دستور المملكة المتحدة (Arabic Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "دستور المملكة المتحدة" in Arabic language version.

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ألبيرت فين دايسي، Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution (3rd edn 1889) Part II, ch IV, 189, first "absolute supremacy or predominance of regular law as opposed to the influence of arbitrary power", second "equality before the law, or the equal subjection of all classes to the ordinary law of the land administered by the ordinary law courts" and third, "principles of private law have with us been by the action of the courts and Parliament so extended as to determine the position of the Crown and of its servants". See also J Raz, 'The Rule of Law and its Virtue' (1977) 93 Law Quarterly Review 195. Contrast D Lino, 'The Rule of Law and the Rule of Empire: A.V. Dicey in Imperial Context' (2018) 81(5) Modern Law Review 739. Previously, discourse among international finance followed a restrictive ideal: M Stephenson, 'Rule of Law as a Goal of Development Policy' (2008) World Bank Research نسخة محفوظة 2 أغسطس 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
See جون ستيوارت مل, Considerations on Representative Government (1861) ch 5. AW Bradley, KD Ewing and CJS Knight, Constitutional and Administrative Law (2018) ch 8.
جين فروسارت, Froissart's Chronicles (1385) translated by GC Macaulay (1895) 251–252. نسخة محفوظة 2 أغسطس 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
F Pollock and فريدرك وليم ميتلاند, The history of English law before the time of Edward I (1899) Book I, ch I, 1, 'Such is the unity of all history that anyone who endeavours to tell a piece of it must feel that his first sentence tears a seamless web.' But see فريدرك وليم ميتلاند, The constitutional history of England (1909) 6, explaining pre-Norman collections of laws, and the Witan assembly to advise the King, a precursor to Parliament. "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-08-02. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-01-29.{{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
Pollock and Maitland (1899) Book I, 173 نسخة محفوظة 2 أغسطس 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
J Froissart, The Chronicles of Froissart (1385) translated by GC Macaulay (1895) 250–52, "What have we deserved, or why should we be kept thus in servage? We be all come from one father and one mother, آدم وحواء: whereby can they say or shew that they be greater lords than we be, saving by that they cause us to win and labour for that they dispend? They are clothed in مخمل and camlet furred with grise, and we be vestured with poor cloth: they have their wines, spices and good bread, and we have the drawing out of the chaff and drink water: they dwell in fair houses, and we have the pain and travail, rain and wind in the fields; and by that that cometh of our labours they keep and maintain their estates: we be called their bondmen, and without we do readily them service, we be عقوبات بدنية؛ and we have no sovereign to whom we may complain, nor that will hear us nor do us right." "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-08-02. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-01-29.{{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
Debates on the proper nature of liberty were held at the Putney debates, October to November 1647, summarised in ASP Woodhouse, Puritanism and Liberty (1938) 52. By contrast, a bitter opponent of the civil war was T Hobbes, لوياثان (1651)
Dicey، A.V. (1915). Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution. London: مكملين ناشرون. ص. 70. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-07-31.

bailii.org

See R (Miller) v Prime Minister [2019] UKSC 41 (Parliamentary sovereignty), R (UNISON) v Lord Chancellor [2017] UKSC 51, [67] ff (rule of law), R (Animal Defenders International) v Secretary of State for Culture Media and Sport [2008] UKHL 15, [48] (democracy), R v Lyons [2002] UKHL 44, [27] (international law). "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-12-06. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2020-12-10.{{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
R (HS2 Action Alliance Ltd) v Secretary of State for Transport [2014] UKSC 3, [207] نسخة محفوظة 26 يناير 2021 على موقع واي باك مشين.
See Entick v Carrington [1765] EWHC KB J98 and T Bingham, The Rule of Law (2008) نسخة محفوظة 10 ديسمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
cf R (Simms) v SS for the Home Department [1999] UKHL 33, [2000] 2 AC 115, 131, Lord Hoffmann, 'Parliamentary sovereignty means that Parliament can, if it chooses, legislate contrary to fundamental principles of human rights. ... The constraints upon its exercise by Parliament are ultimately political, not legal. But the principle of legality means that Parliament must squarely confront what it is doing and accept the political cost. Fundamental rights cannot be overridden by general or ambiguous words. This is because there is too great a risk that the full implications of their unqualified meaning may have passed unnoticed in the democratic process. In the absence of express language or necessary implication to the contrary, the courts, therefore, presume that even the most general words were intended to be subject to the basic rights of the individual. In this way the courts of the United Kingdom, though acknowledging the sovereignty of Parliament, apply principles of constitutionality little different from those which exist in countries where the power of the legislature is expressly limited by a constitutional document.' نسخة محفوظة 1 نوفمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
[1990] UKHL 7 نسخة محفوظة 6 يناير 2021 على موقع واي باك مشين.
[2017] UKSC 5 نسخة محفوظة 9 نوفمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
[2017] UKSC 5, 146. 'Judges, therefore, are neither the parents nor the guardians of political conventions; they are merely observers. As such, they can recognise the operation of a political convention in the context of deciding a legal question (as in the Crossman diaries case - Attorney General v Jonathan Cape Ltd [1976] 1 QB 752), but they cannot give legal rulings on its operation or scope, because those matters are determined within the political world. As Professor Colin Munro has stated, "the validity of conventions cannot be the subject of proceedings in a court of law" - (1975) 91 LQR 218, 228. نسخة محفوظة 9 نوفمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
cf MacCormick v Lord Advocate 1953 SC 396, Lord Cooper, "The principle of the unlimited sovereignty of Parliament is a distinctively English principle which has no counterpart in Scottish constitutional law." However this view was disapproved in R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the EU [2017] UKSC 5, [43] "Parliamentary sovereignty is a fundamental principle of the UK constitution" and at [50] "it is a fundamental principle of the UK constitution that, unless primary legislation permits it, the Royal prerogative does not enable ministers to change statute law or common law... This is, of course, just as true in relation to Scottish, Welsh or Northern Irish law." "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-11-09. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-01-29.{{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
R (Jackson) v Attorney General [2005] UKHL 56, [104] per Lord Hope نسخة محفوظة 9 ديسمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
[1765] EWHC KB J98 نسخة محفوظة 10 ديسمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
[1984] ECHR 10, (1984) 7 EHRR 14 نسخة محفوظة 21 مايو 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
[2008] UKHL 60, [2]-[7] نسخة محفوظة 17 يوليو 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
R (Corner House Research) v Director of the Serious Fraud Office [2008] UKHL 60, [55] نسخة محفوظة 17 يوليو 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
[2017] UKSC 51, [66]-[68] "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-01-25. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-01-29.{{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
e.g. M v Home Office [1993] UKHL 5, holding the Home Secretary, Kenneth Baker ^{[لغات أخرى]}‏, in contempt of court for failing to return a زائير teacher to the UK on refugee status, despite a High Court judge ordering it be done. نسخة محفوظة 12 نوفمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Gorringe v Calderdale Metropolitan Borough Council [2004] UKHL 15, [2]. See also O'Rourke v Camden London Borough Council [1998] AC 188, "the [Housing] Act [1985] is a scheme of social welfare, intended to confer benefits at the public expense on grounds of public policy". نسخة محفوظة 12 نوفمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
R v Lyons [2002] UKHL 44, [27] Lord Hoffmann نسخة محفوظة 20 أبريل 2019 على موقع واي باك مشين.
[2014] UKSC 47 نسخة محفوظة 13 نوفمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
See further R (SG) v SS for Work and Pensions [2015] UKSC 16, on the benefits cap, Lord Kerr, dissenting, at [247]-[257] argued the dualist theory of international law should be abandoned, and international law should be directly effective in UK law. نسخة محفوظة 26 أكتوبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
R (Simms) v SS for the Home Department [1999] UKHL 33, [2000] 2 AC 115, 131, Lord Hoffmann نسخة محفوظة 1 نوفمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Animal Defenders International v United Kingdom [2008] UKHL 15, [48] per Baroness Hale. Confirmed in [2013] ECHR 362. نسخة محفوظة 26 يناير 2021 على موقع واي باك مشين.
R (Electoral Commission) v City of Westminster Magistrate's Court and UKIP [2010] UKSC 40, holding that a partial forfeiture of £349,216 donations by a non-UK resident was appropriate. نسخة محفوظة 21 مايو 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
e.g. Hounga v Allen [2014] UKSC 47 نسخة محفوظة 13 نوفمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
[2017] UKSC 51 نسخة محفوظة 2021-01-25 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Case of Prohibitions [1607] EWHC J23 (KB), per إدوارد كوك, "true it was, that God had endowed His Majesty with excellent science, and great endowments of nature; but His Majesty was not learned in the laws of his realm of England, and causes which concern the life, or inheritance, or goods, or fortunes of his subjects". نسخة محفوظة 11 نوفمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Case of Proclamations [1610] EWHC KB J22 نسخة محفوظة 12 نوفمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Coke had already reported on many significant constitutional judgments, often adding his own style, including Heydon's Case (1584) 76 ER 637, that the task of a court in construing any statute is to find its mischief and the intention of Parliament, and Semayne's Case (1604) 5 Coke Rep 91, that nobody can enter another's property without lawful authority and that "the house of every one is to him as his castle and fortress, as well for his defence against injury and violence as for his repose." See also Calvin's Case قالب:Cite CommonLII that a person born in Scotland is entitled to all rights in England. نسخة محفوظة 21 نوفمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Case of Prohibitions [1607] EWHC J23 (KB) نسخة محفوظة 11 نوفمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Taff Vale Railway Co v Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants [1901] UKHL 1 نسخة محفوظة 1 نوفمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.

