Africa (English Wikipedia)

Studies, the Africa Center for Strategic. "African Biodiversity Loss Raises Risk to Human Security". Africa Center for Strategic Studies. Archived from the original on 12 July 2023. Retrieved 12 July 2023.

africanews.com

Deforestation reaches worrying level – UN Archived 6 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine. AfricaNews. 11 June 2008

afrol.com

Forests and deforestation in Africa – the wasting of an immense resource Archived 20 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine. afrol News

allafrica.com

"Africa: Developed Countries' Leverage On the Continent Archived 20 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine". AllAfrica.com. 7 February 2008

archive.org

Ehret, Christopher (2002). The civilizations of Africa : a history to 1800.
"The Christian Topography of Cosmas Indicopleustes". Nature. 84 (2127): 133–134. August 1910. Bibcode:1910Natur..84..133.. doi:10.1038/084133a0. hdl:2027/coo1.ark:/13960/t07w6zm1b. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 3942233.
Lovejoy, Paul E. (2000). Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa. Cambridge University Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-521-78430-6.
"Africa". World Book Encyclopedia. Chicago: World Book, Inc. 1989. ISBN 978-0-7166-1289-6.

asu.edu

wmo.asu.edu

"World Meteorological Organization World Weather / Climate Extremes Archive". Archived from the original on 4 January 2013. Retrieved 10 January 2013.

babbel.com

Babbel.com; GmbH, Lesson Nine. "How Many People Speak Portuguese, And Where Is It Spoken?". Babbel Magazine. Archived from the original on 11 July 2020. Retrieved 2 September 2023.

bbc.co.uk

news.bbc.co.uk

"Focus on the slave trade". BBC News. 3 September 2001. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 28 February 2008.
"BBC: 1984 famine in Ethiopia". BBC News. 6 April 2000. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2010.
"DR Congo poll crucial for Africa". BBC News. 16 November 2006. Archived from the original on 2 December 2010. Retrieved 10 October 2009.
"Q&A: The Berbers". BBC News. 12 March 2004. Archived from the original on 12 January 2018. Retrieved 30 December 2013.

bbc.co.uk

Rees Davies, "British Slaves on the Barbary Coast" Archived 25 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine, BBC, 1 July 2003
Jo Loosemore, Sailing against slavery Archived 3 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine. BBC

bbc.com

"One of Africa's best kept secrets – its history". BBC News. 1 July 2017. Archived from the original on 29 July 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2021.

bcm.edu

blogs.bcm.edu

"The genetic diversity in Africa is greater than in any other region in the world". 19 July 2018. Archived from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2021.

bionews.org.uk

"Africa is most genetically diverse continent, DNA study shows". 9 June 2009. Archived from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2021.

books.google.com

Edward Lipinski, Itineraria Phoenicia Archived 16 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Peeters Publishers, 2004, p. 200. ISBN 90-429-1344-4
Hallikan, 'Abu-l-'Abbas Sams-al-din 'Ahmad ibn Muhammad Ibn (1842). Kitab Wafayat Ala'yan. Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary Transl. by (Guillaume) B(aro)n Mac-Guckin de Slane. Benjamin Duprat. Archived from the original on 24 September 2019. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
al-Andalusi, Sa'id (2010). Science in the Medieval World. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0292792319. Archived from the original on 24 September 2019. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
Upton, Roger D. (1881). Travels in the Arabian Desert: With Special Reference to the Arabian Horse and Its Pedigree. C.K. Paul & Company. Archived from the original on 24 September 2019. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
Herrera, Rene J.; Garcia-Bertrand, Ralph (2018). Ancestral DNA, Human Origins, and Migrations. Elsevier Science. pp. 61–. ISBN 978-0-12-804128-4. Archived from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
Goucher, Candice; Walton, Linda (2013). World History: Journeys from Past to Present. Routledge. pp. 2–20. ISBN 978-1-134-72354-6. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
Keenan, Jeremy (2013). The Sahara: Past, Present and Future. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-97001-9. Archived from the original on 28 February 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
Elayi, Josette (2018). Sennacherib, King of Assyria. SBL Press. pp. 66–67. ISBN 978-0-88414-318-5.
Njoku, Raphael Chijioke (2013). The History of Somalia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 29–31. ISBN 978-0313378577.
Dalal, Roshen (2011). The Illustrated Timeline of the History of the World. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 131. ISBN 978-1448847976.
Peavy, Daryl (2010). Kings, Magic, and Medicine. Lulu.com. ISBN 978-0557183708.
Fanso, Verkijika G. (1989). Cameroon History for Secondary Schools and Colleges. Vol. 1. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-47121-0.
Fage, John (23 October 2013). A History of Africa. Routledge. pp. 25–26. ISBN 978-1317797272. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
Anton, Donald K.; Shelton, Dinah L. (2011). Environmental Protection and Human Rights. Cambridge University Press. p. 640. ISBN 978-0-521-76638-8.
Hadaway, Stuart (2014). Pyramids and Fleshpots: The Egyptian, Senussi and Eastern Mediterranean Campaigns (1914-1916). The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7509-5808-0.
Association, Cheke Cultural Writers (1994). "Chapter 14: The Kolongongo War Against the Portuguese". The history and cultural life of the Mbunda speaking peoples. The Association. ISBN 9789982030069.
Bély, Lucien (2001). The History of France. Editions Jean-paul Gisserot. p. 118. ISBN 978-2-87747-563-1. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
Aryeetey, Ernest; Harrigan, Jane; Machiko, Nissanke (2000). Economic Reforms in Ghana: The Miracle and the Mirage. Africa World Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-86543-844-6. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
Luc-Normand Tellier (2009). Urban world history: an economic and geographical perspective Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine. PUQ. p. 204. ISBN 2-7605-1588-5
Raimondo Cagiano De Azevedo (1994). Migration and development co-operation. Archived 6 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Council of Europe, p. 25. ISBN 92-871-2611-9
Holm, John A. (1989). Pidgins and Creoles: References survey. Cambridge University Press. p. 394. ISBN 978-0-521-35940-5. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
Fraser, Douglas; Cole, Herbert M. (2004). African Art and Leadership. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-299-05824-1. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
Okeke-Agulu, Chika (2015). Postcolonial Modernism: Art and Decolonization in Twentieth-Century Nigeria. Duke University Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-8223-7630-9. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
Chikowero, Mhoze (2015). African Music, Power, and Being in Colonial Zimbabwe. Indiana University Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-0253018090. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
Breunig, Peter (2014), Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context, Frankfurt: Africa Magna Verlag, ISBN 978-3-937248-46-2.
Welsh-Asante 2009, p. 28. Welsh-Asante, Kariamu (2009). African Dance. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4381-2427-8.
Welsh-Asante 2009, p. 35. Welsh-Asante, Kariamu (2009). African Dance. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4381-2427-8.

bradshawfoundation.com

Oppenheimer, Stephen. The Gates of Grief Archived 30 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine. bradshawfoundation.com

britannica.com

Historical survey: Slave societies Archived 30 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Encyclopædia Britannica
Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History Archived 23 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Encyclopædia Britannica

businessinsider.com

africa.businessinsider.com

Oluwole, Victor (12 September 2021). "A comprehensive list of all the English-speaking countries in Africa". Business Insider Africa. Archived from the original on 2 September 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2023.

cambridge.org

Conrad, David; Fisher, Humphrey (1983). "The Conquest That Never Was: Ghana and the Almoravids, 1076. II. The Local Oral Sources". History in Africa. 10: 53–78. doi:10.2307/3171690. JSTOR 3171690.

census.gov

"World Population Day: July 11, 2018". United States Census Bureau. 11 July 2018. Archived from the original on 18 July 2019. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
"IDB: Countries Ranked by Population". 28 November 1999. Archived from the original on 28 November 1999.

cia.gov

South Africa: People: Ethnic Groups. Archived 10 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine CIA World Factbook
"Algeria", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 11 April 2024, archived from the original on 4 January 2021, retrieved 16 April 2024

colum.edu

"Definitions of Styles and Genres: Traditional and Contemporary African Music". CBMR. Columbia University. Retrieved 3 March 2016.

consultsos.com

"Africa African Africanus Africus". Consultos.com. Archived from the original on 29 January 2009. Retrieved 14 November 2006.

countrystudies.us

"Mauritania – Arab Invasions". countrystudies.us. Archived from the original on 23 June 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
Portugal – Emigration Archived 29 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Eric Solsten, ed. Portugal: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1993

creativecommons.org

The United Nations World Water Development Report 2016: Water and Jobs. Paris: UNESCO. 2016. ISBN 978-92-3-100146-8. Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO) license.

dailytimes.com.pk

"Tomb Reveals Ancient Egypt's Humiliating Secrets". Daily Times. 29 July 2003. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013.

dailytrust.com.ng

"An inside look at Kainji Dam". 14 October 2012. Archived from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 28 November 2020.

deacademic.com

latin_german.deacademic.com

Georges, Karl Ernst (1913–1918). "Afri". In Georges, Heinrich (ed.). Ausführliches lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch (in German) (8th ed.). Archived from the original on 16 January 2016. Retrieved 20 September 2015.

