كرد (Arabic Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "كرد" in Arabic language version.

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  • Paul، Ludwig (2008). "Kurdish Language". الموسوعة الإيرانية. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-01-03. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-12-02. Writes about the problem of attaining a coherent definition of "Kurdish language" within the Northwestern Iranian dialect continuum. There is no unambiguous evolution of Kurdish from Middle Iranian, as "from Old and Middle Iranian times, no predecessors of the Kurdish language are yet known; the extant Kurdish texts may be traced back to no earlier than the 16th century CE." Ludwig Paul further states: "Linguistics itself, or dialectology, does not provide any general or straightforward definition of at which point a language becomes a dialect (or vice versa). To attain a fuller understanding of the difficulties and questions that are raised by the issue of the 'Kurdish language,' it is therefore necessary to consider also non-linguistic factors."

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  • Bois, Th.; Minorsky, V.; Bois, Th.; Bois, Th.; MacKenzie, D.N.; Bois, Th. "Kurds, Kurdistan." Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman , Th. Bianquis , C.E. Bosworth , E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2009. Brill Online. <http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=islam_COM-Excerpt[وصلة مكسورة] 1:"The Kurds, a people in the Near East, live at the junction of more or less laicised Turkey"
    • Michael G. Morony, "Iraq After the Muslim Conquest", Gorgias Press LLC, 2005. pg 265: "Kurds were the only smaller ethnic group native to Iraq. As with the Persians, their presence along the northeastern edge of Iraq was merely an extension of their presence in Western Iran. All of the non-Persian, tribal, pastoral, Iranian groups in the foothills and the mountains of the Zagros range along the eastern fringes of Iraq were called Kurds at that time." "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-06-28. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2020-06-28.{{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)

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  • CIA- The World Factbook: 14 million in Turkey (18%)[1], 4.7–6.2 million in Iraq(15-20%)[2], 7.9 million in Iran(10%)[3] (all for 2012), plus several million in Syria, neighboring countries, and the diaspora

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  • John L. Henriques , "Syria: issues and historical background", Nova Science Publishers, [4]

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  • {{استشهاد ويب|آخر=غريان |الأول=زينب |عنوان=ديلي بيست: عراقيون يعتنقون "الزرادشتية" هربا من الطائفية|عمل=vetogate.com|تاريخ=31 مايو 2015|تاريخ الوصول=3 يونيو 2015|مسار=لقائيا2">"Kurds in Turkey". rlp.hds.harvard.edu (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2019-04-22. Retrieved 2019-02-01.

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  • "The Kurdish population". Institutkurde.org (بالفرنسية). Retrieved 2021-01-17.
  • "The Kurdish Diaspora". Institut Kurde De Paris. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-10-23.
  • "The Kurdish population". Institutkurde.org (بالفرنسية). Archived from the original on 2023-10-13. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
  • The Kurdish Language and Literature, by Joyce Blau, Professor of Kurdish language and civilization at the National Institute of Oriental Language and Civilization of the University of Paris (معهد اللغات والحضارات الشرقية بباريس) نسخة محفوظة 08 يوليو 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.

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  • Reynolds، G. S. (أكتوبر–ديسمبر 2004). "A Reflection on Two Qurʾānic Words (Iblīs and Jūdī), with Attention to the Theories of A. Mingana". Journal of the American Oriental Society. ج. 124 ع. 4: 683, 684, 687. DOI:10.2307/4132112. ISSN:0003-0279. JSTOR:4132112.
  • Reynolds، G. S. (2004). "A Reflection on Two Qurʾānic Words (Iblīs and Jūdī), with Attention to the Theories of A. Mingan". Journal of the American Oriental Society. ج. 124 ع. 4: 675–689. DOI:10.2307/4132112. JSTOR:4132112.

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  • Andersen، Ole Stig (11 يوليو 2004). "Kurdisk". olestig.dk. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2013-03-06.

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  • Martin van Bruinessen, "The ethnic identity of the Kurds", in: Ethnic groups in the Republic of Turkey, compiled and edited by Peter Alford Andrews with Rüdiger Benninghaus [=Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients, Reihe B, Nr.60]. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwich Reichert, 1989, pp. 613–21. excerpt: "The ethnic label "Kurd" is first encountered in Arabic sources from the first centuries of the Islamic era; it seemed to refer to a specific variety of pastoral nomadism, and possibly to a set of political units, rather than to a linguistic group: once or twice, "Arabic Kurds" are mentioned. By the 10th century, the term appears to denote nomadic and/or transhumant groups speaking an Iranian language and mainly inhabiting the mountainous areas to the South of Lake Van and Lake Urmia, with some offshoots in the Caucasus...If there was a Kurdish-speaking subjected peasantry at that time, the term was not yet used to include them."[5] نسخة محفوظة 10 أكتوبر 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.

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