bbc.co.uk

"Vote 2011: UK rejects alternative vote". BBC News. 7 مايو 2011. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-01-24.

bbc.com

'Crown Estate makes record £304m Treasury payout' (28 June 2016) BBC News. See map.whoownsengland.org and the colour purple for the Crown Estate. This includes (1) retail property such as ريجنت ستريت in London, commercial property in Oxford, Milton Keynes, Nottingham, Newcastle, etc., and a right to receive 23% of the income from the Duchy of Lancaster's Savoy Estate in London (2) 116,000 hectares of agricultural land and forests, together with minerals and residential and commercial property (3) rights to extract minerals covers some 115,500 hectares (4) 55% of the UK's foreshore, and all of the UK's seabed from mean low water to the 12-nautical-mile (22 km) limit, plus sovereign rights of the UK in the seabed and its resources vested by the Continental Shelf Act 1964 ^{[لغات أخرى]}‏. "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-11-11. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-01-29.{{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)

biblio.com

e.g. 'Speech to the 69th Annual Conservative Party Conference at Llandudno' (9 October 1948). See J Danzig 'Winston Churchill: A founder of the European Union' (10 November 2013) EU ROPE نسخة محفوظة 2020-11-04 على موقع واي باك مشين.

books.google.com

Abbott، Lewis F. (2006). "Five: "The Legal Protection of Democracy & Freedom: The Case for a New Written Constitution & Bill of Rights"". British Democracy: Its Restoration & Extension. ISR. ISBN:978-0-906321-31-7. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-07-22.
A V Dicey (1897) Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution نسخة محفوظة 29 يوليو 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.

coe.int

الاتفاقية الأوروبية لحقوق الإنسان Preamble نسخة محفوظة 28 نوفمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
See Mathieu-Mohin and Clerfayt v Belgium (1987) 10 EHRR 1, [47] on الاتفاقية الأوروبية لحقوق الإنسان Prot 1, art 3 نسخة محفوظة 29 أكتوبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.

venice.coe.int

Presumed violations of قانون دولي and قانون عام standards of free and fair voting; see the Venice Commission, Code of Practice on Referendums (2007) on asking questions with concrete, determinative choices. نسخة محفوظة 8 يناير 2021 على موقع واي باك مشين.

commonlii.org

(1772) 98 ER 499 Charles Stewart ^{[لغات أخرى]}‏ from بوسطن، ماساتشوستس had bought James Somerset as a slave and taken him to إنجلترا. With the help of التحرير من العبودية, Somerset escaped and sued for a writ of الأمر بالمثول أمام القضاء (that "holding his body" had been unlawful). ويليام موراي, after declaring he should "let justice be done whatever be the consequence", held that slavery was "so odious" that nobody could take "a slave by force to be sold" for any "reason whatever". نسخة محفوظة 7 يناير 2021 على موقع واي باك مشين.

cornell.edu

law.cornell.edu

Bradley، Joseph P. (dissenting). "Slaughter-House Cases 83 U.S. 36 (1873)". Legal Information Institute. Cornell University Law School. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-01-25. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-07-30.

flickr.com

See also a photo of the first General Assembly. نسخة محفوظة 1 أغسطس 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.

gov.uk

See DCLG duties and other duties.Having an uncodified constitution means laws can be amended and changed easily, the rules are not entrenched "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-05-10. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-05-18.{{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)

heinonline.org

AW Blumrosen, 'The Profound Influence in America of Lord Mansfield's Decision in Somerset v Stuart' (2007) 13 Texas Wesleyan Law Review 645 نسخة محفوظة 3 أغسطس 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.

ideasoneurope.eu

eu-rope.ideasoneurope.eu

e.g. 'Speech to the 69th Annual Conservative Party Conference at Llandudno' (9 October 1948). See J Danzig 'Winston Churchill: A founder of the European Union' (10 November 2013) EU ROPE نسخة محفوظة 2020-11-04 على موقع واي باك مشين.

ifs.org.uk

N Amin-Smith and D Phillips, 'English council funding: what's happened and what's next?' (2019) IFS, BN 250 نسخة محفوظة 3 نوفمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.

independent.gov.uk

lordsappointments.independent.gov.uk

See the Lords Appointments webpage. نسخة محفوظة 1 نوفمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.