doi.org

Collier, Paul; Gunning, Jan Willem (1 August 1999). "Why Has Africa Grown Slowly?". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 13 (3): 3–22. doi:10.1257/jep.13.3.3. ISSN 0895-3309.
Bayeh, Endalcachew (February 2015). "The political and economic legacy of colonialism in the post-independence African states". International Journal in Commerce, IT & Social Sciences. 2 (2): 89–93. doi:10.4000/poldev.78. S2CID 198939744. Archived from the original on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
Schlebusch, Carina M; Malmström, Helena; Günther, Torsten; Sjödin, Per; Coutinho, Alexandra; Edlund, Hanna; Munters, Arielle R; Vicente, Mário; Steyn, Maryna; Soodyall, Himla; Lombard, Marlize; Jakobsson, Mattias (2017). "Southern African ancient genomes estimate modern human divergence to 350,000 to 260,000 years ago". Science. 358 (6363): 652–655. Bibcode:2017Sci...358..652S. doi:10.1126/science.aao6266. PMID 28971970.
Mounier, Aurélien; Lahr, Marta (2019). "Deciphering African late middle Pleistocene hominin diversity and the origin of our species". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 3406. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.3406M. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-11213-w. PMC 6736881. PMID 31506422.
Vidal, Celine M.; Lane, Christine S.; Asfawrossen, Asrat; et al. (January 2022). "Age of the oldest known Homo sapiens from eastern Africa". Nature. 601 (7894): 579–583. Bibcode:2022Natur.601..579V. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04275-8. PMC 8791829. PMID 35022610.
The Egba United Government, a government of the Egba people, was legally recognized by the British as independent until being annexed into the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria in 1914: Daly, Samuel Fury Childs (4 May 2019). "From Crime to Coercion: Policing Dissent in Abeokuta, Nigeria, 1900–1940". The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 47 (3): 474–489. doi:10.1080/03086534.2019.1576833. ISSN 0308-6534. S2CID 159124664. Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 5 July 2022.
Babington Michell, Geo (1903). "The Berbers". Journal of the Royal African Society. 2 (6): 161–194. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a093193. JSTOR 714549. Archived from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
Stieglitz, Robert R. (1984). "Long-Distance Seafaring in the Ancient Near East". The Biblical Archaeologist. 47 (3): 134–142. doi:10.2307/3209914. JSTOR 3209914. S2CID 130072563.
Fregel, Rosa; Méndez, Fernando L.; Bokbot, Youssef; Martín-Socas, Dimas; Camalich-Massieu, María D.; Santana, Jonathan; Morales, Jacob; Ávila-Arcos, María C.; Underhill, Peter A.; Shapiro, Beth; Wojcik, Genevieve; Rasmussen, Morten; Soares, André E. R.; Kapp, Joshua; Sockell, Alexandra; Rodríguez-Santos, Francisco J.; Mikdad, Abdeslam; Trujillo-Mederos, Aioze; Bustamante, Carlos D. (26 June 2018). "Ancient genomes from North Africa evidence prehistoric migrations to the Maghreb from both the Levant and Europe". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (26): 6774–6779. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115.6774F. doi:10.1073/pnas.1800851115. PMC 6042094. PMID 29895688.
Derricourt, Robin (2005). "Getting "Out of Africa": Sea Crossings, Land Crossings and Culture in the Hominin Migrations" (PDF). Journal of World Prehistory. 19 (2): 119–132. doi:10.1007/s10963-006-9002-z. S2CID 28059849. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 February 2012. Retrieved 26 December 2013.
Mercier, Norbert; et al. (2012). "OSL dating of quaternary deposits associated with the parietal art of the Tassili-n-Ajjer plateau (Central Sahara)". Quaternary Geochronology. 10: 367–373. Bibcode:2012QuGeo..10..367M. doi:10.1016/j.quageo.2011.11.010.
Jesse, Friederike (2010). "Early Pottery in Northern Africa – An Overview". Journal of African Archaeology. 8 (2): 219–238. doi:10.3213/1612-1651-10171. JSTOR 43135518.
Beldados, Alemseged; Manzo, Andrea; Murphy, Charlene; Stevens, Chris J.; Fuller, Dorian Q. (2018). "Evidence of Sorghum Cultivation and Possible Pearl Millet in the Second Millennium BC at Kassala, Eastern Sudan". Plants and People in the African Past. pp. 503–528. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-89839-1_22. ISBN 978-3-319-89838-4. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
Winchell, Frank; Stevens, Chris J.; Murphy, Charlene; Champion, Louis; Fuller, Dorianq. (2017). "Evidence for Sorghum Domestication in Fourth Millennium BC Eastern Sudan: Spikelet Morphology from Ceramic Impressions of the Butana Group". Current Anthropology. 58 (5): 673–683. doi:10.1086/693898. S2CID 149402650. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
Cubry, Philippe; Tranchant-Dubreuil, Christine; Thuillet, Anne-Céline; Monat, Cécile; Ndjiondjop, Marie-Noelle; Labadie, Karine; Cruaud, Corinne; Engelen, Stefan; Scarcelli, Nora; Rhoné, Bénédicte; Burgarella, Concetta; Dupuy, Christian; Larmande, Pierre; Wincker, Patrick; François, Olivier; Sabot, François; Vigouroux, Yves (2018). "The Rise and Fall of African Rice Cultivation Revealed by Analysis of 246 New Genomes". Current Biology. 28 (14): 2274–2282.e6. Bibcode:2018CBio...28E2274C. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.05.066. PMID 29983312. S2CID 51600014.
Anderson, J. R. (2012). "Kerma". The Encyclopedia of Ancient History. The Encyclopedia of Ancient History. doi:10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah15224. ISBN 9781444338386. She states, "To date, Kerma-culture has been found from the region of the First Cataract to upstream of the Fourth Cataract."
"The Christian Topography of Cosmas Indicopleustes". Nature. 84 (2127): 133–134. August 1910. Bibcode:1910Natur..84..133.. doi:10.1038/084133a0. hdl:2027/coo1.ark:/13960/t07w6zm1b. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 3942233.
Holl, Augustine (1985). "Background to the Ghana empire: Archaeological investigations on the transition to statehood in the Dhar Tichitt region (mauritania)". Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 4 (2): 73–115. doi:10.1016/0278-4165(85)90005-4.
Gestrich, Nikolas (2019). "Ghana Empire". Oxford Research Encyclopedias: African history. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.396. ISBN 978-0-19-027773-4.
Conrad, David; Fisher, Humphrey (1983). "The Conquest That Never Was: Ghana and the Almoravids, 1076. II. The Local Oral Sources". History in Africa. 10: 53–78. doi:10.2307/3171690. JSTOR 3171690.
Nebel, A; et al. (1 April 2010). "Genetic Evidence for the Expansion of Arabian Tribes into the Southern Levant and North Africa". American Journal of Human Genetics. 70 (6): 1594–1596. doi:10.1086/340669. PMC 379148. PMID 11992266.
Daly, Samuel Fury Childs (4 May 2019). "From Crime to Coercion: Policing Dissent in Abeokuta, Nigeria, 1900–1940". The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 47 (3): 474–489. doi:10.1080/03086534.2019.1576833. ISSN 0308-6534. S2CID 159124664.
Fokkens, Andries (2023). "The ovamboland expedition of 1917: the deposing of King Mandume". Small Wars & Insurgencies. 34 (2): 382–421. doi:10.1080/09592318.2022.2153468.
Brantlinger 1985, pp. 166–203. Brantlinger, Patrick (1985). "Victorians and Africans: The Genealogy of the Myth of the Dark Continent" (PDF). Critical Inquiry. 12 (1): 166–203. doi:10.1086/448326. JSTOR 1343467. S2CID 161311164.
Touval, Saadia (1967). "The Organization of African Unity and African Borders". International Organization. 21 (1): 102–127. doi:10.1017/S0020818300013151. JSTOR 2705705.
Touval, Saadia (1967). "The Organization of African Unity and African Borders". International Organization. 21 (1): 102–127. doi:10.1017/S0020818300013151. JSTOR 2705705.
Woldemeskel, Getachew (1989). "The Consequences of Resettlement in Ethiopia". African Affairs. 88 (352): 359–374. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098187. JSTOR 722691. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
Frankema, Ewout; Van Waijenburg, Marlous (October 2018). "Africa rising? A historical perspective". African Affairs. 117 (469): 543–568. doi:10.1093/afraf/ady022. Archived from the original on 21 May 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
Chu, D.; Gordon, R.G. (1999). "Evidence for motion between Nubia and Somalia along the Southwest Indian ridge". Nature. 398 (6722): 64–67. Bibcode:1999Natur.398...64C. doi:10.1038/18014. S2CID 4403043.
El Fadli, KI; et al. (September 2012). "World Meteorological Organization Assessment of the Purported World Record 58°C Temperature Extreme at El Azizia, Libya (13 September 1922)". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 94 (2): 199. Bibcode:2013BAMS...94..199E. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00093.1. (The 136 °F (57.8 °C), claimed by 'Aziziya, Libya, on 13 September 1922, has been officially deemed invalid by the World Meteorological Organization.)
Kendon, Elizabeth J.; Stratton, Rachel A.; Tucker, Simon; Marsham, John H.; Berthou, Ségolène; Rowell, David P.; Senior, Catherine A. (2019). "Enhanced future changes in wet and dry extremes over Africa at convection-permitting scale". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 1794. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.1794K. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-09776-9. PMC 6478940. PMID 31015416.
Herbst, Jeffrey (1990). "War and the State in Africa". International Security. 14 (4): 117–139. doi:10.2307/2538753. JSTOR 2538753. S2CID 153804691.
Tausch, Arno (2018). "Africa on the Maps of Global Values: Comparative Analyses, Based on Recent World Values Survey Data" (PDF). doi:10.2139/ssrn.3214715. S2CID 158596579. SSRN 3214715. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 February 2020. Retrieved 26 September 2019.
Blench, Roger (2019). "The Linguistic Prehistory of the Sahara". Burials, Migration and Identity in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond. pp. 431–463. doi:10.1017/9781108634311.014. ISBN 978-1-108-63431-1. S2CID 197854997.
Kofi-Tsekpo, Mawuli (11 February 2005). "Editorial: Institutionalization of African Traditional Medicine in Health Care Systems in Africa". African Journal of Health Sciences. 11 (1): i–ii. doi:10.4314/ajhs.v11i1.30772. PMID 17298111.
Dunlop, David W. (November 1975). "Alternatives to 'modern' health delivery systems in Africa: Public policy issues of traditional health systems". Social Science & Medicine. 9 (11–12): 581–586. doi:10.1016/0037-7856(75)90171-7. PMID 817397.
Gikandi, Simon (2000). "African literature and the colonial factor". The Cambridge History of African and Caribbean Literature. pp. 379–397. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521832755.021. ISBN 978-1-139-05463-8.
Henshilwood, Christopher S.; et al. (2011). "A 100,000-Year-Old Ochre-Processing Workshop at Blombos Cave, South Africa". Science. 334 (6053): 219–222. Bibcode:2011Sci...334..219H. doi:10.1126/science.1211535. PMID 21998386. S2CID 40455940.
McBrearty, Sally; Brooks, Allison (2000). "The revolution that wasn't: a new interpretation of the origin of modern human behavior". Journal of Human Evolution. 39 (5): 453–563. doi:10.1006/jhev.2000.0435. PMID 11102266.
Mark, Peter (1999). "Is There Such a Thing as African Art?". Record of the Art Museum, Princeton University. 58 (1/2): 7–15. doi:10.2307/3774788. JSTOR 3774788.

dublininquirer.com

Malekmian, Shamim (3 May 2023). "In the north-inner city, two dancers gear up for a new Afro dance camp". Dublin Inquirer. Archived from the original on 5 June 2023. Retrieved 6 December 2023.

eastlondonadvertiser.co.uk

Moss-McNeill, Greg (22 March 2022). "Shadwell dancer Patience J on taking Afro-dance into the mainstream". East London Advertiser. Retrieved 6 November 2023.

economist.com

The Economist, March 28th 2020, page 7, "The forever wars".
"Zambia's looming debt crisis is a warning for the rest of Africa". The Economist. Archived from the original on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 19 September 2018.
"What to do about Africa's dangerous baby boom". The Economist. Archived from the original on 25 September 2018. Retrieved 26 September 2018.
"Flight from Angola" Archived 23 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine, The Economist , 16 August 1975

edoworld.net

"The Evolution of Ogieship or Kingship Institution in Edo Society and the Rise of Ogiso Igodo (About 40.B.C -16 A.D)". Benin Kingdom. Archived from the original on 16 March 2024.

