam, Robert B., Ruling from Horseback: Manchu Politics in the Oboi Regency, 1661–1669, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1975, ISBN 0-226-64244-5 ^{[失效連結]}.
Oxnam 1975，第65頁。 Oxnam, Robert B., Ruling from Horseback: Manchu Politics in the Oboi Regency, 1661–1669, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1975, ISBN 0-226-64244-5 ^{[失效連結]}.
Oxnam 1975，第71頁（议政王大臣会议人员详述）；Spence 2002，第126–27頁（其他机构）。 Oxnam, Robert B., Ruling from Horseback: Manchu Politics in the Oboi Regency, 1661–1669, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1975, ISBN 0-226-64244-5 ^{[失效連結]}. Spence, Jonathan D., The K'ang-hsi Reign, Peterson, Willard J. (ed.) (编), Cambridge History of China, Vol. 9, Part 1: The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 120–82, 2002, ISBN 0-521-24334-3 .
Rawski 1998，第113頁（1681年开始倡导使用人痘接种）。 Rawski, Evelyn S., The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions（清代宫廷社会史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1998, ISBN 0-520-22837-5 .
Dennerline 2002，第73頁（引证）；Wakeman 1985，第1125頁（牢固基础，疆域辽阔、文化灿烂） Wakeman, Frederic, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China（洪业：清朝开国史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1985, ISBN 0-520-04804-0 . In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985，第1127頁 Wakeman, Frederic, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China（洪业：清朝开国史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1985, ISBN 0-520-04804-0 . In two volumes.
Rawski 1998，第113頁。 Rawski, Evelyn S., The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions（清代宫廷社会史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1998, ISBN 0-520-22837-5 .
Rawski 1998，第135頁（其本名布木布泰、父名、尊为皇太后的日期及谥号） Rawski, Evelyn S., The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions（清代宫廷社会史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1998, ISBN 0-520-22837-5 .
参见Rawski 1998，第141頁表。 Rawski, Evelyn S., The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions（清代宫廷社会史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1998, ISBN 0-520-22837-5 .
Rawski 1998，第129頁。 Rawski, Evelyn S., The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions（清代宫廷社会史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1998, ISBN 0-520-22837-5 .
Elliott 2001，第87頁。 Elliott, Mark C., The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001 [2016-01-01], ISBN 0-8047-4684-2, （原始内容存档于2014-01-07） .
参见Rawski 1998，第142頁表。 Rawski, Evelyn S., The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions（清代宫廷社会史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1998, ISBN 0-520-22837-5 .
参见Rawski 1998，第112表頁。 Rawski, Evelyn S., The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions（清代宫廷社会史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1998, ISBN 0-520-22837-5 .
Rawski 1998，第148頁（年份）；《清史稿》卷一百六十六：“康熙六年二月，下嫁给讷尔杜。纳尔杜，瓜尔佳氏，官领侍卫内大臣加少傅。以从父太师、辅政大臣鳌拜得罪，坐夺官。寻复起。康熙十五年加太子少师，卒。” Rawski, Evelyn S., The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions（清代宫廷社会史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1998, ISBN 0-520-22837-5 .