jstor.org

T Bingham, 'The Rule of Law' (2007) 66(1) Cambridge Law Journal 67 and see also T Bingham, Rule of Law (2008) 8, 'all persons and authorities within the state, whether عامة or شركة خاصة should be bound by and entitled to the benefit of laws publicly made, taking effect (generally) in the future and publicly administered in the courts.' Lord Bingham, 'The Rule of Law and the Sovereignty of Parliament' (31 October 2007) كلية كينجز لندن also remarked, 'democracy lies at the heart of the concept of the rule of law'. نسخة محفوظة 16 نوفمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
cf AJ Zurcher, 'The Hitler Referenda' (1935) 29(1) American Political Science Review 91 نسخة محفوظة 14 نوفمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
See, for example, J Lobel, 'The Limits of Constitutional Power: Conflicts between Foreign Policy and International Law' (1985) 71(7) Virginia Law Review 1071. يورغن هابرماس, 'The Constitutionalization of International Law and the Legitimation Problems of a Constitution for World Society' (2008) 15(4) Constellations 444. In Germany, see القانون الأساسي لجمهورية ألمانيا الاتحادية art 25, "The general rules of international law shall be an integral part of federal law. They shall take precedence over the laws and directly create rights and duties for the inhabitants of the federal territory." In the EU, see Kadi and Al Barakaat International Foundation v Council and Commission (2008) C-402/05, holding that international law binds EU law unless it requires an act that would run contrary to basic human rights. "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-02-03. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-01-29.{{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
"The power to interpret is the power to destroy." O Kahn-Freund, 'The Impact of Constitutions on Labour Law" (1976) 35 Cambridge Law Journal 240, 244, paraphrasing جون مارشال in McCulloch v Maryland (1819) 17 US (4 Wheat) 316 نسخة محفوظة 1 نوفمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.

legislation.gov.uk

Parliament Act 1949 s 1. نسخة محفوظة 31 يناير 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Parliament Act 1911 s 1. نسخة محفوظة 11 يناير 2021 على موقع واي باك مشين.
See the International Organisations Act 1968 ss 1-8 نسخة محفوظة 21 يناير 2021 على موقع واي باك مشين.
قانون الأمم المتحدة لعام 1946 s 1 نسخة محفوظة 5 يناير 2021 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Constitutional Reform Act 2005 ss 108-9 نسخة محفوظة 13 أبريل 2019 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Life Peerages Act 1958 s 1 نسخة محفوظة 31 يناير 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
House of Lords Act 1999 ss 1-2, or 90 plus the "Lord Great Chamberlain" and the "Earl Marshal". نسخة محفوظة 28 نوفمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Representation of the People Act 1983 ss 92. Furthermore, any "trading" with hostile foreign parties with whom the UK is "at war" may lead to seven years in prison. Trading with the Enemy Act 1939 (c 89) ss 1-2, seven years prison for trading with an enemy who is "at war with His majesty". نسخة محفوظة 20 أكتوبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Constitutional Reform Act 2005 نسخة محفوظة 2021-02-01 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Sovereign Grant Act 2011 ss 1-6. This was raised from 15% by SI 2017/438 art 2. نسخة محفوظة 2020-01-18 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Greater London Authority Act 1999 ss 31, 141, 180 and 333 (with highly limited powers except in transport) نسخة محفوظة 12 يناير 2021 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Government of Wales Act 1998 Sch 5 listing (1) agriculture, fisheries, forestry and rural development) (2) ancient monuments and historic buildings (3) culture (4) economic development (5) education and training (6) environment (7) fire and rescue services and promotion of fire safety (8) food (9) health and health services (10) highways and transport (11) housing (12) local government (13) National Assembly for Wales (14) public administration (15) social welfare (16) sport and recreation (17) tourism (18) town and country planning (19) water and flood defence (20) Welsh language. نسخة محفوظة 19 أكتوبر 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Limitation Act 1980 ss 2 and 5. But under s 11, the period is three years for personal injury or death, under s 11A ten years for defective products, and under s 15 twelve years to recover land. نسخة محفوظة 3 أكتوبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Different books and cases categorise the grounds to review administrative discretion differently, as do different fields of law such as directors' duties in UK company law، فصل تعسفي in قانون العمل في المملكة المتحدة or implied terms in English contract law. Lord Diplock in the GCHQ case said the grounds were "illegality", "irrationality" and "procedural impropriety". A Le Sueur, M Sunkin and J Murkens, Public Law Text, Cases, and Materials (3rd edn 2016) ch 16 follows this. It is often, however, unclear how a procedural requirement of the law can be separated from substance, and it was thought that "irrationality" is too restrictive. AW Bradley, KD Ewing and CJS Knight, Constitutional and Administrative Law (2014) ch 24 now suggests substantive grounds, legitimate expectations and procedural grounds. In R (Baker) v Devon CC [1995] 1 All ER 73, 88, Sir Robin Cooke said 'The administrator must act fairly, reasonably and according to law. That is the essence and the rest is mainly machinery.' M Elliott and R Thomas, Public Law (3rd edn 2017) ch 12 generally follows this. Another categorisation of Lord Bingham of Cornhill, Rule of Law (2010) was 'Ministers and public officers at all levels must exercise the powers conferred on them in good faith, fairly, for the purposes for which the powers were conferred, without exceeding the limits of such powers and not unreasonably.' Contrast the Companies Act 2006 ss 171-177, codifying directors' duties. نسخة محفوظة 29 ديسمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Senior Courts Act 1981 s 31(1) نسخة محفوظة 23 نوفمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
وثيقة حقوق 1689 and Claim of Right 1689 arts 2, 8 and 13 نسخة محفوظة 10 ديسمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
"Union with Scotland Act 1706". legislation.gov.uk. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-12-04. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2020-11-14. Articles 18 and 19
Senior Courts Act 1981 s 31(1) نسخة محفوظة 6 ديسمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.

libertyfund.org

oll.libertyfund.org

جيرمي بنثام, Anarchical Fallacies; Being an Examination of the Declarations of Rights Issued During the French Revolution (1789) art II نسخة محفوظة 28 نوفمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
آدم سميث, ثروة الأمم (1776) Book V, ch 1, §107 نسخة محفوظة 21 أكتوبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.

newstatesman.com

An Act abolishing the House of Lords 1649, reading "The Commons of England assembled in Parliament, finding by too long experience that the House of Lords is useless and dangerous to the people of England to be continued, have thought fit to ordain and enact, and be it ordained and enacted by this present Parliament, and by the authority of the same, that from henceforth the House of Lords in Parliament shall be and is hereby wholly abolished and taken away; and that the Lords shall not from henceforth meet or sit in the said House called the Lords' House, or in any other house or place whatsoever..." See also توني بين, 'We should abolish the House of Lords, not reform it' (12 July 2012) New Statesman نسخة محفوظة 18 ديسمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.

oxfordjournals.org

ojls.oxfordjournals.org

Barendt، Eric (1997). "Is there a United Kingdom Constitution". Oxford Journal of Legal Studies. ج. 137. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-08-07.

parliament.uk

publications.parliament.uk

See House of Commons, Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee, Disinformation and 'fake news': Interim Report (29 July 2018) HC 363 and لجنة الانتخابات, Report of an investigation in respect of Vote Leave Limited, Mr Darren Grimes, BeLeave, Veterans for Britain (17 July 2018). Litigated in R (Wilson) v Prime Minister [2018] EWHC 3520 (Admin) نسخة محفوظة 16 يناير 2019 على موقع واي باك مشين., and see E McGaughey, 'Could Brexit be Void?' (2018) King's Law Journal. نسخة محفوظة 2020-11-09 على موقع واي باك مشين.