eib.org

European Investment Bank (6 July 2022). EIB Group Sustainability Report 2021. European Investment Bank. ISBN 978-92-861-5237-5.

fargomonthly.com

Cyusa, Alexandre (26 July 2023). "Think Global; Act Local: The All-Star Afro Dancers". Fargo Monthly Magazine. Retrieved 6 November 2023.

fiba.basketball

"Getting to know Africa's flashy basketball arenas". FIBA. 2 September 2019. Archived from the original on 7 January 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2020.

gale.com

go.gale.com

Alemazung, Joy Asongazoh (1 September 2010). "Post-colonial colonialism: an analysis of international factors and actors marring African socio-economic and political development" (PDF). Journal of Pan African Studies. 3 (10): 62–85. S2CID 140806396. Gale A306596751. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 November 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2021.

geohive.com

Past and future population of Africa Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2013)

gerald-massey.org.uk

"Nile Genesis: the opus of Gerald Massey". Gerald-massey.org.uk. 29 October 1907. Archived from the original on 30 January 2010. Retrieved 18 May 2010.

ggdc.net

Maddison (27 July 2016). "Growth of World Population, GDP and GDP Per Capita before 1820" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 February 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2019.

globalpolitician.com

"Neo-Liberalism and the Economic and Political Future of Africa". Globalpolitician.com. 19 December 2005. Archived from the original on 31 January 2010. Retrieved 18 May 2010.

gordonconwell.edu

"Gordon Conwell Theological Seminary, African Christianity, 2020". 18 March 2020. Archived from the original on 3 May 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2021.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

"The Christian Topography of Cosmas Indicopleustes". Nature. 84 (2127): 133–134. August 1910. Bibcode:1910Natur..84..133.. doi:10.1038/084133a0. hdl:2027/coo1.ark:/13960/t07w6zm1b. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 3942233.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Schlebusch, Carina M; Malmström, Helena; Günther, Torsten; Sjödin, Per; Coutinho, Alexandra; Edlund, Hanna; Munters, Arielle R; Vicente, Mário; Steyn, Maryna; Soodyall, Himla; Lombard, Marlize; Jakobsson, Mattias (2017). "Southern African ancient genomes estimate modern human divergence to 350,000 to 260,000 years ago". Science. 358 (6363): 652–655. Bibcode:2017Sci...358..652S. doi:10.1126/science.aao6266. PMID 28971970.
Mounier, Aurélien; Lahr, Marta (2019). "Deciphering African late middle Pleistocene hominin diversity and the origin of our species". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 3406. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.3406M. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-11213-w. PMC 6736881. PMID 31506422.
Vidal, Celine M.; Lane, Christine S.; Asfawrossen, Asrat; et al. (January 2022). "Age of the oldest known Homo sapiens from eastern Africa". Nature. 601 (7894): 579–583. Bibcode:2022Natur.601..579V. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04275-8. PMC 8791829. PMID 35022610.
Fregel, Rosa; Méndez, Fernando L.; Bokbot, Youssef; Martín-Socas, Dimas; Camalich-Massieu, María D.; Santana, Jonathan; Morales, Jacob; Ávila-Arcos, María C.; Underhill, Peter A.; Shapiro, Beth; Wojcik, Genevieve; Rasmussen, Morten; Soares, André E. R.; Kapp, Joshua; Sockell, Alexandra; Rodríguez-Santos, Francisco J.; Mikdad, Abdeslam; Trujillo-Mederos, Aioze; Bustamante, Carlos D. (26 June 2018). "Ancient genomes from North Africa evidence prehistoric migrations to the Maghreb from both the Levant and Europe". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (26): 6774–6779. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115.6774F. doi:10.1073/pnas.1800851115. PMC 6042094. PMID 29895688.
Mercier, Norbert; et al. (2012). "OSL dating of quaternary deposits associated with the parietal art of the Tassili-n-Ajjer plateau (Central Sahara)". Quaternary Geochronology. 10: 367–373. Bibcode:2012QuGeo..10..367M. doi:10.1016/j.quageo.2011.11.010.
Cubry, Philippe; Tranchant-Dubreuil, Christine; Thuillet, Anne-Céline; Monat, Cécile; Ndjiondjop, Marie-Noelle; Labadie, Karine; Cruaud, Corinne; Engelen, Stefan; Scarcelli, Nora; Rhoné, Bénédicte; Burgarella, Concetta; Dupuy, Christian; Larmande, Pierre; Wincker, Patrick; François, Olivier; Sabot, François; Vigouroux, Yves (2018). "The Rise and Fall of African Rice Cultivation Revealed by Analysis of 246 New Genomes". Current Biology. 28 (14): 2274–2282.e6. Bibcode:2018CBio...28E2274C. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.05.066. PMID 29983312. S2CID 51600014.
"The Christian Topography of Cosmas Indicopleustes". Nature. 84 (2127): 133–134. August 1910. Bibcode:1910Natur..84..133.. doi:10.1038/084133a0. hdl:2027/coo1.ark:/13960/t07w6zm1b. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 3942233.
Chu, D.; Gordon, R.G. (1999). "Evidence for motion between Nubia and Somalia along the Southwest Indian ridge". Nature. 398 (6722): 64–67. Bibcode:1999Natur.398...64C. doi:10.1038/18014. S2CID 4403043.
El Fadli, KI; et al. (September 2012). "World Meteorological Organization Assessment of the Purported World Record 58°C Temperature Extreme at El Azizia, Libya (13 September 1922)". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 94 (2): 199. Bibcode:2013BAMS...94..199E. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00093.1. (The 136 °F (57.8 °C), claimed by 'Aziziya, Libya, on 13 September 1922, has been officially deemed invalid by the World Meteorological Organization.)
Kendon, Elizabeth J.; Stratton, Rachel A.; Tucker, Simon; Marsham, John H.; Berthou, Ségolène; Rowell, David P.; Senior, Catherine A. (2019). "Enhanced future changes in wet and dry extremes over Africa at convection-permitting scale". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 1794. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.1794K. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-09776-9. PMC 6478940. PMID 31015416.
Henshilwood, Christopher S.; et al. (2011). "A 100,000-Year-Old Ochre-Processing Workshop at Blombos Cave, South Africa". Science. 334 (6053): 219–222. Bibcode:2011Sci...334..219H. doi:10.1126/science.1211535. PMID 21998386. S2CID 40455940.

huffingtonpost.com

Harry, Njideka U. (11 September 2013). "African Youth, Innovation and the Changing Society". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 20 September 2013. Retrieved 27 September 2013.

ihs.ac.at

elaine.ihs.ac.at

"5.2 Historischer Überblick". Archived from the original on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 13 May 2015.

imf.org

"GDP PPP, current prices". International Monetary Fund. 2022. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
"GDP Nominal, current prices". International Monetary Fund. 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
"Nominal GDP per capita". International Monetary Fund. 2022. Archived from the original on 11 January 2020. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
"World Economic Outlook Database April 2024". IMF. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
"Peak GDP (Nominal) for Libya". Archived from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 4 May 2024.

independent.co.uk

"Nature laid waste: The destruction of Africa" Archived 17 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine, The Independent, 11 June 2008.

ipcc.ch

Schneider, S.H.; et al. (2007). "19.3.3 Regional vulnerabilities". In Parry, M.L.; et al. (eds.). Chapter 19: Assessing Key Vulnerabilities and the Risk from Climate Change. Climate change 2007: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability: contribution of Working Group II to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge University Press (CUP): Cambridge, UK: Print version: CUP. This version: IPCC website. ISBN 978-0-521-88010-7. Archived from the original on 12 March 2013. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
Niang, I., O.C. Ruppel, M.A. Abdrabo, A. Essel, C. Lennard, J. Padgham, and P. Urquhart, "2014: Africa". In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Barros, V.R., C.B. Field, D.J. Dokken et al. (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, and New York, pp. 1199–1265. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf Archived 19 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine
Schneider, S. H.; et al. (2007). "19.3.3 Regional vulnerabilities". In Parry, M. L.; et al. (eds.). Chapter 19: Assessing Key Vulnerabilities and the Risk from Climate Change. Climate change 2007: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability: contribution of Working Group II to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge University Press (CUP): Cambridge, UK: Print version: CUP. This version: IPCC website. ISBN 978-0-521-88010-7. Archived from the original on 12 March 2013. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
Niang, I.; O. C. Ruppel; M. A. Abdrabo; A. Essel; C. Lennard; J. Padgham, and P. Urquhart, 2014: Africa. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Barros, V. R.; C. B. Field; D. J. Dokken et al. (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1199–1265. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf
Boko, M. (2007). "Executive summary". In Parry, M. L.; et al. (eds.). Chapter 9: Africa. Climate change 2007: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability: contribution of Working Group II to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge University Press (CUP): Cambridge, UK: Print version: CUP. This version: IPCC website. ISBN 978-0-521-88010-7. Archived from the original on 8 November 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
IPCC (2018). "Global Warming of 1.5°C: an IPCC special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty". IPCC. Retrieved 16 February 2020.

jbe-platform.com

Güldemann, Tom (29 August 2014). Beyond 'Khoisan': Historical relations in the Kalahari Basin. pp. 1–40. Archived from the original on 24 October 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.

jpanafrican.org

Alemazung, Joy Asongazoh (1 September 2010). "Post-colonial colonialism: an analysis of international factors and actors marring African socio-economic and political development" (PDF). Journal of Pan African Studies. 3 (10): 62–85. S2CID 140806396. Gale A306596751. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 November 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2021.

jstor.org

Babington Michell, Geo (1903). "The Berbers". Journal of the Royal African Society. 2 (6): 161–194. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a093193. JSTOR 714549. Archived from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
Stieglitz, Robert R. (1984). "Long-Distance Seafaring in the Ancient Near East". The Biblical Archaeologist. 47 (3): 134–142. doi:10.2307/3209914. JSTOR 3209914. S2CID 130072563.
Jesse, Friederike (2010). "Early Pottery in Northern Africa – An Overview". Journal of African Archaeology. 8 (2): 219–238. doi:10.3213/1612-1651-10171. JSTOR 43135518.
Conrad, David; Fisher, Humphrey (1983). "The Conquest That Never Was: Ghana and the Almoravids, 1076. II. The Local Oral Sources". History in Africa. 10: 53–78. doi:10.2307/3171690. JSTOR 3171690.
McIntosh, Susan (2008). "Reconceptualizing Early Ghana". Canadian Journal of African Studies. 43 (2). Taylor and Francis: 347–373. JSTOR 40380172.
Brantlinger 1985, pp. 166–203. Brantlinger, Patrick (1985). "Victorians and Africans: The Genealogy of the Myth of the Dark Continent" (PDF). Critical Inquiry. 12 (1): 166–203. doi:10.1086/448326. JSTOR 1343467. S2CID 161311164.
Touval, Saadia (1967). "The Organization of African Unity and African Borders". International Organization. 21 (1): 102–127. doi:10.1017/S0020818300013151. JSTOR 2705705.
Touval, Saadia (1967). "The Organization of African Unity and African Borders". International Organization. 21 (1): 102–127. doi:10.1017/S0020818300013151. JSTOR 2705705.
Woldemeskel, Getachew (1989). "The Consequences of Resettlement in Ethiopia". African Affairs. 88 (352): 359–374. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098187. JSTOR 722691. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
Herbst, Jeffrey (1990). "War and the State in Africa". International Security. 14 (4): 117–139. doi:10.2307/2538753. JSTOR 2538753. S2CID 153804691.
Mark, Peter (1999). "Is There Such a Thing as African Art?". Record of the Art Museum, Princeton University. 58 (1/2): 7–15. doi:10.2307/3774788. JSTOR 3774788.