doi.org

dx.doi.org

Zarrow 2004a，各处。 Zarrow, Peter, Historical Trauma: Anti-Manchuism and Memories of Atrocity in Late Qing China, History and Memory, 2004a, 16 (2): 67–107, doi:10.1353/ham.2004.0013 .
Struve 1988，第657頁（大屠杀的目的是为了恐吓江南）；Zarrow 2004a，各处（扬州十日为晚清所使用的名称)。 Struve, Lynn, The Southern Ming（南明）, Frederic W. Mote, Denis Twitchett, and John King Fairbank (eds.) (编), Cambridge History of China, Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644（剑桥中国明代史）, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 641–725, 1988, ISBN 0-521-24332-7 . Zarrow, Peter, Historical Trauma: Anti-Manchuism and Memories of Atrocity in Late Qing China, History and Memory, 2004a, 16 (2): 67–107, doi:10.1353/ham.2004.0013 .
Wakeman 1984，第631頁，注释2。 Wakeman, Frederic, Romantics, Stoics, and Martyrs in Seventeenth-Century China, Journal of Asian Studies, 1984, 43 (4): 631–65, JSTOR 2057148, doi:10.2307/2057148 .
Perdue 2005，第47頁（“百分之七十到八十的感染者会死去”）；Chang 2002，第196頁（最令满族人恐惧的疾病）。 Perdue, Peter C., China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia, Cambridge, Mass., and London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-674-01684-X . Chang, Chia-feng, Disease and its Impact on Politics, Diplomacy, and the Military: The Case of Smallpox and the Manchus (1613–1795), Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 2002, 57 (2): 177–97, PMID 11995595, doi:10.1093/jhmas/57.2.177 .
Chang 2002，第180頁。 Chang, Chia-feng, Disease and its Impact on Politics, Diplomacy, and the Military: The Case of Smallpox and the Manchus (1613–1795), Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 2002, 57 (2): 177–97, PMID 11995595, doi:10.1093/jhmas/57.2.177 .
Chang 2002，第181頁。 Chang, Chia-feng, Disease and its Impact on Politics, Diplomacy, and the Military: The Case of Smallpox and the Manchus (1613–1795), Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 2002, 57 (2): 177–97, PMID 11995595, doi:10.1093/jhmas/57.2.177 .
Naquin 2000，第311頁（南苑被用为狩猎场所）；Chang 2002，第181页（爆发次数）和第192页（多尔衮在南苑建立避痘所）。 Naquin, Susan, Peking: Temples and City Life, 1400–1900（北京：寺廟與城市生活）, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2000, ISBN 0-520-21991-0 . Chang, Chia-feng, Disease and its Impact on Politics, Diplomacy, and the Military: The Case of Smallpox and the Manchus (1613–1795), Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 2002, 57 (2): 177–97, PMID 11995595, doi:10.1093/jhmas/57.2.177 .