squarespace.com

static1.squarespace.com

Archie v Law Association of Trinidad and Tobago [2018] UKPC 23, [18] Lady Hale, "A vital element in any modern democratic constitution is the independence of the judiciary from the other arms of government, the executive and the legislature. This is crucial to maintaining the rule of law: the judges must be free to interpret and apply the law, in accordance with their judicial oaths, not only in disputes between private persons but also in disputes between private persons and the state. The state, in the shape of the executive, is as much subject to the rule of law as are private persons." cf KD Ewing, 'The Resilience of the Political Constitution' [2013] 14(12) German Law Journal 2111, 2116, suggesting the current political constitution of the UK is not necessarily the same as a fully democratic constitution. نسخة محفوظة 30 أكتوبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
See, for example, J Lobel, 'The Limits of Constitutional Power: Conflicts between Foreign Policy and International Law' (1985) 71(7) Virginia Law Review 1071. يورغن هابرماس, 'The Constitutionalization of International Law and the Legitimation Problems of a Constitution for World Society' (2008) 15(4) Constellations 444. In Germany, see القانون الأساسي لجمهورية ألمانيا الاتحادية art 25, "The general rules of international law shall be an integral part of federal law. They shall take precedence over the laws and directly create rights and duties for the inhabitants of the federal territory." In the EU, see Kadi and Al Barakaat International Foundation v Council and Commission (2008) C-402/05, holding that international law binds EU law unless it requires an act that would run contrary to basic human rights. "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-02-03. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-01-29.{{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)

ssrn.com

papers.ssrn.com

See House of Commons, Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee, Disinformation and 'fake news': Interim Report (29 July 2018) HC 363 and لجنة الانتخابات, Report of an investigation in respect of Vote Leave Limited, Mr Darren Grimes, BeLeave, Veterans for Britain (17 July 2018). Litigated in R (Wilson) v Prime Minister [2018] EWHC 3520 (Admin) نسخة محفوظة 16 يناير 2019 على موقع واي باك مشين., and see E McGaughey, 'Could Brexit be Void?' (2018) King's Law Journal. نسخة محفوظة 2020-11-09 على موقع واي باك مشين.
cf R (Wilson) v Prime Minister [2018] EWHC 3520 (Admin) نسخة محفوظة 16 يناير 2019 على موقع واي باك مشين., and E McGaughey, 'Could Brexit be Void?' (2018) King's Law Journal نسخة محفوظة 2019-01-16 على موقع واي باك مشين.

poseidon01.ssrn.com

cf GDH Cole, Self-Government in Industry (5th edn 1920) ch V, 134-135. S Webb, Reform of the House of Lords (1917) Fabian Tract No. 183, 7, at 12, preferring a chamber of around 100 people elected by proportional representation. E McGaughey, 'A Twelve Point Plan for Labour, and A Manifesto for Labour Law' (2017) 46(1) Industrial Law Journal 169 نسخة محفوظة 6 أغسطس 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.

theguardian.com

In the 2016 Brexit referendum a majority of voters favoured leaving the EU, and after the 2019 membership of the EU was formally surrendered on 31 January 2020. Perraudin، Frances. "Brexit: Boris Johnson to act swiftly in bringing deal back to MPs". the Guardian. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-12-10. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-12-20.
cf 'Baroness Brenda Hale: "I often ask myself 'why am I here?'" (17 September 2010) Guardian "I'm quite embarrassed to be the only justice to tick a lot of the diversity boxes, for example the gender one, the subject areas in which I'm interested (which are not ones that most of my colleagues have had much to do with up until now), the fact that I went to a non-fee-paying school and the fact that I wasn't a practitioner for any great length of time. I'm different from most of my colleagues in a number of respects (and they're probably at least as conscious of this as I am). I think we could do with more of that sort of diversity." نسخة محفوظة 28 يوليو 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.

ukineuchallenge.com

See House of Commons, Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee, Disinformation and 'fake news': Interim Report (29 July 2018) HC 363 and لجنة الانتخابات, Report of an investigation in respect of Vote Leave Limited, Mr Darren Grimes, BeLeave, Veterans for Britain (17 July 2018). Litigated in R (Wilson) v Prime Minister [2018] EWHC 3520 (Admin) نسخة محفوظة 16 يناير 2019 على موقع واي باك مشين., and see E McGaughey, 'Could Brexit be Void?' (2018) King's Law Journal. نسخة محفوظة 2020-11-09 على موقع واي باك مشين.
cf R (Wilson) v Prime Minister [2018] EWHC 3520 (Admin) نسخة محفوظة 16 يناير 2019 على موقع واي باك مشين., and E McGaughey, 'Could Brexit be Void?' (2018) King's Law Journal نسخة محفوظة 2019-01-16 على موقع واي باك مشين.

unlockdemocracy.org.uk

Scarman، Leslie (20 يوليو 2003). "Why Britain Needs a Written Constitution". Charter88 Sovereignty lecture. Charter88. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2009-12-30. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2010-01-31.