languagesgulper.com

"Khoisan Languages". The Language Gulper. Archived from the original on 25 January 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2017.

metmuseum.org

"Igbo-Ukwu (c. 9th century) | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History". The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Archived from the original on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 18 May 2010.
Ross, Emma George (October 2002). "African Christianity in Ethiopia". The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Murrell, Denise. "African Influences in Modern Art", The Metropolitan Museum of Art, April 2008. Retrieved on 31 January 2013.

michel-desfayes.org

Desfayes, Michel (25 January 2011). "The Names of Countries". michel-desfayes.org. Archived from the original on 27 June 2019. Retrieved 9 April 2019. Africa. From the name of an ancient tribe in Tunisia, the Afri (adjective: Afer). The name is still extant today as Ifira and Ifri-n-Dellal in Greater Kabylia (Algeria). A Berber tribe was called Beni-Ifren in the Middle Ages and Ifurace was the name of a Tripolitan people in the 6th century. The name is from the Berber language ifri 'cave'. Troglodytism was frequent in northern Africa and still occurs today in southern Tunisia. Herodote wrote that the Garamantes, a North African people, used to live in caves. The Ancient Greek called troglodytēs an African people who lived in caves. Africa was coined by the Romans and 'Ifriqiyeh' is the arabized Latin name. (Most details from Decret & Fantar, 1981).

migrationinformation.org

Malia Politzer, "China and Africa: Stronger Economic Ties Mean More Migration" Archived 29 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Migration Information Source. August 2008

mit.edu

ksj.mit.edu

"New study confirms that Africans are the most genetically diverse people on Earth. And it claims to pinpoint our center of origin". Archived from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2021.

modernghana.com

Klah Mensah, Robert (24 April 2019). "Ghana Celebrates World Dance Day With Azonto Afrodance". Modern Ghana. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2023.

namibiadigitalrepository.com

Williams, Frieda-Nela (1991). Precolonial Communities of Southwestern Africa: A history of Owambo Kingdoms 1600-1920 (PDF). National Archives of Namibia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 March 2024. Retrieved 7 March 2024.

nationalgeographic.com

"Atlas – Xpeditions". National Geographic Society. 2003. Archived from the original on 3 March 2009. Retrieved 1 March 2009.
World Wildlife Fund, ed. (2001). "Madagascar subhumid forests". WildWorld Ecoregion Profile. National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 8 March 2010.

news.nationalgeographic.com

Wells, Spencer (December 2002) The Journey of Man Archived 27 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine. National Geographic

www7.nationalgeographic.com

Swahili Coast Archived 6 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine, National Geographic

nationsonline.org

"World Population by continents and countries – Nations Online Project". Archived from the original on 5 January 2014. Retrieved 18 March 2015.

newframe.com

Nxumalo, Lee (20 December 2020). "Basketball's next frontier is Africa". New Frame. Archived from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2021.

newscientist.com

"We have finally found the land of Punt, where pharaohs got their gifts". New Scientist. 14 December 2022. Retrieved 28 October 2023.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Schlebusch, Carina M; Malmström, Helena; Günther, Torsten; Sjödin, Per; Coutinho, Alexandra; Edlund, Hanna; Munters, Arielle R; Vicente, Mário; Steyn, Maryna; Soodyall, Himla; Lombard, Marlize; Jakobsson, Mattias (2017). "Southern African ancient genomes estimate modern human divergence to 350,000 to 260,000 years ago". Science. 358 (6363): 652–655. Bibcode:2017Sci...358..652S. doi:10.1126/science.aao6266. PMID 28971970.
Mounier, Aurélien; Lahr, Marta (2019). "Deciphering African late middle Pleistocene hominin diversity and the origin of our species". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 3406. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.3406M. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-11213-w. PMC 6736881. PMID 31506422.
Vidal, Celine M.; Lane, Christine S.; Asfawrossen, Asrat; et al. (January 2022). "Age of the oldest known Homo sapiens from eastern Africa". Nature. 601 (7894): 579–583. Bibcode:2022Natur.601..579V. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04275-8. PMC 8791829. PMID 35022610.
Fregel, Rosa; Méndez, Fernando L.; Bokbot, Youssef; Martín-Socas, Dimas; Camalich-Massieu, María D.; Santana, Jonathan; Morales, Jacob; Ávila-Arcos, María C.; Underhill, Peter A.; Shapiro, Beth; Wojcik, Genevieve; Rasmussen, Morten; Soares, André E. R.; Kapp, Joshua; Sockell, Alexandra; Rodríguez-Santos, Francisco J.; Mikdad, Abdeslam; Trujillo-Mederos, Aioze; Bustamante, Carlos D. (26 June 2018). "Ancient genomes from North Africa evidence prehistoric migrations to the Maghreb from both the Levant and Europe". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (26): 6774–6779. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115.6774F. doi:10.1073/pnas.1800851115. PMC 6042094. PMID 29895688.
Cubry, Philippe; Tranchant-Dubreuil, Christine; Thuillet, Anne-Céline; Monat, Cécile; Ndjiondjop, Marie-Noelle; Labadie, Karine; Cruaud, Corinne; Engelen, Stefan; Scarcelli, Nora; Rhoné, Bénédicte; Burgarella, Concetta; Dupuy, Christian; Larmande, Pierre; Wincker, Patrick; François, Olivier; Sabot, François; Vigouroux, Yves (2018). "The Rise and Fall of African Rice Cultivation Revealed by Analysis of 246 New Genomes". Current Biology. 28 (14): 2274–2282.e6. Bibcode:2018CBio...28E2274C. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.05.066. PMID 29983312. S2CID 51600014.
Nebel, A; et al. (1 April 2010). "Genetic Evidence for the Expansion of Arabian Tribes into the Southern Levant and North Africa". American Journal of Human Genetics. 70 (6): 1594–1596. doi:10.1086/340669. PMC 379148. PMID 11992266.
Kendon, Elizabeth J.; Stratton, Rachel A.; Tucker, Simon; Marsham, John H.; Berthou, Ségolène; Rowell, David P.; Senior, Catherine A. (2019). "Enhanced future changes in wet and dry extremes over Africa at convection-permitting scale". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 1794. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.1794K. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-09776-9. PMC 6478940. PMID 31015416.
Kofi-Tsekpo, Mawuli (11 February 2005). "Editorial: Institutionalization of African Traditional Medicine in Health Care Systems in Africa". African Journal of Health Sciences. 11 (1): i–ii. doi:10.4314/ajhs.v11i1.30772. PMID 17298111.
Dunlop, David W. (November 1975). "Alternatives to 'modern' health delivery systems in Africa: Public policy issues of traditional health systems". Social Science & Medicine. 9 (11–12): 581–586. doi:10.1016/0037-7856(75)90171-7. PMID 817397.
Henshilwood, Christopher S.; et al. (2011). "A 100,000-Year-Old Ochre-Processing Workshop at Blombos Cave, South Africa". Science. 334 (6053): 219–222. Bibcode:2011Sci...334..219H. doi:10.1126/science.1211535. PMID 21998386. S2CID 40455940.
McBrearty, Sally; Brooks, Allison (2000). "The revolution that wasn't: a new interpretation of the origin of modern human behavior". Journal of Human Evolution. 39 (5): 453–563. doi:10.1006/jhev.2000.0435. PMID 11102266.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Mounier, Aurélien; Lahr, Marta (2019). "Deciphering African late middle Pleistocene hominin diversity and the origin of our species". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 3406. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.3406M. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-11213-w. PMC 6736881. PMID 31506422.
Vidal, Celine M.; Lane, Christine S.; Asfawrossen, Asrat; et al. (January 2022). "Age of the oldest known Homo sapiens from eastern Africa". Nature. 601 (7894): 579–583. Bibcode:2022Natur.601..579V. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04275-8. PMC 8791829. PMID 35022610.
Fregel, Rosa; Méndez, Fernando L.; Bokbot, Youssef; Martín-Socas, Dimas; Camalich-Massieu, María D.; Santana, Jonathan; Morales, Jacob; Ávila-Arcos, María C.; Underhill, Peter A.; Shapiro, Beth; Wojcik, Genevieve; Rasmussen, Morten; Soares, André E. R.; Kapp, Joshua; Sockell, Alexandra; Rodríguez-Santos, Francisco J.; Mikdad, Abdeslam; Trujillo-Mederos, Aioze; Bustamante, Carlos D. (26 June 2018). "Ancient genomes from North Africa evidence prehistoric migrations to the Maghreb from both the Levant and Europe". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (26): 6774–6779. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115.6774F. doi:10.1073/pnas.1800851115. PMC 6042094. PMID 29895688.
Nebel, A; et al. (1 April 2010). "Genetic Evidence for the Expansion of Arabian Tribes into the Southern Levant and North Africa". American Journal of Human Genetics. 70 (6): 1594–1596. doi:10.1086/340669. PMC 379148. PMID 11992266.
Kendon, Elizabeth J.; Stratton, Rachel A.; Tucker, Simon; Marsham, John H.; Berthou, Ségolène; Rowell, David P.; Senior, Catherine A. (2019). "Enhanced future changes in wet and dry extremes over Africa at convection-permitting scale". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 1794. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.1794K. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-09776-9. PMC 6478940. PMID 31015416.

nytimes.com

Zimmer, Carl (10 September 2019). "Scientists Find the Skull of Humanity's Ancestor – on a Computer – By comparing fossils and CT scans, researchers say they have reconstructed the skull of the last common forebear of modern humans". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2019.
Gladstone, Rick (29 July 2015). "India Will Be Most Populous Country Sooner Than Thought, U.N. Says". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
Onishi, Normitsu (1 November 2001). "Rising Muslim Power in Africa Causing Unrest in Nigeria and Elsewhere". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 March 2009.
Kino, Carol (26 October 2012). "When Artifact 'Became' Art". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 December 2014.