google.com.hk

books.google.com.hk

Dai 2009，第15頁。 Dai, Yingcong, The Sichuan Frontier and Tibet: Imperial Strategy in the Early Qing, Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-295-98952-5 .
Dai 2009，第17頁。 Dai, Yingcong, The Sichuan Frontier and Tibet: Imperial Strategy in the Early Qing, Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-295-98952-5 .
Dai 2009，第17–18页。 Dai, Yingcong, The Sichuan Frontier and Tibet: Imperial Strategy in the Early Qing, Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-295-98952-5 .
1951年，意大利学者卢西亚诺·佩泰克（英语：Luciano Petech）首次猜测认为，这些使节来自吐鲁番，而非莫卧儿帝国（Petech 1951，第124–27頁，转引自Lach & van Kley 1994，插图315）。Kim 2008，第109頁较为详细地探讨了该大使。 Lach, Donald F.; van Kley, Edwin J., Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume III, A Century of Advance, Book Four, East Asia（欧洲形成中的亚洲（第3卷）第四册东亚）, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994, ISBN 978-0-226-46734-4 . Kim, Kwangmin, "Saintly brokers: Uyghur Muslims, trade, and the making of Central Asia, 1696–1814", Ph.D. diss., History Department, University of California, Berkeley, 2008, ISBN 9781109101263 ^{[失效連結]}.
Kim 2008，第109頁 Kim, Kwangmin, "Saintly brokers: Uyghur Muslims, trade, and the making of Central Asia, 1696–1814", Ph.D. diss., History Department, University of California, Berkeley, 2008, ISBN 9781109101263 ^{[失效連結]}.
Kim 2008，第109頁（“未经要求”；贸易区位）；Rossabi 1979，第190頁（旧进贡体系的制约）。 Kim, Kwangmin, "Saintly brokers: Uyghur Muslims, trade, and the making of Central Asia, 1696–1814", Ph.D. diss., History Department, University of California, Berkeley, 2008, ISBN 9781109101263 ^{[失效連結]}. Rossabi, Morris, Muslim and Central Asian Revolts, Spence, Jonathan D.; Wills, John E., Jr. (编), From Ming to Ch'ing: Conquest, Region, and Continuity in Seventeenth-Century China, New Haven and London: Yale University Press: 167–99, 1979, ISBN 0-300-02672-2 .
Kim 2008，第111頁。 Kim, Kwangmin, "Saintly brokers: Uyghur Muslims, trade, and the making of Central Asia, 1696–1814", Ph.D. diss., History Department, University of California, Berkeley, 2008, ISBN 9781109101263 ^{[失效連結]}.
Spence 2002，第136頁。 Spence, Jonathan D., The K'ang-hsi Reign, Peterson, Willard J. (ed.) (编), Cambridge History of China, Vol. 9, Part 1: The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 120–82, 2002, ISBN 0-521-24334-3 .
Spence 2002，第136–37頁。 Spence, Jonathan D., The K'ang-hsi Reign, Peterson, Willard J. (ed.) (编), Cambridge History of China, Vol. 9, Part 1: The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 120–82, 2002, ISBN 0-521-24334-3 .
Spence 2002，第146頁。 Spence, Jonathan D., The K'ang-hsi Reign, Peterson, Willard J. (ed.) (编), Cambridge History of China, Vol. 9, Part 1: The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 120–82, 2002, ISBN 0-521-24334-3 .
Spence 2002，第125頁。注释说玄烨生于1654年5月，那时还不满七岁。Spence 2002和Oxnam 1975（第1页）仍然说他此时“七岁”。Dennerline 2002，第119页和Rawski 1998，第99页表明他此时“不满七岁”。在中国文献中，玄烨即位时被说成八岁（Oxnam 1975，第62頁）。 Spence, Jonathan D., The K'ang-hsi Reign, Peterson, Willard J. (ed.) (编), Cambridge History of China, Vol. 9, Part 1: The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 120–82, 2002, ISBN 0-521-24334-3 . Spence, Jonathan D., The K'ang-hsi Reign, Peterson, Willard J. (ed.) (编), Cambridge History of China, Vol. 9, Part 1: The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 120–82, 2002, ISBN 0-521-24334-3 . Oxnam, Robert B., Ruling from Horseback: Manchu Politics in the Oboi Regency, 1661–1669, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1975, ISBN 0-226-64244-5 ^{[失效連結]}. Rawski, Evelyn S., The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions（清代宫廷社会史）, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1998, ISBN 0-520-22837-5 . Oxnam, Robert B., Ruling from Horseback: Manchu Politics in the Oboi Regency, 1661–1669, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1975, ISBN 0-226-64244-5 ^{[失效連結]}.
Spence 2002，第125頁。 Spence, Jonathan D., The K'ang-hsi Reign, Peterson, Willard J. (ed.) (编), Cambridge History of China, Vol. 9, Part 1: The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 120–82, 2002, ISBN 0-521-24334-3 .
Oxnam 1975，第205頁（僧人的日记，援引自中国历史学家孟森的一项旧研究）；Spence 2002，第125頁（两名殉葬者）。 Oxnam, Robert B., Ruling from Horseback: Manchu Politics in the Oboi Regency, 1661–1669, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1975, ISBN 0-226-64244-5 ^{[失效連結]}. Spence, Jonathan D., The K'ang-hsi Reign, Peterson, Willard J. (ed.) (编), Cambridge History of China, Vol. 9, Part 1: The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 120–82, 2002, ISBN 0-521-24334-3 .
Oxnam 1975，第71頁（议政王大臣会议人员详述）；Spence 2002，第126–27頁（其他机构）。 Oxnam, Robert B., Ruling from Horseback: Manchu Politics in the Oboi Regency, 1661–1669, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1975, ISBN 0-226-64244-5 ^{[失效連結]}. Spence, Jonathan D., The K'ang-hsi Reign, Peterson, Willard J. (ed.) (编), Cambridge History of China, Vol. 9, Part 1: The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 120–82, 2002, ISBN 0-521-24334-3 .
Spence 2002，第133頁。 Spence, Jonathan D., The K'ang-hsi Reign, Peterson, Willard J. (ed.) (编), Cambridge History of China, Vol. 9, Part 1: The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 120–82, 2002, ISBN 0-521-24334-3 .
Spence 2002，第122頁 Spence, Jonathan D., The K'ang-hsi Reign, Peterson, Willard J. (ed.) (编), Cambridge History of China, Vol. 9, Part 1: The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 120–82, 2002, ISBN 0-521-24334-3 .
Spence 2002，第140–43頁（战役详情）。 Spence, Jonathan D., The K'ang-hsi Reign, Peterson, Willard J. (ed.) (编), Cambridge History of China, Vol. 9, Part 1: The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 120–82, 2002, ISBN 0-521-24334-3 .

jstor.org

Wakeman 1984，第631頁，注释2。 Wakeman, Frederic, Romantics, Stoics, and Martyrs in Seventeenth-Century China, Journal of Asian Studies, 1984, 43 (4): 631–65, JSTOR 2057148, doi:10.2307/2057148 .

nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Perdue 2005，第47頁（“百分之七十到八十的感染者会死去”）；Chang 2002，第196頁（最令满族人恐惧的疾病）。 Perdue, Peter C., China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia, Cambridge, Mass., and London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-674-01684-X . Chang, Chia-feng, Disease and its Impact on Politics, Diplomacy, and the Military: The Case of Smallpox and the Manchus (1613–1795), Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 2002, 57 (2): 177–97, PMID 11995595, doi:10.1093/jhmas/57.2.177 .
Chang 2002，第180頁。 Chang, Chia-feng, Disease and its Impact on Politics, Diplomacy, and the Military: The Case of Smallpox and the Manchus (1613–1795), Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 2002, 57 (2): 177–97, PMID 11995595, doi:10.1093/jhmas/57.2.177 .
Chang 2002，第181頁。 Chang, Chia-feng, Disease and its Impact on Politics, Diplomacy, and the Military: The Case of Smallpox and the Manchus (1613–1795), Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 2002, 57 (2): 177–97, PMID 11995595, doi:10.1093/jhmas/57.2.177 .
Naquin 2000，第311頁（南苑被用为狩猎场所）；Chang 2002，第181页（爆发次数）和第192页（多尔衮在南苑建立避痘所）。 Naquin, Susan, Peking: Temples and City Life, 1400–1900（北京：寺廟與城市生活）, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2000, ISBN 0-520-21991-0 . Chang, Chia-feng, Disease and its Impact on Politics, Diplomacy, and the Military: The Case of Smallpox and the Manchus (1613–1795), Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 2002, 57 (2): 177–97, PMID 11995595, doi:10.1093/jhmas/57.2.177 .

npm.edu.tw

theme.npm.edu.tw

避暑山莊：清帝國多元統治的縮影. 臺北國立故宮博物院. [2023-01-07]. （原始内容存档于2023-04-10）.

qulishi.com

顺治陵墓谜案. （原始内容存档于2021-05-15）（中文）.

web.archive.org

参见Naquin 2000，第356頁和Elliott 2001 ，第103页地图。 Naquin, Susan, Peking: Temples and City Life, 1400–1900（北京：寺廟與城市生活）, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2000, ISBN 0-520-21991-0 . Elliott, Mark C., The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001 [2016-01-01], ISBN 0-8047-4684-2, （原始内容存档于2014-01-07） .
Elliott 2001，第79頁（满语；“皇帝的个人财产”)；Oxnam 1975，第48頁（济尔哈朗此举的时间和动机）。 Elliott, Mark C., The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001 [2016-01-01], ISBN 0-8047-4684-2, （原始内容存档于2014-01-07） . Oxnam, Robert B., Ruling from Horseback: Manchu Politics in the Oboi Regency, 1661–1669, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1975, ISBN 0-226-64244-5 ^{[失效連結]}.
Zhao 2006，第7页。
避暑山莊：清帝國多元統治的縮影. 臺北國立故宮博物院. [2023-01-07]. （原始内容存档于2023-04-10）.
Elliott 2001，第477頁，注释122（列举几种研究和一手文献）。与此类似，皇太极和福临的两个皇后都在死后火葬（Elliott 2001，第264頁）。 Elliott, Mark C., The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001 [2016-01-01], ISBN 0-8047-4684-2, （原始内容存档于2014-01-07） . Elliott, Mark C., The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001 [2016-01-01], ISBN 0-8047-4684-2, （原始内容存档于2014-01-07） .
Elliott 2001，第87頁。 Elliott, Mark C., The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001 [2016-01-01], ISBN 0-8047-4684-2, （原始内容存档于2014-01-07） .
顺治陵墓谜案. （原始内容存档于2021-05-15）（中文）.

wikipedia.org

en.wikipedia.org

1951年，意大利学者卢西亚诺·佩泰克（英语：Luciano Petech）首次猜测认为，这些使节来自吐鲁番，而非莫卧儿帝国（Petech 1951，第124–27頁，转引自Lach & van Kley 1994，插图315）。Kim 2008，第109頁较为详细地探讨了该大使。 Lach, Donald F.; van Kley, Edwin J., Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume III, A Century of Advance, Book Four, East Asia（欧洲形成中的亚洲（第3卷）第四册东亚）, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994, ISBN 978-0-226-46734-4 . Kim, Kwangmin, "Saintly brokers: Uyghur Muslims, trade, and the making of Central Asia, 1696–1814", Ph.D. diss., History Department, University of California, Berkeley, 2008, ISBN 9781109101263 ^{[失效連結]}.