web.archive.org

See R (Miller) v Prime Minister [2019] UKSC 41 (Parliamentary sovereignty), R (UNISON) v Lord Chancellor [2017] UKSC 51, [67] ff (rule of law), R (Animal Defenders International) v Secretary of State for Culture Media and Sport [2008] UKHL 15, [48] (democracy), R v Lyons [2002] UKHL 44, [27] (international law). "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-12-06. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2020-12-10.{{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
R (HS2 Action Alliance Ltd) v Secretary of State for Transport [2014] UKSC 3, [207] نسخة محفوظة 26 يناير 2021 على موقع واي باك مشين.
See Entick v Carrington [1765] EWHC KB J98 and T Bingham, The Rule of Law (2008) نسخة محفوظة 10 ديسمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
In the 2016 Brexit referendum a majority of voters favoured leaving the EU, and after the 2019 membership of the EU was formally surrendered on 31 January 2020. Perraudin، Frances. "Brexit: Boris Johnson to act swiftly in bringing deal back to MPs". the Guardian. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-12-10. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-12-20.
Parliament Act 1949 s 1. نسخة محفوظة 31 يناير 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Parliament Act 1911 s 1. نسخة محفوظة 11 يناير 2021 على موقع واي باك مشين.
cf R (Simms) v SS for the Home Department [1999] UKHL 33, [2000] 2 AC 115, 131, Lord Hoffmann, 'Parliamentary sovereignty means that Parliament can, if it chooses, legislate contrary to fundamental principles of human rights. ... The constraints upon its exercise by Parliament are ultimately political, not legal. But the principle of legality means that Parliament must squarely confront what it is doing and accept the political cost. Fundamental rights cannot be overridden by general or ambiguous words. This is because there is too great a risk that the full implications of their unqualified meaning may have passed unnoticed in the democratic process. In the absence of express language or necessary implication to the contrary, the courts, therefore, presume that even the most general words were intended to be subject to the basic rights of the individual. In this way the courts of the United Kingdom, though acknowledging the sovereignty of Parliament, apply principles of constitutionality little different from those which exist in countries where the power of the legislature is expressly limited by a constitutional document.' نسخة محفوظة 1 نوفمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
See also a photo of the first General Assembly. نسخة محفوظة 1 أغسطس 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
See the International Organisations Act 1968 ss 1-8 نسخة محفوظة 21 يناير 2021 على موقع واي باك مشين.
قانون الأمم المتحدة لعام 1946 s 1 نسخة محفوظة 5 يناير 2021 على موقع واي باك مشين.
e.g. 'Speech at the University of Zurich' (19 September 1946). نسخة محفوظة 8 يناير 2021 على موقع واي باك مشين.
e.g. 'Speech to the 69th Annual Conservative Party Conference at Llandudno' (9 October 1948). See J Danzig 'Winston Churchill: A founder of the European Union' (10 November 2013) EU ROPE نسخة محفوظة 2020-11-04 على موقع واي باك مشين.
[1990] UKHL 7 نسخة محفوظة 6 يناير 2021 على موقع واي باك مشين.
[2017] UKSC 5 نسخة محفوظة 9 نوفمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
[2017] UKSC 5, 146. 'Judges, therefore, are neither the parents nor the guardians of political conventions; they are merely observers. As such, they can recognise the operation of a political convention in the context of deciding a legal question (as in the Crossman diaries case - Attorney General v Jonathan Cape Ltd [1976] 1 QB 752), but they cannot give legal rulings on its operation or scope, because those matters are determined within the political world. As Professor Colin Munro has stated, "the validity of conventions cannot be the subject of proceedings in a court of law" - (1975) 91 LQR 218, 228. نسخة محفوظة 9 نوفمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
cf MacCormick v Lord Advocate 1953 SC 396, Lord Cooper, "The principle of the unlimited sovereignty of Parliament is a distinctively English principle which has no counterpart in Scottish constitutional law." However this view was disapproved in R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the EU [2017] UKSC 5, [43] "Parliamentary sovereignty is a fundamental principle of the UK constitution" and at [50] "it is a fundamental principle of the UK constitution that, unless primary legislation permits it, the Royal prerogative does not enable ministers to change statute law or common law... This is, of course, just as true in relation to Scottish, Welsh or Northern Irish law." "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-11-09. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-01-29.{{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
R (Jackson) v Attorney General [2005] UKHL 56, [104] per Lord Hope نسخة محفوظة 9 ديسمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
T Bingham, 'The Rule of Law' (2007) 66(1) Cambridge Law Journal 67 and see also T Bingham, Rule of Law (2008) 8, 'all persons and authorities within the state, whether عامة or شركة خاصة should be bound by and entitled to the benefit of laws publicly made, taking effect (generally) in the future and publicly administered in the courts.' Lord Bingham, 'The Rule of Law and the Sovereignty of Parliament' (31 October 2007) كلية كينجز لندن also remarked, 'democracy lies at the heart of the concept of the rule of law'. نسخة محفوظة 16 نوفمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
ألبيرت فين دايسي، Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution (3rd edn 1889) Part II, ch IV, 189, first "absolute supremacy or predominance of regular law as opposed to the influence of arbitrary power", second "equality before the law, or the equal subjection of all classes to the ordinary law of the land administered by the ordinary law courts" and third, "principles of private law have with us been by the action of the courts and Parliament so extended as to determine the position of the Crown and of its servants". See also J Raz, 'The Rule of Law and its Virtue' (1977) 93 Law Quarterly Review 195. Contrast D Lino, 'The Rule of Law and the Rule of Empire: A.V. Dicey in Imperial Context' (2018) 81(5) Modern Law Review 739. Previously, discourse among international finance followed a restrictive ideal: M Stephenson, 'Rule of Law as a Goal of Development Policy' (2008) World Bank Research نسخة محفوظة 2 أغسطس 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
[1765] EWHC KB J98 نسخة محفوظة 10 ديسمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
[1984] ECHR 10, (1984) 7 EHRR 14 نسخة محفوظة 21 مايو 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
[2008] UKHL 60, [2]-[7] نسخة محفوظة 17 يوليو 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
R (Corner House Research) v Director of the Serious Fraud Office [2008] UKHL 60, [55] نسخة محفوظة 17 يوليو 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
[2017] UKSC 51, [66]-[68] "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-01-25. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-01-29.{{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
e.g. M v Home Office [1993] UKHL 5, holding the Home Secretary, Kenneth Baker ^{[لغات أخرى]}‏, in contempt of court for failing to return a زائير teacher to the UK on refugee status, despite a High Court judge ordering it be done. نسخة محفوظة 12 نوفمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Constitutional Reform Act 2005 ss 108-9 نسخة محفوظة 13 أبريل 2019 على موقع واي باك مشين.
الاتفاقية الأوروبية لحقوق الإنسان Preamble نسخة محفوظة 28 نوفمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
See Mathieu-Mohin and Clerfayt v Belgium (1987) 10 EHRR 1, [47] on الاتفاقية الأوروبية لحقوق الإنسان Prot 1, art 3 نسخة محفوظة 29 أكتوبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
cf AJ Zurcher, 'The Hitler Referenda' (1935) 29(1) American Political Science Review 91 نسخة محفوظة 14 نوفمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Archie v Law Association of Trinidad and Tobago [2018] UKPC 23, [18] Lady Hale, "A vital element in any modern democratic constitution is the independence of the judiciary from the other arms of government, the executive and the legislature. This is crucial to maintaining the rule of law: the judges must be free to interpret and apply the law, in accordance with their judicial oaths, not only in disputes between private persons but also in disputes between private persons and the state. The state, in the shape of the executive, is as much subject to the rule of law as are private persons." cf KD Ewing, 'The Resilience of the Political Constitution' [2013] 14(12) German Law Journal 2111, 2116, suggesting the current political constitution of the UK is not necessarily the same as a fully democratic constitution. نسخة محفوظة 30 أكتوبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Gorringe v Calderdale Metropolitan Borough Council [2004] UKHL 15, [2]. See also O'Rourke v Camden London Borough Council [1998] AC 188, "the [Housing] Act [1985] is a scheme of social welfare, intended to confer benefits at the public expense on grounds of public policy". نسخة محفوظة 12 نوفمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