openedition.org

journals.openedition.org

Bayeh, Endalcachew (February 2015). "The political and economic legacy of colonialism in the post-independence African states". International Journal in Commerce, IT & Social Sciences. 2 (2): 89–93. doi:10.4000/poldev.78. S2CID 198939744. Archived from the original on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2021.

openlibrary.org

Robinson, Gallagher & Denny 1961, p. 175. Robinson, Ronald; Gallagher, John; Denny, Alice (1961). Africa and the Victorians: The official mind of imperialism (2 ed.). Macmillan. ISBN 9780333310069. OL 17989466M.

oup.com

academic.oup.com

Frankema, Ewout; Van Waijenburg, Marlous (October 2018). "Africa rising? A historical perspective". African Affairs. 117 (469): 543–568. doi:10.1093/afraf/ady022. Archived from the original on 21 May 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2022.

ourworldindata.org

"Five key findings from the 2022 UN Population Prospects". Our World in Data. Archived from the original on 16 June 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2022.

overpopulation.org

"Africa Population Dynamics". overpopulation.org. Archived from the original on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2007.

oxfordre.com

Gestrich, Nikolas (2019). "Ghana Empire". Oxford Research Encyclopedias: African history. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.396. ISBN 978-0-19-027773-4.

pdavis.nl

"The West African Squadron and slave trade". Pdavis.nl. Archived from the original on 10 June 2010. Retrieved 18 May 2010.

peaceau.org

Kodjo, Tchioffo. "OAU Charter, Addis Ababa, 25 May 1963-African Union – Peace and Security Department". African Union, Peace and Security Department.

pearsonhighered.com

"Pearsonhighered.com" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 May 2015.

pewresearch.org

ANTHONY CILLUFFO; NEIL G. RUIZ (17 June 2019). "World's population is projected to nearly stop growing by the end of the century". Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 2 June 2023.
Center, Pew Research (8 November 2017). "Orthodox Christianity in the 21st Century". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. Archived from the original on 17 April 2024. Retrieved 16 April 2024.

princetonol.com

Martin and O'Meara, "Africa, 3rd Ed." Archived 11 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1995

purdue.edu

docs.lib.purdue.edu

Buzon, Michele (2011). "Nubian identity in the Bronze Age. Patterns of cultural and biological variation". Retrieved 30 March 2017.

redbull.com

Kawalik, Tracy (23 January 2023). "Get to know the pioneers at the forefront of Nigeria's Afro Dance scene". Redbull. Archived from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2023.

researchgate.net

Shawn Sabrina Murray (January 2004). "Searching for the Origins of African Rice Domestication". Antiquity (78) – via researchgate.net.
Onyishi, Augustine; Solomon, Ogbonna (2019). "The African Continental Free Trade Zone (AFCFTZ): Economic Tsunami Or Development Opportunities In Sub-Sahara Africa". Journal of Development and Administrative Studies. (1): 133–149.
Wolff, Ekkehard. Linguistic features and typologies in languages commonly referred to as 'Nilo-Saharan'. Cambridge University Press. pp. 326–381. Retrieved 22 October 2023.

reuters.com

"Congo war-driven crisis kills 45,000 a month-study". Reuters. 22 January 2008. Archived from the original on 14 April 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2022.

rugbyworldcup.com

"RWC 2023 Spotlight: South Africa". Rugby World Cup 2023. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2021.

sci.news

"Earliest Evidence of Domesticated Sorghum Discovered". Sci.News. 28 September 2017. Archived from the original on 9 February 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2023.

sciencedaily.com

"Sahara's Abrupt Desertification Started by Changes in Earth's Orbit, Accelerated by Atmospheric and Vegetation Feedbacks" Archived 7 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Science Daily
"Africa Can Feed Itself in a Generation, Experts Say" Archived 17 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Science Daily, 3 December 2010

sciencedirect.com

Holl, Augustine (1985). "Background to the Ghana empire: Archaeological investigations on the transition to statehood in the Dhar Tichitt region (mauritania)". Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 4 (2): 73–115. doi:10.1016/0278-4165(85)90005-4.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Alemazung, Joy Asongazoh (1 September 2010). "Post-colonial colonialism: an analysis of international factors and actors marring African socio-economic and political development" (PDF). Journal of Pan African Studies. 3 (10): 62–85. S2CID 140806396. Gale A306596751. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 November 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
Bayeh, Endalcachew (February 2015). "The political and economic legacy of colonialism in the post-independence African states". International Journal in Commerce, IT & Social Sciences. 2 (2): 89–93. doi:10.4000/poldev.78. S2CID 198939744. Archived from the original on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
The Egba United Government, a government of the Egba people, was legally recognized by the British as independent until being annexed into the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria in 1914: Daly, Samuel Fury Childs (4 May 2019). "From Crime to Coercion: Policing Dissent in Abeokuta, Nigeria, 1900–1940". The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 47 (3): 474–489. doi:10.1080/03086534.2019.1576833. ISSN 0308-6534. S2CID 159124664. Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 5 July 2022.
Stieglitz, Robert R. (1984). "Long-Distance Seafaring in the Ancient Near East". The Biblical Archaeologist. 47 (3): 134–142. doi:10.2307/3209914. JSTOR 3209914. S2CID 130072563.
Derricourt, Robin (2005). "Getting "Out of Africa": Sea Crossings, Land Crossings and Culture in the Hominin Migrations" (PDF). Journal of World Prehistory. 19 (2): 119–132. doi:10.1007/s10963-006-9002-z. S2CID 28059849. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 February 2012. Retrieved 26 December 2013.
Winchell, Frank; Stevens, Chris J.; Murphy, Charlene; Champion, Louis; Fuller, Dorianq. (2017). "Evidence for Sorghum Domestication in Fourth Millennium BC Eastern Sudan: Spikelet Morphology from Ceramic Impressions of the Butana Group". Current Anthropology. 58 (5): 673–683. doi:10.1086/693898. S2CID 149402650. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
Cubry, Philippe; Tranchant-Dubreuil, Christine; Thuillet, Anne-Céline; Monat, Cécile; Ndjiondjop, Marie-Noelle; Labadie, Karine; Cruaud, Corinne; Engelen, Stefan; Scarcelli, Nora; Rhoné, Bénédicte; Burgarella, Concetta; Dupuy, Christian; Larmande, Pierre; Wincker, Patrick; François, Olivier; Sabot, François; Vigouroux, Yves (2018). "The Rise and Fall of African Rice Cultivation Revealed by Analysis of 246 New Genomes". Current Biology. 28 (14): 2274–2282.e6. Bibcode:2018CBio...28E2274C. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.05.066. PMID 29983312. S2CID 51600014.
"The Christian Topography of Cosmas Indicopleustes". Nature. 84 (2127): 133–134. August 1910. Bibcode:1910Natur..84..133.. doi:10.1038/084133a0. hdl:2027/coo1.ark:/13960/t07w6zm1b. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 3942233.
Daly, Samuel Fury Childs (4 May 2019). "From Crime to Coercion: Policing Dissent in Abeokuta, Nigeria, 1900–1940". The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 47 (3): 474–489. doi:10.1080/03086534.2019.1576833. ISSN 0308-6534. S2CID 159124664.
Brantlinger 1985, pp. 166–203. Brantlinger, Patrick (1985). "Victorians and Africans: The Genealogy of the Myth of the Dark Continent" (PDF). Critical Inquiry. 12 (1): 166–203. doi:10.1086/448326. JSTOR 1343467. S2CID 161311164.
Chu, D.; Gordon, R.G. (1999). "Evidence for motion between Nubia and Somalia along the Southwest Indian ridge". Nature. 398 (6722): 64–67. Bibcode:1999Natur.398...64C. doi:10.1038/18014. S2CID 4403043.
Herbst, Jeffrey (1990). "War and the State in Africa". International Security. 14 (4): 117–139. doi:10.2307/2538753. JSTOR 2538753. S2CID 153804691.
Tausch, Arno (2018). "Africa on the Maps of Global Values: Comparative Analyses, Based on Recent World Values Survey Data" (PDF). doi:10.2139/ssrn.3214715. S2CID 158596579. SSRN 3214715. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 February 2020. Retrieved 26 September 2019.
Blench, Roger (2019). "The Linguistic Prehistory of the Sahara". Burials, Migration and Identity in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond. pp. 431–463. doi:10.1017/9781108634311.014. ISBN 978-1-108-63431-1. S2CID 197854997.
Henshilwood, Christopher S.; et al. (2011). "A 100,000-Year-Old Ochre-Processing Workshop at Blombos Cave, South Africa". Science. 334 (6053): 219–222. Bibcode:2011Sci...334..219H. doi:10.1126/science.1211535. PMID 21998386. S2CID 40455940.

si.edu

humanorigins.si.edu

"Katanda Bone Harpoon Point". The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program. 22 January 2010. Archived from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 19 February 2019.

south-africa-tours-and-travel.com

"The Amazing Bantu Migration and the Fascinating Bantu People". south-africa-tours-and-travel.com. Retrieved 24 May 2020.

springer.com

link.springer.com

Beldados, Alemseged; Manzo, Andrea; Murphy, Charlene; Stevens, Chris J.; Fuller, Dorian Q. (2018). "Evidence of Sorghum Cultivation and Possible Pearl Millet in the Second Millennium BC at Kassala, Eastern Sudan". Plants and People in the African Past. pp. 503–528. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-89839-1_22. ISBN 978-3-319-89838-4. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.

ssrn.com

Jenny Aker, Isaac Mbiti, "Mobile Phones and Economic Development in Africa" Archived 30 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine SSRN

papers.ssrn.com

Tausch, Arno (2018). "Africa on the Maps of Global Values: Comparative Analyses, Based on Recent World Values Survey Data" (PDF). doi:10.2139/ssrn.3214715. S2CID 158596579. SSRN 3214715. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 February 2020. Retrieved 26 September 2019.

stanford.edu

library.stanford.edu

"African Religion on the Internet". Stanford University. Archived from the original on 2 September 2006.

strategicforesight.com

The African Decade? Archived 13 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Ilmas Futehally. Strategic Foresight Group.

swissinfo.ch

Simon Bradley, A Swiss-led team of archaeologists has discovered pieces of the oldest African pottery in central Mali, dating back to at least 9,400BC Archived 6 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine, SWI swissinfo.ch – the international service of the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation (SBC), 18 January 2007

tandfonline.com

The Egba United Government, a government of the Egba people, was legally recognized by the British as independent until being annexed into the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria in 1914: Daly, Samuel Fury Childs (4 May 2019). "From Crime to Coercion: Policing Dissent in Abeokuta, Nigeria, 1900–1940". The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 47 (3): 474–489. doi:10.1080/03086534.2019.1576833. ISSN 0308-6534. S2CID 159124664. Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 5 July 2022.
Daly, Samuel Fury Childs (4 May 2019). "From Crime to Coercion: Policing Dissent in Abeokuta, Nigeria, 1900–1940". The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 47 (3): 474–489. doi:10.1080/03086534.2019.1576833. ISSN 0308-6534. S2CID 159124664.
Fokkens, Andries (2023). "The ovamboland expedition of 1917: the deposing of King Mandume". Small Wars & Insurgencies. 34 (2): 382–421. doi:10.1080/09592318.2022.2153468.

telegraph.co.uk

Rayner, Gordon (27 September 2011). "Is your mobile phone helping fund war in Congo?". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2018.

theconversation.com

Stein-Smith, Kathleen (17 March 2022). "Africa and the French language are growing together in global importance". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 2 September 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2023.

theguardian.com

Sample, Ian (7 June 2017). "Oldest Homo sapiens bones ever found shake foundations of the human story". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 31 October 2019. Retrieved 7 June 2017.

thelancet.com

"Global age-sex-specific fertility, mortality, healthy life expectancy (HALE), and population estimates in 204 countries and territories, 1950–2019: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019". The Lancet. Archived from the original on 11 June 2023. Retrieved 14 May 2023.

thetimes.co.uk

China tightens grip on Africa with $4.4bn lifeline for Guinea junta. The Times. 13 October 2009 (subscription required) Archived 29 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine

thuto.org

"Botswana History Page 1: Brief History of Botswana". Retrieved 13 May 2015.

time.com

"We Want Our Country" (3 of 10) Archived 23 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Time, 5 November 1965
"Jungle Shipwreck" Archived 22 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Time 25 July 1960

timesonline.co.uk

Africa, China's new frontier Archived 29 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Times Online. 10 February 2008
Pygmies struggle to survive in war zone where abuse is routine Archived 25 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Times Online. 16 December 2004

toppr.com

"Types of Environmental Issues: Meaning, Pollution, Videos, Examples". Toppr-guides. 8 March 2018. Retrieved 3 June 2022.

tufts.edu

perseus.tufts.edu

Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879). "Afer". A Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Archived from the original on 16 January 2016. Retrieved 20 September 2015.

turkishweekly.net

"The Number of the Poor Increasing Worldwide while Sub-Saharan Africa is the Worst of All". Turkish Weekly. 29 August 2008. Archived from the original on 24 September 2008. Retrieved 7 November 2011.

txstate.edu

"The Chronological Evidence for the Introduction of Domestic Stock in Southern Africa" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2009.

ualberta.ca

sites.ualberta.ca

Collins, Professor John (2002). "African Popular Music". University of Alberta. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2023.

uchicago.edu

journals.uchicago.edu

Winchell, Frank; Stevens, Chris J.; Murphy, Charlene; Champion, Louis; Fuller, Dorianq. (2017). "Evidence for Sorghum Domestication in Fourth Millennium BC Eastern Sudan: Spikelet Morphology from Ceramic Impressions of the Butana Group". Current Anthropology. 58 (5): 673–683. doi:10.1086/693898. S2CID 149402650. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.

umich.edu

quod.lib.umich.edu

Freeborn, Odiboh (2005). "The Crisis of Appropriating Identity for African Art and Artists: The Abayomi Barber School Responsorial Paradigm". Gefame. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2015.

un.org

Janneh, Abdoulie (April 2012). "item, 4 of the provisional agenda – General debate on national experience in population matters: adolescents and youth" (PDF). United Nations Economic Commission for Africa. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
"Development prospects in Africa undermined by a severe economic downturn". Africa Renewal. 25 January 2021. Archived from the original on 21 May 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
"Global warming: severe consequences for Africa". Africa Renewal. 7 December 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
Economic report on Africa 2004: unlocking Africa's potential in the global economy Archived 18 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine (Substantive session 28 June–23 July 2004), United Nations
United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. World Population Prospects 2022. Summary of Results (PDF). New York. p. 14. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 July 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2023.

population.un.org

"World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
"World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.

unaids.org

""Global Fact Sheet", Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS, 20 November 2012" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 March 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
"UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic 2012" (PDF). Retrieved 13 May 2013.

undp.org

hdr.undp.org

"Human Development Reports". United Nations Development Programme. Archived from the original on 16 March 2018. Retrieved 11 September 2005.

unep.org

United Nations, UNEP (2017). "Responding to climate change". UNEP – UN Environment Programme. Retrieved 1 July 2022.

unesco.org

unesdoc.unesco.org

Abu Bakr, Abdel (1981). "Pharoanic Egypt". General History of Africa: Volume 2. UNESCO Publishing.
Riad, Henry (1981). "Egypt in the Hellenistic era". General History of Africa: Volume 2. UNESCO Publishing.
Warmington, Brian (1981). "The Carthaginian Period". General History of Africa: Volume 2. UNESCO Publishing.
Mahjoubi, Ammar; Salama, Pierre (1981). "The Roman and post-Roman period in North Africa". General History of Africa: Volume 2. UNESCO Publishing.
Posnansky, Merrick (1981). "The societies of Africa south of the Sahara in the Early Iron Age". General History of Africa: Volume 2 (PDF). UNESCO. p. 729.

portal.unesco.org

"Africa". UNESCO. 2005. Archived from the original on 2 June 2008. Retrieved 1 March 2009.

whc.unesco.org

"Africa". UNESCO World Heritage Convention. Archived from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2023.

uni-muenchen.de

mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de

Tausch, Arno (2018). "Africa on the Maps of Global Values: Comparative Analyses, Based on Recent World Values Survey Data" (PDF). doi:10.2139/ssrn.3214715. S2CID 158596579. SSRN 3214715. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 February 2020. Retrieved 26 September 2019.

unizg.hr

ffzg.unizg.hr

Derricourt, Robin (2005). "Getting "Out of Africa": Sea Crossings, Land Crossings and Culture in the Hominin Migrations" (PDF). Journal of World Prehistory. 19 (2): 119–132. doi:10.1007/s10963-006-9002-z. S2CID 28059849. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 February 2012. Retrieved 26 December 2013.

upenn.edu

africa.upenn.edu

"Africa: Environmental Atlas, 06/17/08." Archived 5 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine African Studies Center Archived 31 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, University of Pennsylvania. Accessed June 2011.

usra.edu

lpi.usra.edu

"15. Strait of Gibraltar, Atlantic Ocean/Mediterranean Sea". lpi.usra.edu. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2020.

utah.edu

web.utah.edu

"Homo sapiens: University of Utah News Release: 16 February 2005". Archived from the original on 24 October 2007.

uwf.edu

Brantlinger 1985, pp. 166–203. Brantlinger, Patrick (1985). "Victorians and Africans: The Genealogy of the Myth of the Dark Continent" (PDF). Critical Inquiry. 12 (1): 166–203. doi:10.1086/448326. JSTOR 1343467. S2CID 161311164.

visualgeography.com

"Africa. General info". Visual Geography. Archived from the original on 24 April 2011. Retrieved 24 November 2007.

vitaminedz.com

Abbou, Tahar (August 2020). "The Origins of the Empire of Ghana" (PDF). Vitaminedz.com.

voanews.com

www1.voanews.com

Naomi Schwarz, "Lebanese Immigrants Boost West African Commerce" Archived 24 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine, VOANews.com, 10 July 2007

washingtonpost.com

Swanson, Ana (17 August 2015). "5 ways the world will look dramatically different in 2100". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 26 September 2017. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
Meredith, Martin (20 January 2006). "The Fate of Africa – A Survey of Fifty Years of Independence". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2007.

weather.com

"More Extreme Weather in Africa's Future, Study Says". The Weather Channel. Retrieved 1 July 2022.