See, for example, J Lobel, 'The Limits of Constitutional Power: Conflicts between Foreign Policy and International Law' (1985) 71(7) Virginia Law Review 1071. يورغن هابرماس, 'The Constitutionalization of International Law and the Legitimation Problems of a Constitution for World Society' (2008) 15(4) Constellations 444. In Germany, see القانون الأساسي لجمهورية ألمانيا الاتحادية art 25, "The general rules of international law shall be an integral part of federal law. They shall take precedence over the laws and directly create rights and duties for the inhabitants of the federal territory." In the EU, see Kadi and Al Barakaat International Foundation v Council and Commission (2008) C-402/05, holding that international law binds EU law unless it requires an act that would run contrary to basic human rights. "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-02-03. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-01-29.{{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
R v Lyons [2002] UKHL 44, [27] Lord Hoffmann نسخة محفوظة 20 أبريل 2019 على موقع واي باك مشين.
[2014] UKSC 47 نسخة محفوظة 13 نوفمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
See further R (SG) v SS for Work and Pensions [2015] UKSC 16, on the benefits cap, Lord Kerr, dissenting, at [247]-[257] argued the dualist theory of international law should be abandoned, and international law should be directly effective in UK law. نسخة محفوظة 26 أكتوبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Presumed violations of قانون دولي and قانون عام standards of free and fair voting; see the Venice Commission, Code of Practice on Referendums (2007) on asking questions with concrete, determinative choices. نسخة محفوظة 8 يناير 2021 على موقع واي باك مشين.
See House of Commons, Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee, Disinformation and 'fake news': Interim Report (29 July 2018) HC 363 and لجنة الانتخابات, Report of an investigation in respect of Vote Leave Limited, Mr Darren Grimes, BeLeave, Veterans for Britain (17 July 2018). Litigated in R (Wilson) v Prime Minister [2018] EWHC 3520 (Admin) نسخة محفوظة 16 يناير 2019 على موقع واي باك مشين., and see E McGaughey, 'Could Brexit be Void?' (2018) King's Law Journal. نسخة محفوظة 2020-11-09 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Life Peerages Act 1958 s 1 نسخة محفوظة 31 يناير 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
House of Lords Act 1999 ss 1-2, or 90 plus the "Lord Great Chamberlain" and the "Earl Marshal". نسخة محفوظة 28 نوفمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
R (Simms) v SS for the Home Department [1999] UKHL 33, [2000] 2 AC 115, 131, Lord Hoffmann نسخة محفوظة 1 نوفمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
cf R (Wilson) v Prime Minister [2018] EWHC 3520 (Admin) نسخة محفوظة 16 يناير 2019 على موقع واي باك مشين., and E McGaughey, 'Could Brexit be Void?' (2018) King's Law Journal نسخة محفوظة 2019-01-16 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Animal Defenders International v United Kingdom [2008] UKHL 15, [48] per Baroness Hale. Confirmed in [2013] ECHR 362. نسخة محفوظة 26 يناير 2021 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Representation of the People Act 1983 ss 92. Furthermore, any "trading" with hostile foreign parties with whom the UK is "at war" may lead to seven years in prison. Trading with the Enemy Act 1939 (c 89) ss 1-2, seven years prison for trading with an enemy who is "at war with His majesty". نسخة محفوظة 20 أكتوبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
R (Electoral Commission) v City of Westminster Magistrate's Court and UKIP [2010] UKSC 40, holding that a partial forfeiture of £349,216 donations by a non-UK resident was appropriate. نسخة محفوظة 21 مايو 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
See the Lords Appointments webpage. نسخة محفوظة 1 نوفمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
An Act abolishing the House of Lords 1649, reading "The Commons of England assembled in Parliament, finding by too long experience that the House of Lords is useless and dangerous to the people of England to be continued, have thought fit to ordain and enact, and be it ordained and enacted by this present Parliament, and by the authority of the same, that from henceforth the House of Lords in Parliament shall be and is hereby wholly abolished and taken away; and that the Lords shall not from henceforth meet or sit in the said House called the Lords' House, or in any other house or place whatsoever..." See also توني بين, 'We should abolish the House of Lords, not reform it' (12 July 2012) New Statesman نسخة محفوظة 18 ديسمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
cf GDH Cole, Self-Government in Industry (5th edn 1920) ch V, 134-135. S Webb, Reform of the House of Lords (1917) Fabian Tract No. 183, 7, at 12, preferring a chamber of around 100 people elected by proportional representation. E McGaughey, 'A Twelve Point Plan for Labour, and A Manifesto for Labour Law' (2017) 46(1) Industrial Law Journal 169 نسخة محفوظة 6 أغسطس 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Constitutional Reform Act 2005 نسخة محفوظة 2021-02-01 على موقع واي باك مشين.
e.g. Hounga v Allen [2014] UKSC 47 نسخة محفوظة 13 نوفمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
"The power to interpret is the power to destroy." O Kahn-Freund, 'The Impact of Constitutions on Labour Law" (1976) 35 Cambridge Law Journal 240, 244, paraphrasing جون مارشال in McCulloch v Maryland (1819) 17 US (4 Wheat) 316 نسخة محفوظة 1 نوفمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
cf 'Baroness Brenda Hale: "I often ask myself 'why am I here?'" (17 September 2010) Guardian "I'm quite embarrassed to be the only justice to tick a lot of the diversity boxes, for example the gender one, the subject areas in which I'm interested (which are not ones that most of my colleagues have had much to do with up until now), the fact that I went to a non-fee-paying school and the fact that I wasn't a practitioner for any great length of time. I'm different from most of my colleagues in a number of respects (and they're probably at least as conscious of this as I am). I think we could do with more of that sort of diversity." نسخة محفوظة 28 يوليو 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
[2017] UKSC 51 نسخة محفوظة 2021-01-25 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Sovereign Grant Act 2011 ss 1-6. This was raised from 15% by SI 2017/438 art 2. نسخة محفوظة 2020-01-18 على موقع واي باك مشين.
'Crown Estate makes record £304m Treasury payout' (28 June 2016) BBC News. See map.whoownsengland.org and the colour purple for the Crown Estate. This includes (1) retail property such as ريجنت ستريت in London, commercial property in Oxford, Milton Keynes, Nottingham, Newcastle, etc., and a right to receive 23% of the income from the Duchy of Lancaster's Savoy Estate in London (2) 116,000 hectares of agricultural land and forests, together with minerals and residential and commercial property (3) rights to extract minerals covers some 115,500 hectares (4) 55% of the UK's foreshore, and all of the UK's seabed from mean low water to the 12-nautical-mile (22 km) limit, plus sovereign rights of the UK in the seabed and its resources vested by the Continental Shelf Act 1964 ^{[لغات أخرى]}‏. "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-11-11. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-01-29.{{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
"Who are the monarchists? | YouGov". yougov.co.uk (بالإنجليزية البريطانية). Archived from the original on 2020-11-26. Retrieved 2019-09-18.
Case of Prohibitions [1607] EWHC J23 (KB), per إدوارد كوك, "true it was, that God had endowed His Majesty with excellent science, and great endowments of nature; but His Majesty was not learned in the laws of his realm of England, and causes which concern the life, or inheritance, or goods, or fortunes of his subjects". نسخة محفوظة 11 نوفمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Case of Proclamations [1610] EWHC KB J22 نسخة محفوظة 12 نوفمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Greater London Authority Act 1999 ss 31, 141, 180 and 333 (with highly limited powers except in transport) نسخة محفوظة 12 يناير 2021 على موقع واي باك مشين.