web.archive.org

"GDP PPP, current prices". International Monetary Fund. 2022. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
"GDP Nominal, current prices". International Monetary Fund. 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
"Nominal GDP per capita". International Monetary Fund. 2022. Archived from the original on 11 January 2020. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
"Gordon Conwell Theological Seminary, African Christianity, 2020". 18 March 2020. Archived from the original on 3 May 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
Swanson, Ana (17 August 2015). "5 ways the world will look dramatically different in 2100". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 26 September 2017. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
Harry, Njideka U. (11 September 2013). "African Youth, Innovation and the Changing Society". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 20 September 2013. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
Janneh, Abdoulie (April 2012). "item, 4 of the provisional agenda – General debate on national experience in population matters: adolescents and youth" (PDF). United Nations Economic Commission for Africa. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
Alemazung, Joy Asongazoh (1 September 2010). "Post-colonial colonialism: an analysis of international factors and actors marring African socio-economic and political development" (PDF). Journal of Pan African Studies. 3 (10): 62–85. S2CID 140806396. Gale A306596751. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 November 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
Bayeh, Endalcachew (February 2015). "The political and economic legacy of colonialism in the post-independence African states". International Journal in Commerce, IT & Social Sciences. 2 (2): 89–93. doi:10.4000/poldev.78. S2CID 198939744. Archived from the original on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
"Africa. General info". Visual Geography. Archived from the original on 24 April 2011. Retrieved 24 November 2007.
Studies, the Africa Center for Strategic. "African Biodiversity Loss Raises Risk to Human Security". Africa Center for Strategic Studies. Archived from the original on 12 July 2023. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
Schneider, S.H.; et al. (2007). "19.3.3 Regional vulnerabilities". In Parry, M.L.; et al. (eds.). Chapter 19: Assessing Key Vulnerabilities and the Risk from Climate Change. Climate change 2007: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability: contribution of Working Group II to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge University Press (CUP): Cambridge, UK: Print version: CUP. This version: IPCC website. ISBN 978-0-521-88010-7. Archived from the original on 12 March 2013. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
Niang, I., O.C. Ruppel, M.A. Abdrabo, A. Essel, C. Lennard, J. Padgham, and P. Urquhart, "2014: Africa". In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Barros, V.R., C.B. Field, D.J. Dokken et al. (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, and New York, pp. 1199–1265. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf Archived 19 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine
"One of Africa's best kept secrets – its history". BBC News. 1 July 2017. Archived from the original on 29 July 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
"Homo sapiens: University of Utah News Release: 16 February 2005". Archived from the original on 24 October 2007.
Sample, Ian (7 June 2017). "Oldest Homo sapiens bones ever found shake foundations of the human story". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 31 October 2019. Retrieved 7 June 2017.
Zimmer, Carl (10 September 2019). "Scientists Find the Skull of Humanity's Ancestor – on a Computer – By comparing fossils and CT scans, researchers say they have reconstructed the skull of the last common forebear of modern humans". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2019.
"The genetic diversity in Africa is greater than in any other region in the world". 19 July 2018. Archived from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
"New study confirms that Africans are the most genetically diverse people on Earth. And it claims to pinpoint our center of origin". Archived from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
"Africa is most genetically diverse continent, DNA study shows". 9 June 2009. Archived from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
The Egba United Government, a government of the Egba people, was legally recognized by the British as independent until being annexed into the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria in 1914: Daly, Samuel Fury Childs (4 May 2019). "From Crime to Coercion: Policing Dissent in Abeokuta, Nigeria, 1900–1940". The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 47 (3): 474–489. doi:10.1080/03086534.2019.1576833. ISSN 0308-6534. S2CID 159124664. Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 5 July 2022.
Georges, Karl Ernst (1913–1918). "Afri". In Georges, Heinrich (ed.). Ausführliches lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch (in German) (8th ed.). Archived from the original on 16 January 2016. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879). "Afer". A Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Archived from the original on 16 January 2016. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
Desfayes, Michel (25 January 2011). "The Names of Countries". michel-desfayes.org. Archived from the original on 27 June 2019. Retrieved 9 April 2019. Africa. From the name of an ancient tribe in Tunisia, the Afri (adjective: Afer). The name is still extant today as Ifira and Ifri-n-Dellal in Greater Kabylia (Algeria). A Berber tribe was called Beni-Ifren in the Middle Ages and Ifurace was the name of a Tripolitan people in the 6th century. The name is from the Berber language ifri 'cave'. Troglodytism was frequent in northern Africa and still occurs today in southern Tunisia. Herodote wrote that the Garamantes, a North African people, used to live in caves. The Ancient Greek called troglodytēs an African people who lived in caves. Africa was coined by the Romans and 'Ifriqiyeh' is the arabized Latin name. (Most details from Decret & Fantar, 1981).
Babington Michell, Geo (1903). "The Berbers". Journal of the Royal African Society. 2 (6): 161–194. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a093193. JSTOR 714549. Archived from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
Edward Lipinski, Itineraria Phoenicia Archived 16 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Peeters Publishers, 2004, p. 200. ISBN 90-429-1344-4
"Africa African Africanus Africus". Consultos.com. Archived from the original on 29 January 2009. Retrieved 14 November 2006.
"Nile Genesis: the opus of Gerald Massey". Gerald-massey.org.uk. 29 October 1907. Archived from the original on 30 January 2010. Retrieved 18 May 2010.
Hallikan, 'Abu-l-'Abbas Sams-al-din 'Ahmad ibn Muhammad Ibn (1842). Kitab Wafayat Ala'yan. Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary Transl. by (Guillaume) B(aro)n Mac-Guckin de Slane. Benjamin Duprat. Archived from the original on 24 September 2019. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
al-Andalusi, Sa'id (2010). Science in the Medieval World. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0292792319. Archived from the original on 24 September 2019. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
Upton, Roger D. (1881). Travels in the Arabian Desert: With Special Reference to the Arabian Horse and Its Pedigree. C.K. Paul & Company. Archived from the original on 24 September 2019. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
Herrera, Rene J.; Garcia-Bertrand, Ralph (2018). Ancestral DNA, Human Origins, and Migrations. Elsevier Science. pp. 61–. ISBN 978-0-12-804128-4. Archived from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
Wells, Spencer (December 2002) The Journey of Man Archived 27 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine. National Geographic
Oppenheimer, Stephen. The Gates of Grief Archived 30 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine. bradshawfoundation.com
"15. Strait of Gibraltar, Atlantic Ocean/Mediterranean Sea". lpi.usra.edu. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
Derricourt, Robin (2005). "Getting "Out of Africa": Sea Crossings, Land Crossings and Culture in the Hominin Migrations" (PDF). Journal of World Prehistory. 19 (2): 119–132. doi:10.1007/s10963-006-9002-z. S2CID 28059849. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 February 2012. Retrieved 26 December 2013.
Goucher, Candice; Walton, Linda (2013). World History: Journeys from Past to Present. Routledge. pp. 2–20. ISBN 978-1-134-72354-6. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
Keenan, Jeremy (2013). The Sahara: Past, Present and Future. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-97001-9. Archived from the original on 28 February 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
"Sahara's Abrupt Desertification Started by Changes in Earth's Orbit, Accelerated by Atmospheric and Vegetation Feedbacks" Archived 7 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Science Daily
Simon Bradley, A Swiss-led team of archaeologists has discovered pieces of the oldest African pottery in central Mali, dating back to at least 9,400BC Archived 6 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine, SWI swissinfo.ch – the international service of the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation (SBC), 18 January 2007
Beldados, Alemseged; Manzo, Andrea; Murphy, Charlene; Stevens, Chris J.; Fuller, Dorian Q. (2018). "Evidence of Sorghum Cultivation and Possible Pearl Millet in the Second Millennium BC at Kassala, Eastern Sudan". Plants and People in the African Past. pp. 503–528. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-89839-1_22. ISBN 978-3-319-89838-4. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
Winchell, Frank; Stevens, Chris J.; Murphy, Charlene; Champion, Louis; Fuller, Dorianq. (2017). "Evidence for Sorghum Domestication in Fourth Millennium BC Eastern Sudan: Spikelet Morphology from Ceramic Impressions of the Butana Group". Current Anthropology. 58 (5): 673–683. doi:10.1086/693898. S2CID 149402650. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
"Earliest Evidence of Domesticated Sorghum Discovered". Sci.News. 28 September 2017. Archived from the original on 9 February 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
"Katanda Bone Harpoon Point". The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program. 22 January 2010. Archived from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
Martin and O'Meara, "Africa, 3rd Ed." Archived 11 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1995
"Tomb Reveals Ancient Egypt's Humiliating Secrets". Daily Times. 29 July 2003. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013.
Pankhurst, Richard K.P. Addis Tribune, "Let's Look Across the Red Sea I", January 17, 2003 (archive.org mirror copy)
"The Evolution of Ogieship or Kingship Institution in Edo Society and the Rise of Ogiso Igodo (About 40.B.C -16 A.D)". Benin Kingdom. Archived from the original on 16 March 2024.
"The Chronological Evidence for the Introduction of Domestic Stock in Southern Africa" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2009.
"5.2 Historischer Überblick". Archived from the original on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
Meredith, Martin (20 January 2006). "The Fate of Africa – A Survey of Fifty Years of Independence". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2007.
"Igbo-Ukwu (c. 9th century) | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History". The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Archived from the original on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 18 May 2010.
"Mauritania – Arab Invasions". countrystudies.us. Archived from the original on 23 June 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
Historical survey: Slave societies Archived 30 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Encyclopædia Britannica
Swahili Coast Archived 6 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine, National Geographic
Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History Archived 23 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Encyclopædia Britannica
"Focus on the slave trade". BBC News. 3 September 2001. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 28 February 2008.
Rees Davies, "British Slaves on the Barbary Coast" Archived 25 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine, BBC, 1 July 2003
Jo Loosemore, Sailing against slavery Archived 3 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine. BBC
"The West African Squadron and slave trade". Pdavis.nl. Archived from the original on 10 June 2010. Retrieved 18 May 2010.
Williams, Frieda-Nela (1991). Precolonial Communities of Southwestern Africa: A history of Owambo Kingdoms 1600-1920 (PDF). National Archives of Namibia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 March 2024. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
Bély, Lucien (2001). The History of France. Editions Jean-paul Gisserot. p. 118. ISBN 978-2-87747-563-1. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
Aryeetey, Ernest; Harrigan, Jane; Machiko, Nissanke (2000). Economic Reforms in Ghana: The Miracle and the Mirage. Africa World Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-86543-844-6. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
"BBC: 1984 famine in Ethiopia". BBC News. 6 April 2000. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2010.
Woldemeskel, Getachew (1989). "The Consequences of Resettlement in Ethiopia". African Affairs. 88 (352): 359–374. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098187. JSTOR 722691. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
Rayner, Gordon (27 September 2011). "Is your mobile phone helping fund war in Congo?". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
"Congo war-driven crisis kills 45,000 a month-study". Reuters. 22 January 2008. Archived from the original on 14 April 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
Malia Politzer, "China and Africa: Stronger Economic Ties Mean More Migration" Archived 29 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Migration Information Source. August 2008
"GDP (Constant 2015 US$) – Sub-Saharan Africa | Data". Archived from the original on 21 May 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
Jenny Aker, Isaac Mbiti, "Mobile Phones and Economic Development in Africa" Archived 30 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine SSRN
Frankema, Ewout; Van Waijenburg, Marlous (October 2018). "Africa rising? A historical perspective". African Affairs. 117 (469): 543–568. doi:10.1093/afraf/ady022. Archived from the original on 21 May 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
"Development prospects in Africa undermined by a severe economic downturn". Africa Renewal. 25 January 2021. Archived from the original on 21 May 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
"Atlas – Xpeditions". National Geographic Society. 2003. Archived from the original on 3 March 2009. Retrieved 1 March 2009.
"Africa: Environmental Atlas, 06/17/08." Archived 5 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine African Studies Center Archived 31 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, University of Pennsylvania. Accessed June 2011.
"World Meteorological Organization World Weather / Climate Extremes Archive". Archived from the original on 4 January 2013. Retrieved 10 January 2013.
Schneider, S. H.; et al. (2007). "19.3.3 Regional vulnerabilities". In Parry, M. L.; et al. (eds.). Chapter 19: Assessing Key Vulnerabilities and the Risk from Climate Change. Climate change 2007: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability: contribution of Working Group II to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge University Press (CUP): Cambridge, UK: Print version: CUP. This version: IPCC website. ISBN 978-0-521-88010-7. Archived from the original on 12 March 2013. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
Boko, M. (2007). "Executive summary". In Parry, M. L.; et al. (eds.). Chapter 9: Africa. Climate change 2007: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability: contribution of Working Group II to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge University Press (CUP): Cambridge, UK: Print version: CUP. This version: IPCC website. ISBN 978-0-521-88010-7. Archived from the original on 8 November 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
Deforestation reaches worrying level – UN Archived 6 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine. AfricaNews. 11 June 2008
Forests and deforestation in Africa – the wasting of an immense resource Archived 20 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine. afrol News
World Wildlife Fund, ed. (2001). "Madagascar subhumid forests". WildWorld Ecoregion Profile. National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 8 March 2010.
"Nature laid waste: The destruction of Africa" Archived 17 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine, The Independent, 11 June 2008.
"Cooperation in International Waters in Africa (CIWA)". The World Bank. Archived from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
Mbeki, Thabo (9 July 2002). "Launch of the African Union, 9 July 2002: Address by the chairperson of the AU, President Thabo Mbeki". ABSA Stadium, Durban, South Africa: africa-union.org. Archived from the original on 3 May 2009. Retrieved 8 February 2009.
"Human Development Reports". United Nations Development Programme. Archived from the original on 16 March 2018. Retrieved 11 September 2005.
"World Bank Updates Poverty Estimates for the Developing World". World Bank. 26 August 2008. Archived from the original on 19 May 2010. Retrieved 18 May 2010.
"The developing world is poorer than we thought, but no less successful in the fight against poverty". World Bank. Archived from the original on 23 March 2009. Retrieved 16 April 2009.
Economic report on Africa 2004: unlocking Africa's potential in the global economy Archived 18 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine (Substantive session 28 June–23 July 2004), United Nations
"Neo-Liberalism and the Economic and Political Future of Africa". Globalpolitician.com. 19 December 2005. Archived from the original on 31 January 2010. Retrieved 18 May 2010.
"The Number of the Poor Increasing Worldwide while Sub-Saharan Africa is the Worst of All". Turkish Weekly. 29 August 2008. Archived from the original on 24 September 2008. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
"Zambia's looming debt crisis is a warning for the rest of Africa". The Economist. Archived from the original on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 19 September 2018.
Tausch, Arno (2018). "Africa on the Maps of Global Values: Comparative Analyses, Based on Recent World Values Survey Data" (PDF). doi:10.2139/ssrn.3214715. S2CID 158596579. SSRN 3214715. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 February 2020. Retrieved 26 September 2019.
"Peak GDP (Nominal) for Libya". Archived from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
"Africa: Developed Countries' Leverage On the Continent Archived 20 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine". AllAfrica.com. 7 February 2008
Africa, China's new frontier Archived 29 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Times Online. 10 February 2008
"DR Congo poll crucial for Africa". BBC News. 16 November 2006. Archived from the original on 2 December 2010. Retrieved 10 October 2009.
China tightens grip on Africa with $4.4bn lifeline for Guinea junta. The Times. 13 October 2009 (subscription required) Archived 29 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine
The African Decade? Archived 13 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Ilmas Futehally. Strategic Foresight Group.
"Africa Can Feed Itself in a Generation, Experts Say" Archived 17 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Science Daily, 3 December 2010
"An inside look at Kainji Dam". 14 October 2012. Archived from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
"Africa Population Dynamics". overpopulation.org. Archived from the original on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2007.
Past and future population of Africa Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2013)
Gladstone, Rick (29 July 2015). "India Will Be Most Populous Country Sooner Than Thought, U.N. Says". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
"What to do about Africa's dangerous baby boom". The Economist. Archived from the original on 25 September 2018. Retrieved 26 September 2018.
"Fertility rate, total (births per woman) – Sub-Saharan Africa". The World Bank. Archived from the original on 13 May 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
"Global age-sex-specific fertility, mortality, healthy life expectancy (HALE), and population estimates in 204 countries and territories, 1950–2019: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019". The Lancet. Archived from the original on 11 June 2023. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. World Population Prospects 2022. Summary of Results (PDF). New York. p. 14. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 July 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
Luc-Normand Tellier (2009). Urban world history: an economic and geographical perspective Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine. PUQ. p. 204. ISBN 2-7605-1588-5
Pygmies struggle to survive in war zone where abuse is routine Archived 25 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Times Online. 16 December 2004
"Q&A: The Berbers". BBC News. 12 March 2004. Archived from the original on 12 January 2018. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
"We Want Our Country" (3 of 10) Archived 23 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Time, 5 November 1965
Raimondo Cagiano De Azevedo (1994). Migration and development co-operation. Archived 6 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Council of Europe, p. 25. ISBN 92-871-2611-9
"Jungle Shipwreck" Archived 22 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Time 25 July 1960
"Flight from Angola" Archived 23 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine, The Economist , 16 August 1975
Portugal – Emigration Archived 29 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Eric Solsten, ed. Portugal: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1993
Holm, John A. (1989). Pidgins and Creoles: References survey. Cambridge University Press. p. 394. ISBN 978-0-521-35940-5. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
South Africa: People: Ethnic Groups. Archived 10 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine CIA World Factbook
Naomi Schwarz, "Lebanese Immigrants Boost West African Commerce" Archived 24 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine, VOANews.com, 10 July 2007
Maddison (27 July 2016). "Growth of World Population, GDP and GDP Per Capita before 1820" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 February 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
"Africa Population (LIVE)". worldometers.info. Archived from the original on 2 September 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
"Five key findings from the 2022 UN Population Prospects". Our World in Data. Archived from the original on 16 June 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
"World Population Day: July 11, 2018". United States Census Bureau. 11 July 2018. Archived from the original on 18 July 2019. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
ANTHONY CILLUFFO; NEIL G. RUIZ (17 June 2019). "World's population is projected to nearly stop growing by the end of the century". Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 2 June 2023.
"African Religion on the Internet". Stanford University. Archived from the original on 2 September 2006.
"Algeria", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 11 April 2024, archived from the original on 4 January 2021, retrieved 16 April 2024
Center, Pew Research (8 November 2017). "Orthodox Christianity in the 21st Century". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. Archived from the original on 17 April 2024. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
"Africa". UNESCO. 2005. Archived from the original on 2 June 2008. Retrieved 1 March 2009.
Güldemann, Tom (29 August 2014). Beyond 'Khoisan': Historical relations in the Kalahari Basin. pp. 1–40. Archived from the original on 24 October 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
"Khoisan Languages". The Language Gulper. Archived from the original on 25 January 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
Oluwole, Victor (12 September 2021). "A comprehensive list of all the English-speaking countries in Africa". Business Insider Africa. Archived from the original on 2 September 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
Stein-Smith, Kathleen (17 March 2022). "Africa and the French language are growing together in global importance". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 2 September 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
Babbel.com; GmbH, Lesson Nine. "How Many People Speak Portuguese, And Where Is It Spoken?". Babbel Magazine. Archived from the original on 11 July 2020. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
"World Population by continents and countries – Nations Online Project". Archived from the original on 5 January 2014. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
""Global Fact Sheet", Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS, 20 November 2012" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 March 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
"Pearsonhighered.com" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 May 2015.
Freeborn, Odiboh (2005). "The Crisis of Appropriating Identity for African Art and Artists: The Abayomi Barber School Responsorial Paradigm". Gefame. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
Fraser, Douglas; Cole, Herbert M. (2004). African Art and Leadership. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-299-05824-1. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
Okeke-Agulu, Chika (2015). Postcolonial Modernism: Art and Decolonization in Twentieth-Century Nigeria. Duke University Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-8223-7630-9. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
Chikowero, Mhoze (2015). African Music, Power, and Being in Colonial Zimbabwe. Indiana University Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-0253018090. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
"Africa". UNESCO World Heritage Convention. Archived from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
Collins, Professor John (2002). "African Popular Music". University of Alberta. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
Klah Mensah, Robert (24 April 2019). "Ghana Celebrates World Dance Day With Azonto Afrodance". Modern Ghana. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
Kawalik, Tracy (23 January 2023). "Get to know the pioneers at the forefront of Nigeria's Afro Dance scene". Redbull. Archived from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
Malekmian, Shamim (3 May 2023). "In the north-inner city, two dancers gear up for a new Afro dance camp". Dublin Inquirer. Archived from the original on 5 June 2023. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
"Getting to know Africa's flashy basketball arenas". FIBA. 2 September 2019. Archived from the original on 7 January 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
Nxumalo, Lee (20 December 2020). "Basketball's next frontier is Africa". New Frame. Archived from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
"RWC 2023 Spotlight: South Africa". Rugby World Cup 2023. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
"IDB: Countries Ranked by Population". 28 November 1999. Archived from the original on 28 November 1999.