N Amin-Smith and D Phillips, 'English council funding: what's happened and what's next?' (2019) IFS, BN 250 نسخة محفوظة 3 نوفمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
See DCLG duties and other duties.Having an uncodified constitution means laws can be amended and changed easily, the rules are not entrenched "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-05-10. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-05-18.{{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
Government of Wales Act 1998 Sch 5 listing (1) agriculture, fisheries, forestry and rural development) (2) ancient monuments and historic buildings (3) culture (4) economic development (5) education and training (6) environment (7) fire and rescue services and promotion of fire safety (8) food (9) health and health services (10) highways and transport (11) housing (12) local government (13) National Assembly for Wales (14) public administration (15) social welfare (16) sport and recreation (17) tourism (18) town and country planning (19) water and flood defence (20) Welsh language. نسخة محفوظة 19 أكتوبر 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
جيرمي بنثام, Anarchical Fallacies; Being an Examination of the Declarations of Rights Issued During the French Revolution (1789) art II نسخة محفوظة 28 نوفمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Limitation Act 1980 ss 2 and 5. But under s 11, the period is three years for personal injury or death, under s 11A ten years for defective products, and under s 15 twelve years to recover land. نسخة محفوظة 3 أكتوبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Different books and cases categorise the grounds to review administrative discretion differently, as do different fields of law such as directors' duties in UK company law، فصل تعسفي in قانون العمل في المملكة المتحدة or implied terms in English contract law. Lord Diplock in the GCHQ case said the grounds were "illegality", "irrationality" and "procedural impropriety". A Le Sueur, M Sunkin and J Murkens, Public Law Text, Cases, and Materials (3rd edn 2016) ch 16 follows this. It is often, however, unclear how a procedural requirement of the law can be separated from substance, and it was thought that "irrationality" is too restrictive. AW Bradley, KD Ewing and CJS Knight, Constitutional and Administrative Law (2014) ch 24 now suggests substantive grounds, legitimate expectations and procedural grounds. In R (Baker) v Devon CC [1995] 1 All ER 73, 88, Sir Robin Cooke said 'The administrator must act fairly, reasonably and according to law. That is the essence and the rest is mainly machinery.' M Elliott and R Thomas, Public Law (3rd edn 2017) ch 12 generally follows this. Another categorisation of Lord Bingham of Cornhill, Rule of Law (2010) was 'Ministers and public officers at all levels must exercise the powers conferred on them in good faith, fairly, for the purposes for which the powers were conferred, without exceeding the limits of such powers and not unreasonably.' Contrast the Companies Act 2006 ss 171-177, codifying directors' duties. نسخة محفوظة 29 ديسمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Senior Courts Act 1981 s 31(1) نسخة محفوظة 23 نوفمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
جين فروسارت, Froissart's Chronicles (1385) translated by GC Macaulay (1895) 251–252. نسخة محفوظة 2 أغسطس 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
F Pollock and فريدرك وليم ميتلاند, The history of English law before the time of Edward I (1899) Book I, ch I, 1, 'Such is the unity of all history that anyone who endeavours to tell a piece of it must feel that his first sentence tears a seamless web.' But see فريدرك وليم ميتلاند, The constitutional history of England (1909) 6, explaining pre-Norman collections of laws, and the Witan assembly to advise the King, a precursor to Parliament. "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-08-02. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-01-29.{{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
Pollock and Maitland (1899) Book I, 173 نسخة محفوظة 2 أغسطس 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
J Froissart, The Chronicles of Froissart (1385) translated by GC Macaulay (1895) 250–52, "What have we deserved, or why should we be kept thus in servage? We be all come from one father and one mother, آدم وحواء: whereby can they say or shew that they be greater lords than we be, saving by that they cause us to win and labour for that they dispend? They are clothed in مخمل and camlet furred with grise, and we be vestured with poor cloth: they have their wines, spices and good bread, and we have the drawing out of the chaff and drink water: they dwell in fair houses, and we have the pain and travail, rain and wind in the fields; and by that that cometh of our labours they keep and maintain their estates: we be called their bondmen, and without we do readily them service, we be عقوبات بدنية؛ and we have no sovereign to whom we may complain, nor that will hear us nor do us right." "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-08-02. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-01-29.{{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
Coke had already reported on many significant constitutional judgments, often adding his own style, including Heydon's Case (1584) 76 ER 637, that the task of a court in construing any statute is to find its mischief and the intention of Parliament, and Semayne's Case (1604) 5 Coke Rep 91, that nobody can enter another's property without lawful authority and that "the house of every one is to him as his castle and fortress, as well for his defence against injury and violence as for his repose." See also Calvin's Case قالب:Cite CommonLII that a person born in Scotland is entitled to all rights in England. نسخة محفوظة 21 نوفمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Case of Prohibitions [1607] EWHC J23 (KB) نسخة محفوظة 11 نوفمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
وثيقة حقوق 1689 and Claim of Right 1689 arts 2, 8 and 13 نسخة محفوظة 10 ديسمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
"Union with Scotland Act 1706". legislation.gov.uk. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-12-04. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2020-11-14. Articles 18 and 19
آدم سميث, ثروة الأمم (1776) Book V, ch 1, §107 نسخة محفوظة 21 أكتوبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
(1772) 98 ER 499 Charles Stewart ^{[لغات أخرى]}‏ from بوسطن، ماساتشوستس had bought James Somerset as a slave and taken him to إنجلترا. With the help of التحرير من العبودية, Somerset escaped and sued for a writ of الأمر بالمثول أمام القضاء (that "holding his body" had been unlawful). ويليام موراي, after declaring he should "let justice be done whatever be the consequence", held that slavery was "so odious" that nobody could take "a slave by force to be sold" for any "reason whatever". نسخة محفوظة 7 يناير 2021 على موقع واي باك مشين.
AW Blumrosen, 'The Profound Influence in America of Lord Mansfield's Decision in Somerset v Stuart' (2007) 13 Texas Wesleyan Law Review 645 نسخة محفوظة 3 أغسطس 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Taff Vale Railway Co v Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants [1901] UKHL 1 نسخة محفوظة 1 نوفمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Barendt، Eric (1997). "Is there a United Kingdom Constitution". Oxford Journal of Legal Studies. ج. 137. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-08-07.
Scarman، Leslie (20 يوليو 2003). "Why Britain Needs a Written Constitution". Charter88 Sovereignty lecture. Charter88. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2009-12-30. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2010-01-31.
Dicey، A.V. (1915). Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution. London: مكملين ناشرون. ص. 70. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-07-31.
Abbott، Lewis F. (2006). "Five: "The Legal Protection of Democracy & Freedom: The Case for a New Written Constitution & Bill of Rights"". British Democracy: Its Restoration & Extension. ISR. ISBN:978-0-906321-31-7. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-07-22.
A V Dicey (1897) Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution نسخة محفوظة 29 يوليو 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Bradley، Joseph P. (dissenting). "Slaughter-House Cases 83 U.S. 36 (1873)". Legal Information Institute. Cornell University Law School. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-01-25. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-07-30.
"Vote 2011: UK rejects alternative vote". BBC News. 7 مايو 2011. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-01-24.
Senior Courts Act 1981 s 31(1) نسخة محفوظة 6 ديسمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.