weebly.com

africa-arabia-plate.weebly.com

"Somali Plate". Ashten Sawitsky. Retrieved 30 June 2015.

wmo.int

"Climate change triggers mounting food insecurity, poverty and displacement in Africa". public.wmo.int. 18 October 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2022.

worldbank.org

data.worldbank.org

"GDP (Constant 2015 US$) – Sub-Saharan Africa | Data". Archived from the original on 21 May 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
"World Bank Open Data". World Bank Open Data.
"World Bank Open Data". World Bank Open Data.
"Peak GDP (PPP) by the World Bank for Egypt, Algeria, Angola, Tanzania and Ghana". Retrieved 21 August 2024.
"Fertility rate, total (births per woman) – Sub-Saharan Africa". The World Bank. Archived from the original on 13 May 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2020.

econ.worldbank.org

"World Bank Updates Poverty Estimates for the Developing World". World Bank. 26 August 2008. Archived from the original on 19 May 2010. Retrieved 18 May 2010.
"The developing world is poorer than we thought, but no less successful in the fight against poverty". World Bank. Archived from the original on 23 March 2009. Retrieved 16 April 2009.

worldbank.org

"Cooperation in International Waters in Africa (CIWA)". The World Bank. Archived from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 13 November 2016.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Collier, Paul; Gunning, Jan Willem (1 August 1999). "Why Has Africa Grown Slowly?". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 13 (3): 3–22. doi:10.1257/jep.13.3.3. ISSN 0895-3309.
The Egba United Government, a government of the Egba people, was legally recognized by the British as independent until being annexed into the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria in 1914: Daly, Samuel Fury Childs (4 May 2019). "From Crime to Coercion: Policing Dissent in Abeokuta, Nigeria, 1900–1940". The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 47 (3): 474–489. doi:10.1080/03086534.2019.1576833. ISSN 0308-6534. S2CID 159124664. Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 5 July 2022.
Hargreaves, John D. (1996). Decolonization in Africa (2nd ed.). London: Longman. ISBN 0-582-24917-1. OCLC 33131573.
"The Christian Topography of Cosmas Indicopleustes". Nature. 84 (2127): 133–134. August 1910. Bibcode:1910Natur..84..133.. doi:10.1038/084133a0. hdl:2027/coo1.ark:/13960/t07w6zm1b. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 3942233.
Daly, Samuel Fury Childs (4 May 2019). "From Crime to Coercion: Policing Dissent in Abeokuta, Nigeria, 1900–1940". The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 47 (3): 474–489. doi:10.1080/03086534.2019.1576833. ISSN 0308-6534. S2CID 159124664.
Obi, Cyril (2005). Environmental movements in sub-Saharan Africa : a political ecology of power and conflict. UN Research Institute for Social Development. OCLC 153316952.
Malone 1996, p. 9. Malone, Jacqui (1996). Steppin' on the Blues: the Visible Rhythms of African American Dance. University of Illinois Press. OCLC 891842452.

worldcat.org

Obi, Cyril (2005). Environmental movements in sub-Saharan Africa : a political ecology of power and conflict. UN Research Institute for Social Development. OCLC 153316952.

worldometers.info

"Africa Population (LIVE)". worldometers.info. Archived from the original on 2 September 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2019.

zenodo.org

Babington Michell, Geo (1903). "The Berbers". Journal of the Royal African Society. 2 (6): 161–194. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a093193. JSTOR 714549. Archived from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 30 August 2020.