whoownsengland.org

map.whoownsengland.org

'Crown Estate makes record £304m Treasury payout' (28 June 2016) BBC News. See map.whoownsengland.org and the colour purple for the Crown Estate. This includes (1) retail property such as ريجنت ستريت in London, commercial property in Oxford, Milton Keynes, Nottingham, Newcastle, etc., and a right to receive 23% of the income from the Duchy of Lancaster's Savoy Estate in London (2) 116,000 hectares of agricultural land and forests, together with minerals and residential and commercial property (3) rights to extract minerals covers some 115,500 hectares (4) 55% of the UK's foreshore, and all of the UK's seabed from mean low water to the 12-nautical-mile (22 km) limit, plus sovereign rights of the UK in the seabed and its resources vested by the Continental Shelf Act 1964 ^{[لغات أخرى]}‏. "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-11-11. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-01-29.{{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)

wikidata.org

الوثيقة العظمى clauses 1 ('... the English church shall be free...'), 12 and 14 (no tax 'unless by common counsel of our kingdom...'), 17 ('Common pleas shall... be held in some fixed place'), 39-40 ('To no one will we sell, to no one will we refuse or delay, right or justice'), 41 ('merchants shall have safe and secure exit from England, and entry to England ^{[لغات أخرى]}‏') and 47-48 (land taken by the King 'shall forthwith be disafforested').
الاتفاقية الأوروبية لحقوق الإنسان art 8 "(1) Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence. (2) There shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of this right except such as is in accordance with the law ^{[لغات أخرى]}‏ and is necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security, public safety or the economic well-being of the country, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others."
e.g. M v Home Office [1993] UKHL 5, holding the Home Secretary, Kenneth Baker ^{[لغات أخرى]}‏, in contempt of court for failing to return a زائير teacher to the UK on refugee status, despite a High Court judge ordering it be done. نسخة محفوظة 12 نوفمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Parliamentary Constituencies Act 1986, setting up the Boundary Commission ^{[لغات أخرى]}‏. See also, R (McWhirter) v Home Secretary (21 October 1969) The Times, elector in Enfield sought mandamus ('we command') to require Home Secretary to perform statutory duty of laying before Parliament Commission reports with draft orders in Council.
'Crown Estate makes record £304m Treasury payout' (28 June 2016) BBC News. See map.whoownsengland.org and the colour purple for the Crown Estate. This includes (1) retail property such as ريجنت ستريت in London, commercial property in Oxford, Milton Keynes, Nottingham, Newcastle, etc., and a right to receive 23% of the income from the Duchy of Lancaster's Savoy Estate in London (2) 116,000 hectares of agricultural land and forests, together with minerals and residential and commercial property (3) rights to extract minerals covers some 115,500 hectares (4) 55% of the UK's foreshore, and all of the UK's seabed from mean low water to the 12-nautical-mile (22 km) limit, plus sovereign rights of the UK in the seabed and its resources vested by the Continental Shelf Act 1964 ^{[لغات أخرى]}‏. "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-11-11. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-01-29.{{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
(1772) 98 ER 499 Charles Stewart ^{[لغات أخرى]}‏ from بوسطن، ماساتشوستس had bought James Somerset as a slave and taken him to إنجلترا. With the help of التحرير من العبودية, Somerset escaped and sued for a writ of الأمر بالمثول أمام القضاء (that "holding his body" had been unlawful). ويليام موراي, after declaring he should "let justice be done whatever be the consequence", held that slavery was "so odious" that nobody could take "a slave by force to be sold" for any "reason whatever". نسخة محفوظة 7 يناير 2021 على موقع واي باك مشين.

wikisource.org

en.wikisource.org

See the معاهدة فرساي Part XIII and the General Treaty on Tariffs and Trade.
معاهدة فرساي Part XIII, statute of the منظمة العمل الدولية
For instance, preceding art. 8 of that convention, see Entick v Carrington [1765] EWHC KB J98. On art 11, see Crofter Hand Woven Harris Tweed Co Ltd v Veitch [1941] UKHL 2
معاهدة الاتحاد الأوروبي art 2
الاتفاقية الأوروبية لحقوق الإنسان art 8 "(1) Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence. (2) There shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of this right except such as is in accordance with the law ^{[لغات أخرى]}‏ and is necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security, public safety or the economic well-being of the country, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others."
See الإعلان العالمي لحقوق الإنسان arts 21 and 29(2)، العهد الدولي الخاص بالحقوق المدنية والسياسية art 25، العهد الدولي الخاص بالحقوق الاقتصادية والاجتماعية والثقافية، art 4
See, for example, J Lobel, 'The Limits of Constitutional Power: Conflicts between Foreign Policy and International Law' (1985) 71(7) Virginia Law Review 1071. يورغن هابرماس, 'The Constitutionalization of International Law and the Legitimation Problems of a Constitution for World Society' (2008) 15(4) Constellations 444. In Germany, see القانون الأساسي لجمهورية ألمانيا الاتحادية art 25, "The general rules of international law shall be an integral part of federal law. They shall take precedence over the laws and directly create rights and duties for the inhabitants of the federal territory." In the EU, see Kadi and Al Barakaat International Foundation v Council and Commission (2008) C-402/05, holding that international law binds EU law unless it requires an act that would run contrary to basic human rights. "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-02-03. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-01-29.{{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
cf والتر باغوت, The English Constitution (1867) 111, suggesting the monarch has a right to be consulted, to encourage and to warn.
See ويليام لانغلاند, Piers Plowman (1370) Passus 5, 3278, "But I kan rymes of Robyn Hood" is the first mention of the tales, notably in the run up to the ثورة الفلاحين. As ballads and poems evolved, see جون ستو, Annales of England (1592)
عريضة الحقوق (3 Car 1 c 1)
Debates on the proper nature of liberty were held at the Putney debates, October to November 1647, summarised in ASP Woodhouse, Puritanism and Liberty (1938) 52. By contrast, a bitter opponent of the civil war was T Hobbes, لوياثان (1651)
جون لوك, رسالتان في الحكم المدني (1689) ch IX
M Wollstonecraft, دفاعا عن حقوق المرأة (1792) ch IX

wiley.com

onlinelibrary.wiley.com

ألبيرت فين دايسي، Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution (3rd edn 1889) Part II, ch IV, 189, first "absolute supremacy or predominance of regular law as opposed to the influence of arbitrary power", second "equality before the law, or the equal subjection of all classes to the ordinary law of the land administered by the ordinary law courts" and third, "principles of private law have with us been by the action of the courts and Parliament so extended as to determine the position of the Crown and of its servants". See also J Raz, 'The Rule of Law and its Virtue' (1977) 93 Law Quarterly Review 195. Contrast D Lino, 'The Rule of Law and the Rule of Empire: A.V. Dicey in Imperial Context' (2018) 81(5) Modern Law Review 739. Previously, discourse among international finance followed a restrictive ideal: M Stephenson, 'Rule of Law as a Goal of Development Policy' (2008) World Bank Research نسخة محفوظة 2 أغسطس 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.

winstonchurchill.org

e.g. 'Speech at the University of Zurich' (19 September 1946). نسخة محفوظة 8 يناير 2021 على موقع واي باك مشين.

worldbank.org

web.worldbank.org

ألبيرت فين دايسي، Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution (3rd edn 1889) Part II, ch IV, 189, first "absolute supremacy or predominance of regular law as opposed to the influence of arbitrary power", second "equality before the law, or the equal subjection of all classes to the ordinary law of the land administered by the ordinary law courts" and third, "principles of private law have with us been by the action of the courts and Parliament so extended as to determine the position of the Crown and of its servants". See also J Raz, 'The Rule of Law and its Virtue' (1977) 93 Law Quarterly Review 195. Contrast D Lino, 'The Rule of Law and the Rule of Empire: A.V. Dicey in Imperial Context' (2018) 81(5) Modern Law Review 739. Previously, discourse among international finance followed a restrictive ideal: M Stephenson, 'Rule of Law as a Goal of Development Policy' (2008) World Bank Research نسخة محفوظة 2 أغسطس 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.

yougov.co.uk

"Who are the monarchists? | YouGov". yougov.co.uk (بالإنجليزية البريطانية). Archived from the original on 2020-11-26. Retrieved 2019-09-18.